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Science > C6 > Flashcards

C6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some air pollutatnts

A

CO2, CO, particulates, CH4, oxides of nitrogen, SO

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2
Q

what are the adverse effects of CO2

A

increased levels lead to increased global warming, which leads to climate change

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3
Q

what are the adverse effects of CO

A

toxic gas when breathed in, causes respiratory problems and cancer

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4
Q

what are the adverse effects of particulates

A

increased risk of respiratory problems and cancer

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5
Q

what are the adverse effects of CH4

A

increased levels lead to increased global warming, which leads to climate change

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6
Q

what are the adverse effects of the oxides of nitrogen

A

acid rain and respiratory problems

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7
Q

what are the adverse effects of SO2

A

acid rain

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8
Q

what are the main greenhouse gases and how do they cause global warming

A

CO2 and CH4 absorb infrared radiation reflected & emitted by earth’s surface. the trapped heat warms the atmosphere

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9
Q

how is acid rain formed

A

rainwater is naturally acidic because CO2 in atmosphere from natural processes (eg respiration) dissolves in rainwater to form carbonic acid.

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10
Q

what are the acids that contribute to acid rain and how are they formed

A

H2SO4 and H2SO3 come from SO2, which is produced from sulphur in fossil fuels when they undergo combustion

HNO3 and HNO2 come from nitrous oxides, which are produced when nitrogen & oxygen from atmosphere react in hot car engine

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11
Q

how does flue gas desulphurisation reduce acid rain

A
  • remove SO2 from exhaust gases
  • scrub flue gases with limestone, SO2 react, from water, CO2, CaSO4
  • process reduces release of SO2 into atmosphere, thereby reducing acid rain formation
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12
Q

how does low-sulphur fuel reduce acid rain

A
  • low sulphur petrol contains less sulphur content compared to conventional petrol
  • when burned in vehicles, produces less SO2 emissions
  • decreased release of SO2 into atmosphere, less contribution to acid rain formation
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13
Q

what are the strategies to reduce the effects of climate change

A
  • planting trees
  • reduction in livestock farming
  • decreasing use of fossil fuels
  • increasing use of hydrogen and renewable energy, eg wind, solar
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14
Q

explain how planting trees will reduce the effects of climate change

A

trees reduce CO2 (greenhouse gas) through photosynthesis

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15
Q

explain how a reduction in livestock farming will reduce the effects of climate change

A

livestock produces a lot of methane, reduction in methane will decrease greenhouse effect

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16
Q

explain how decreasing use of fossil fuels will reduce the effects of climate change

A
  • combustion of fossil fuels contributes significantly to excess CO2 in atmosphere, major greenhouse gas
  • reducing use of fossil fuels will reduce CO2 released
  • fossil fuels are finite resources, meaning they will eventually be depleted with continued use
17
Q

explain how increasing use of hydrogen and renewable energy will reduce effects of climate change

A
  • renewable energy sources are continuously replenished and will not run out
  • will not emit as much CO2
  • using hydrogen as an alternative fuel source will not produce any CO2, produce water instead
18
Q

how does the ease in extracting metals from their ores relate to their position in the reactivity series

A

the more reactive a metal is, the harder it is to break down their metal compounds

19
Q

how is iron from hermatite extracted

A

reduction of iron(III) oxide in a blast furnace

20
Q

what is the main ore of aluminium and how is it extracted

A

the main ore is bauxite, it is extracted by electrolysis

21
Q

how is zinc extracted from zinc blende

A

similar to iron (III) oxide, in a blast furnace

22
Q

what is collision theory

A
  • particles collide with each other due to chaotic, random movement
  • if they collide with enough KE, a reaction will occur
  • Ea (activation energy) is the min energy colliding particles must have to react
  • no reaction happens if particles do not collide or collide with <Ea
  • greater frequency of collisions = greater rate of reaction
23
Q

what are the factors affecting rate of reaction

A
  • surface area of solids
  • concentration of solution
  • pressure of gases
  • temperature
  • presence of a catalyst
24
Q

how does changing the surface area of solids affect the rate of reaction and why

A
  • exposes more of solid reactant’s particles to other reactant
  • chance of collision increases, frequency of successful collisions increases, so rate of reaction increases
25
Q

how does changing the concentration of solutions affect the rate of reaction and why

A
  • number of particles in a given volume increases, so more chances of successful collisions and rate of reaction increased
  • if solution in excess, rate of reaction directly proportional to concentration
26
Q

how does changing the pressure of gases affect the rate of reaction and why

A
  • increasing pressure similar to concentration
  • by decreasing volume, number of particles per unit volume also increased
  • frequency of successful collisions increased, so rate of reaction also increased
27
Q

how does changing the temperature affect the rate of reaction and why

A
  • increase in temperature increases frequency of collisions (as increased KE)
  • proportion of particles with activation energy or more increases
  • greatly increases frequency of successful collisions, so rate of reaction increases
28
Q

how does the presence of a catalyst affect the rate of reaction and why

A
  • catalysts work by decreasing Ea
  • greater proportion of reactants particles have min energy required for successful collision, so frequency of successful collisions and rate of reaction increases
29
Q

what type of reaction is this

A

exothermic

30
Q

what type of reaction is this

A

endothermic

31
Q

how do you know if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic

A

when bonds are broken, energy is required so it is an endothermic reaction

when bonds are formed, energy is released so it is an exothermic reaction

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