Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Histology > (P) Lec 5: Bones and Cartilages > Flashcards

(P) Lec 5: Bones and Cartilages Flashcards

1
Q

Familiarize the functions of the bones

A
  • Provides solid support for the body
  • Protects vital organs
  • Attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
  • Acts as levers by which movement is produced
  • Reservoir of calcium, phosphate & other ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

These are:

  • Undifferentiated cells capable of mitosis
  • Mesenchymal stem cells
  • Potential to proliferate and differentiate
    into osteoblasts
  • Role in bone growth and repair
A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where did osteoprogenitor cells develop from?

A

Embryonic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does osteoblasts synthesize?

A

Osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main function of osteoblasts?

A

Bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

Lining surfaces of the bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two types of osteoblasts

A

Active and Inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osteoblasts that are cuboidal or columnar with basophilic cytoplasm

A

Active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteoblasts that are flat cells that line the endosteum and periosteum

A

Inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

These are:

  • Mature cells
  • Flat, almond-shaped
  • With cytoplasmic processes
  • Found in cavities (lacunae)
  • Between bone matrix layers (lamellae)
  • Maintain bone matrix
A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

Lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The communication in osteocytes are through what?

A

Canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the main function of the osteocytes?

A

Maintains the bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

These are:

  • Motile, multinucleated giant cells
  • Fusion of bone marrow derived cells
  • Role in matrix resorption
A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do osteoclasts lie?

A

Within the resorption lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The resorption lacunae is also called what?

A

Howship’s lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

These are produced by the fusion of bone marrow-derived monocytes

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

These erode the bone matrix during remodeling

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main function of the osteoclast?

A

Bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Bone matrix is composed of what two part?

A

Inorganic and Organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This makes up 50% of the bone matrix

A

Inorganic and Organic (they’re both 50%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is most abundant in the inorganic part of the bone matrix?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This is also composed of Bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium ions; Calcium phosphate

A

Bone Matrix - Inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The organic part of the bone matrix is composed of what type of collagen?

A

Type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

This has:
* Proteoglycan aggregates
* Multiadhesive glycoproteins

A

Bone Matrix - Organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Two types of multi-adhesive glycoproteins

A
  • Osteonectin
  • Osteocalcin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the association of minerals with collagen fibers?

A

hardness and resistance of bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cartilages are composed of what type of collagen?

A

Type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the two fibrous coverings of the bone?

A

Periosteum and Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The periosteum is composed of which 2 layers?

A

Outer & Inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Layer of periosteum composed of DCT, BVs, collagen bundles, fibroblasts

A

Outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Layer of periosteum composed of:

  • Perforating collagen fibers
  • Penetrate bone matrix
  • Bind periosteum to bone
A

Sharpey’s fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What bind periosteum to the bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Layer of the periosteum that is more cellular, and has:

  • Bone lining cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoprogenitor cells
A

Inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

This periosteum layer nourishes osseous tissue and provide continuous supply of new osteoblasts

A

Inner layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why can the inner layer of the periosteum provide a continuous supply of new osteoblasts?

A

It contains the osteoprogenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fibrous covering of the bone that:

  • Covers small trabeculae of bony matrix
    that project into marrow cavities
  • Thinner
  • Contains: Bone lining cells, Osteoblasts, Osteoprogenitor cells
A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two main types of bones?

A

Compact/Cortical Bone and Cancellous/Trabecular/ Spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Type of bone that’s found in dense areas near the surface of a bone

A

Compact/ Cortical Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

T or F: Compact bone doesn’t have interstitial lamellae

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Type of bone that has parallel lamellae or densely packed osteons

A

Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The Compact bone composes how many percent of the total bone mass?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The Spongy bone composes how many percent of the total bone mass?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Type of bone that’s found in deeper areas

A

Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The spongy bone has interconnected thin spicules or trabeculae covered by what?

A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Type of bone composed of numerous
interconnecting cavities

A

Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

This is the bone organization in adults, compact or spongy. Also characterized by multiple layers or lamellae of calcified matrix

A

Lamellar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

These are organized either parallel to
each other or concentrically around a
central canal

A

Lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What type of collagen fibers are aligned in parallel in each lamella?

A

Type I

50
Q

This is a complex of concentric lamellae

A

Osteon or Haversian System

51
Q

This is a small central canal in an osteon

A

Haversian canal

52
Q

T or F: The osteon is interconnected by canaliculi

A

True

53
Q

What are found in an osteon?

A
  • Haversian canal
  • Concentric lamellae
  • Lacunae
  • Osteocytes
  • Canaliculi
54
Q

T or F: Each osteon is a long cylinder perpendicular to the long axis of the diaphysis

A

False (parallel)

55
Q

What is the cement line of an osteon?

A

The outer boundary

56
Q

T or F: The osteon is reticular-rich

A

False (collagen-rich)

57
Q

This is a perforating canal and how central canal communicate with another

A

Volkmann’s canal

58
Q

What are the types of lamellae?

A

Concentric, Interstitial, External circumferential, and Inner circumferential

59
Q

Type of lamellae organized around the central canal

A

Concentric

60
Q

Type of lamellae between intact osteons

A

Interstitial

61
Q

Type of lamellae located immediately beneath the periosteum

A

External circumferential

62
Q

Type of lamellae around marrow cavities and can be found in deeper areas

A

Inner circumferential

63
Q

What is the composition of a Haversian canal?

A

BVs, Ns, LCT, endosteum

puro abbrev luh slr jwu imy balik ka na

64
Q

Refers to the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair

A

Woven Bone

65
Q

The Woven Bone organization has what type of collagen?

