P2 Families and Households - Birth and Fertility Rates Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are reasons for the population growth?
- Up to the 1950’s natural change was the main reason for the population growth, responsible for 98% of the population change (net migration was responsible for the other 2%)
- 1980’s onwards net migration has been the main factor, responsible for the two third of the increase of population
What are the reasons for the change in population growth?
- Up to the 1950’s and 60’s natural change was the main reason for growth in the UK - accounted for 98% in 1950
- From 1980 net migration is the main factor, between 2001 + 2004
How might the population growth affect families?
- Migration
- Densely populated
- More children
- Bigger class sizes at schools
- Family diversity
- Different types of family
What are the changes in birth rates?
716, 000 born in 2004
Not a straightforward decline - there have been functions over the last 100 years:
- WW1 (fall of births)
- Post WW1 (baby boom)
- 1980s/early 1990s (increase in births to reflect the increase of women births who were now of child bearing age
- 2001 onwards (steady increase)
What are the reasons for changes in birth rates?
- Decrease in infant mortality (improved sanitation, water supplies, nutrition)
- Standards of living increase
- Childhood seen as special time
- Changing attitudes towards women
How might changes in birth rates affect families?
- Decline in family size (less babies are being born)
- Change in types of families, women have more freedom to pick and choose (beanpole families)
What are the changes in fertility rate + age?
The amount of women giving birth over 30 has increase and the births of children below 30 has decrease.
Total fertility rate = the total number of children that the women will have during the fertile years.
What are the reasons for the changes in birth rates?
The ONS said the most frequent amount of births was between 30-40
- Birth control
- Educational and job opportunities
- Older women less likely to become fertile
- Changes in attitudes
What are the affects of birth rates on families?
- Women pursuing careers have children later
- Can cause fertility issues
- Childless couples
What is the decline in infant mortality rates?
Infant mortality rate is the number of infants that die before their first birthday per 1000 babies per year.
It has fallen:
- 1900 = 154 which is higher than 3rd world countries today. 15% of all babies died before they were 1.
- 1950 = 30
- 2012 = 40
What are the reasons for the decline in infant mortality rates?
- Improved housing and better sanitation
- Better nutrition
- Better knowledge of hygiene and child health and welfare
- Improved services, NHS and postnatal clinics
How might the decline in infant mortality rates affect families?
- No need to have lots of children.
- Children are no longer an economic asset (emotional love and bonds are stronger within families)
What are the changes in dual earner families?
- Decline in fertility rates has had a knock on effect –> decline in role of full time mum
- Two types of dual earners both in career and postpone having a family husband is a breadwinner and female work both time and take responsibility of childcare
What is the reasons for change in dual earner families?
- Change in position of women
- Change in social attitudes
- Women having fewer children so that they can focus on their career
- People getting married later so are having a career first
How may the changes in dual earner families affect families?
- Women valuing their career
- More choice
- Traditional male and female roles are decreasing
- Cash and time (poor parenting)
What are the changes in birth outside of marriage?
- 4/5 births outside of marriage are registered with both parents
- 3/4 are living at the same address and this has increased the number and acceptance of cohabiting couples
This has been criticised by the new right.
What are the reasons for the changes in births outside marriage?
- Media have made a moral panic as they think that most of them are outside of marriage are teenagers.
- Only 8% per thousand girls were under the age of 16
How might the changes in birth outside marriage affect families?
- Single parent families are increasing
- Children are growing up without a role model
- Increase in neo-conventional families and reconstituted families.
What is the changes in the focus on children?
- The shift in quality over quantity are causing families to have less children but focus on more quality time with children
- 1 in 5 women are childless but this is predicted to increase over the next 20 years
- The family is becoming more focused around children, this means that childhood is socially constructed.
What are the causes for the change in more child centred families?
Families are becoming more centred around children and this means that childhood is socially constructed
How might the change in child centredness affect families?
- Relationships with parents
- More money spent on children
- Quality not quantity in terms of time
- Socialisation is more unique to the child
- Increase in nuclear and neoconventional families
What are the changes in children and economics?
- Laws are now in place to ban child labour
- Children provide economic assistance. Children should be economic assets in rural areas if parents could keep them working for the household long enough
- The average child costs its parents more that the child’s producing
How might the changes in children and economics affect the family?
- Children are no longer an economic asset.
- Right to a childhood (protected by laws)
- Unit of consumption and contributing to the economic market
