C1 Flashcards
What is a physical change
an alter in appearance that can be easily reversed, doesn’t change the substance
What is a chemical change
Product is different from reactant, usually heat, gas, or bubbling produced or some some color change
Examples of physical change
Melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing
Examples of chemical change
combustion, decomposition, e.t.c
Definition of Atom
the smallest unit of matter that has properties of a chemical element
Definition of molecule
2 or more atoms covalently bonded together
Definition of compound
2 or more atoms chemically bonded
Definition of element
It’s made from 1 type of atom that can’t be be broken down further
Defintion of mixture
2 or more atoms that aren’t chemically bonded
What is a metal
On the left side of the periodic table, good conductors and lusturous
What is a non metal
On the right side of the periodic table, can’t conduct heat or electricity
What is paper chromatography
a technique used for the separation of compounds based on the differential solubility in the stationary phase and mobile phase (solvent).
How to create a paper chromatography investigation
Draw a pencil line on a piece of chromatography paper then place the solution on the line. Use a pencil to label, then pour solvent into a beaker place paper into beaker paper should be dipped but pencil line above. Then wait until solvent nearly reaches top of paper. Draw a line there.
Why do you use a pencil in paper chromatohraphy
Ink may travel with the solvent up the paper
How to obtain a dry sample from a chromatography paper
Cut that bit off and evaporate the sample
What is the R^f values
the ratio of how far the substance travelled in comparison to the solvent
What is the importance of purity
Control of purity is important for accuracy thus effective research and the safety of consumer usage.
What temperature does water boil or freeze
100 degrees to boil, 0 to freeze
What happens if x is impure
it will boil or freeze over a range of temperatures
What happens if a substance becomes impure
Impurities in a liquid can raise its boiling point and lower freezing point
When to use filtration
Separating solids from liquids:
How to do filtration
Pour your mixture down a filter funnel with filter paper, the ppt. should stay and solvent is in the conical flask.
When to do crystallisation
Purifying solids: Crystallization is ideal for purifying solids from a solution, such as purifying sugar or salt from a solution.
separate different solubilities, su
Purifying liquids: Crystallization can purify liquids by removing impurities that are insoluble in the solution, such as removing impurities from a solution of sugar.
How to do crystallisation
Heating the solution: Heat the solution to a temperature where the impurities are soluble, but the desired substance is not.
Cooling the solution: Allow the solution to cool slowly, allowing the desired substance to crystallize out of the solution.
Collecting the crystals: Collect the crystals by filtration or centrifugation, and wash them with a solvent to remove any remaining impurities.
When to do distillation
Distillation is ideal for separating a mixture of liquids with significantly different boiling points.
How to do distillation
Set up the distillation flask, condenser, and collection flask
Add the mixture to be distilled to the distillation flask.
Apply heat to the distillation flask using a Bunsen burner,
. Monitor the temperature using a thermometer.
Vaporize the mixture: Heat the mixture until it reaches its boiling point, producing vapor. The vapor rises into the condenser.
The condenser cools the vapor, causing it to condense back into a liquid. This liquid is the distilled product.
The distilled product is collected in the collection flask or receiver.
When to do fractional distillation
When there are minor differences in the boiling point of the two liquids
How to do fractional distillation
Same setup as distillation but use a fractionating collum so only the liquid with the lowest boiling point can be condensed into the other conical flask
What is law of conservation of mass
the mass of any one element at the beginning of a reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the reaction.
What is air
a mixture of compounds, elements, and molecules
What is the liebig condensor
A condensing equipment where there are two valves the first one where cold water exits and the second one where cold water enters.
