P3 - public schools Flashcards
(Post 1850 industrial rev) What are public schools? what access did upper and lower class schools have initially? what 2 acts came into play? what they do and when? what did this mean. for sports?
The upper classes had access to the fee-paying ‘Public Schools Working class had little interest in education and child labour was common.
The Education Act of 1870 (Forster Act) required the establishment of ‘elementary’ schools, the birth of national educational system.
The 1891 Education Act saw education become free, making it more accessible to the working class.
This improved literacy and helped people get socially mobile, and in sport terms understand complicated rules, providing them with greater access.
what were public schools like pre 1850? (what attributes)
Features of Public Schools (pre-1850); Tough Spartan (basic) Prefect system Boarding Fagging All-boys Religious values strong
what is the cult of athleticism? stage 1, 2, 3?
1. (pre 1800)- No organised sports Cruel treatment of boys (fagging) Unruly behaviour Basic forms of rugby / football Rules varied between schools
- (1800-1850) - Parents concerned about behaviour
Dr Thomas Arnold (Rugby School) was a key reformist
Reformed the ‘fagging system’
Promoted Muscular Christianity & Ethics
Encouraged team games - (1850-1900) - Rules formalised
Rugby permitted hand use, Eton against hand use
Inter-house competitions & school fixtures emerged
Purpose-built facilities
Students took games to university, then back to their schools
Common rules created
Sporting organisations founded - Eg. The FA 1863/ RFU 1871/ LTA 1888
How did society change in post 1850 industrial revolution?
Led to huge population changes and a massive migration from rural areas to densely populated cities for work
Initially people worked very long hours in factories, with 15 hour shifts being common.
The working class had very little time or energy for sport
Sunday, due to the influence of the church kept it’s status as a holy day or day of rest.
Many towns developed/ expanded and factories opened.
A new middle class emerged and became entrepreneurs, setting up their own factories.
Eventually, as time progressed, factory owners started to realise that looking after their workers would improve morale, health and loyalty, and would be good for business.
How did social class change (post 1850)
Stronger class division compared to 20th & 21st C
Development of middle class during IR – Professionals, Factory Workers, Managers.
This meant they had increasingly more time and money and some went to public schools.
How did Time & Money change (post 1850)
Initially workers worked long 72 hour weeks in tough conditions,
meaning health was poor and people were ill/ tired.
The Saturday half-day was an important introduction in for workers - providing rest & leisure opportunities.
Factory owners realised a happy and healthy workforce would mean a productive workforce.
Some factory owners set up their own teams to encourage good
health. Eg. Arsenal, Sheffield Wednesday, West Ham.
Workers were still poor as there was widespread poverty.
Led to factory owners releasing some workers from shifts to play for them, but they received ‘broken time payments’ (links to professionalism.)
How did Transport change (post 1850)
Little transport before 1850, limited to wealthy
Huge development in railways towards the latter half of the 19th century.
Third class tickets were also introduced for the working class - cheap and accessible.
This led to the development of seaside resorts for workers holidays, and led to Saturday fixtures.
This saw the increase of sporting fixtures and spectatorship.
How did gender change (post 1850)
Women had limited opportunities. They were expected to marry, have children and be financially dependent on their husband.
Careers & schooling was limited.
Taunton Report in 1868 - looked into education for women
Toward the end of the 19th century, educational pioneers emerged promoting physical activity for women.
Middle class women, began to play lawn tennis as it was more graceful, but this was a social affair.
How did law and order change (post 1850)
- Increased policing.
RSPCA restricted previously popular blood sports.
Animal baiting & cock fighting banned (in new urban towns).
‘Old ways’ not acceptable to emerging middle class.
Upper class kept some cruel sports such as fox hunting for pleasure.
How did education change (post 1850)
The upper classes had access to the fee-paying ‘Public Schools’, such as Eton, Harrow, Winchester.
Working class had little interest in education and child labour was common.
The Education Act of 1870 (Forster Act) required the establishment of ‘elementary’ schools, the birth of national educational system.
The 1891 Education Act saw education become free, making it more accessible to the working class.
This improved literacy and helped people get socially mobile, and in sport terms understand complicated rules, providing them with greater access.
How did the cult of athleticism lead to the spread of sport?
1) Formalising Rules
Boys came to the public schools with regional rules from their own areas, and agreed ‘school’ specific rules so they could play in-house competitions (e.g. - Rugby vs Charterhouse school)
2) Agreeing Rules
Boys finished school and went off to University and this created a ‘melting pot’ for rules
3) Spreading the Rules
Old boys left Oxbridge and went on to work the following professions which led to the spread of sport:
POLITICIANS - old boys took their sports with them when running colonies abroad.
CHURCH - worked in the church as clergymen/missionaries and spread sport. Many football teams originate from church teams (e.g. - Aston Villa, Saints)
ARMED FORCES - spread sport across the British Empire - why cricket is played in India or Rugby League in Australia
FACTORY OWNERS/BUSINESSMEN - boys set up their own businesses and created work teams (e.g. - West Ham)
What is Amateurism & Professionalism?
Amateurism means not being paid to play which suited the upper & middle classes.
Payment was against the strong ideals of amateurism held by the upper classes at the time – honest, hard work, respect, etiquette.
The socially mixed teams led to broken-time payments (for working class) which became the birth of professionalism.
