P1 - Skeletal and muscular systems Flashcards
What are the planes of movement? explain them, with examples
Frontal
Transverse
Sagittal
what is the agonist? antagonist? fixator?
Agonist - the muscle that is responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover
Antagonist - the muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co ordinated movement
Fixator - a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement.
what is concentric? eccentric? isometric? isotonic? types of contraction?
Concentric - the muscle shortens as it applies tension
Eccentric - the muscle lengthens as it applies tension
Isometric - The muscle stays the same length as it applies tension
Isotonic - The muscle changes length as it contracts, so either concentric or eccentric
explain the 3 muscle fibre types, structure, functionality and when used.
Type 1 (slow oxidative) - Structurally designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process oxygen in mitochondria which allow them to work aerobically. so lots of mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin, little phosphocreatine. Speed of contraction slow, force of contraction high, fatigue resistance high. Aerobic capacity high, anaerobic capacity low
Type 2 (fast oxidative) - Structurally designed to produce a large amount of force quickly whilst resisting some fatigue. Moderate stores of myoglobin and mitochondria, high capillary density, high phosphocreatine. speed of contraction is fast, high force of contraction, moderate fatigue resistance, moderate aerobic and anaerobic capacity
Type 2 (fast glycolytic) - structurally designed to work anaerobically. low capillary, myoglobin, mitochondria stores. high phosphocreatine stores. Fast speed of contraction, high force of contraction, resistance to fatigue low, aerobic capacity low, anaerobic capacity high
what is the agonist and antagonist involved in the hip during flexion in the sagittal plane( through the body)?
what about through the frontal plane at the hip( through shoulder to shoulder?
agonist is iliopsoas
antagonist is the glutes maximus
Adductor magnus
Glutes Medius
what is the agonist and antagonist during flexion at the knee?
agonist is the Biceps femoris
antagonist is the Rectus femoris
what is the agonist and antagonist during dorsiflexion at the ankle?
Agonist is the tibias anterior
Antagonist is the Gastrocnemius and soleus
what is flexion, extension?
Flexion is where the movement decreases the joint angle.
Extension is where the movement increases the joint angle
what is abduction, adduction?
Adduction of a joint moves the part of the body closer to the midline of the body.
Abduction is of a joint is where the body part moves away from the midline of the body.
what is horizontal flexion/ extension?
Horizontal flexion and extension is when the limb is parallel to the ground.
Horizontal flexion is therefore when the joint moves closer to the midline of the body
Horizontal extension is therefore when the joint moves further away from the midline of the body
What are the types of joints? exapmles?
Hinge - limits movement sideways, knee, elbow, ankle
Pivot - restricts movement to one plane, radio-ulnar
Ball and socket - large range of motion in all 3 planes, hip and shoulder
Condyloid joint - Allows motion in 2 planes, wrist
what is circumduction?
The movement of the body in a circular manor
What is an overview of muscular contraction?
The central nervous system (CNS) sends an electrical Impulse to the motor neuron (specialised cells).
The neuron and its muscle fibres are termed the motor unit. The motor neuron transmits a nerve impulse. An action potential conducts the nerve impulse as a wave of electrical charge down the axon to the motor end plates. The point where the axon meets the motor end plates is called the neuromuscular junction.
There is a small gap between the motor end plates and the muscle fibre called the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is needed to carry the action potential across the synaptic cleft, called acetylcholine (Ach). If enough Ach is secreted and the electrical charge is above the threshold, a muscle action potential is created. This creates a wave of contraction down the muscle fibre.
When the motor unit receives an action potential that reaches the threshold charge, the muscles fibres will contract with maximum force. This is called the all or none law.
what is a motor unit?
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron AND a number of muscle fibres.
what is the axon
where signals are sent down to connect to the motor end plates