A

Type I

66
Q

This is replaced in adults by lamellar bone, EXCEPT near the sutures of the calvaria and in the insertions of some tendons

A

Woven Bone

67
Q

T or F: Though the woven bone has a lower mineral content, it has more strength than the lamellar bone

A

False (Less strength)

68
Q

T or F: Woven Bone is temporary

A

True

69
Q

Two types of bone growth

A

Appositional and Interstitial

70
Q

Refers to growth in circumference

A

Appositional Growth

71
Q

Refers to growth in length

A

Interstitial Growth

72
Q

Refers to when deeper layer of the periosteum is made of osteoblasts which are responsible for new bone formation

A

Appositional Growth

73
Q

Refers to the continued ossification of cartilage at the ends of bones (epiphysis) until all are transformed into bone

A

Interstitial Growth

74
Q

Two types of bone development

A

Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

75
Q

In this bone development, osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid

A

Intramembranous ossification

76
Q

In this bone development, a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which begin osteoid production

A

Endochondral ossification

77
Q

In intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts differentiate directly from ___ and begin secreting _____

A

mesenchyme, osteoid

78
Q

In endochondral ossification, a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by __________, which begin osteoid production

A

osteoblast

79
Q

Contains GAGs and proteoglycans that interacts with collagen and elastic
fibers

A

Cartilage

80
Q

Where are cartilages formed from?

A

embryonic mesenchyme

81
Q

Refers to:

*Tough and flexible CT
*Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Cartilage

82
Q

Familiarize the functions of cartilages

A
  • Forms the framework supporting soft tissues
  • Provides a shock-absorbing and sliding area for joints
  • Facilitates bone movement
  • Essential for the development and growth of bones, before and after birth
83
Q

T or F: Cartilages have blood supply

A

False (Avascular)

84
Q

Where do cartilages receive their nutrients from?

A

Perichondrium

85
Q

They:

*Have low metabolic activity
*No lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

Cartilages

86
Q

What are the two compositions of cartilages?

A

Chondrocytes and ECM

87
Q

The ECM in cartilages are composed of what?

A

Fibers and Ground Susbtances

88
Q

Which type of fibers are in the ECM of cartilages?

A

Collagen & elastic

89
Q

The ground substances of ECM of cartilage is composed of what?

A

GAGs & proteoglycans

90
Q

What are the types of cartilages?

A

*Hyaline
*Elastic
*Fibrocartilage

91
Q

This is the temporal skeleton in the embryo replaced by the bone

A

Hyaline cartilage

92
Q

The most abundant cartilage

A

Hyaline

93
Q

Cartilage found in:

*Articular surfaces of movable joints
*Walls of larger respiratory passages
* Nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi
*Ventral ends of ribs
*Articulate with sternum
*Epiphyseal plates of long bones

A

Hyaline

94
Q

Hyaline has which type of collagen?

A

Type II

95
Q

Refers to the most abundant proteoglycan in Hyaline

A

Aggrecan

96
Q

In this cartilage’s matrix, it refers to the

  • Multiadhesive glycoprotein
  • Binds with GAGs, collagen type II, integrins
  • Mediates adherence of chondrocytes to ECM
A

Chondronectin

97
Q

Refers to:

  • Isogenous aggregates of round cells
  • Occupy separate lacunae
A

Chondrocyte

98
Q

Refers to:

  • Young chondrocytes
  • Elliptical in shape
  • Found in periphery of cartilage
A

Chrondroblasts

99
Q

Refers to:

  • A layer of dense irregular CT
  • Type I collagen and fibroblasts
  • Within fibroblasts are progenitor cells
  • Covers all hyaline cartilage EXCEPT articular cartilage
  • Essential for growth and maintenance of cartilage
A

Perichondrium

100
Q

This cartilage is found in:

*Auricle of ear
*Walls of external auditory canal
*Auditory tubes
*Epiglottis
* Cuneiform cartilage in larynx

A

Elastic

101
Q

Refers to cartilage which is combination of hyaline & DCT

A

Fibrocartilage

102
Q

Cartilages produce what type of collagen?

A

Collagen type II

103
Q

T or F: Fibrocartilage, as a type of cartilage, has a perichondrium because it is avascular

A

False (No perichondrium)

104
Q

This cartilage is found in:

  • Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis,
    attachments of certain ligaments
A

Fibrocartilage

105
Q

Two types of cartilage growth

A

Interstitial growth and Appositional growth

106
Q

Growth in cartilage referring to mitosis of existing chondroblasts in lacunae

A

Interstitial

107
Q

Growth in cartilage referring to formation of new chondroblasts peripherally from progenitor cells in perichondrium

A

Appositional

108
Q

Cartilage

Homogeneous, with type 2 collagen

A

Hyaline

109
Q

Cartilage

Type II collagen, aggrecan, and darker elastic fiber

A

Elastic

110
Q

Cartilage

Has type 2 collagen and large areas of dense connective tissue with type I collagen

A

Fibrocartilage

111
Q

Arrangement of chondrocytes in fibrocartilage

A

Rows

112
Q

Cartilage

Provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints, structural support for respirator tract

A

Hyaline

113
Q

Cartilage

Provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues

A

Elastic

114
Q

Cartilage

Provides cushioning tensile strngth and resistance to tearing and compression

A

Fibrocarti

115
Q

Refers to:

  • Genetic disease
  • Dense heavy bones
  • Bone resorption is defective
  • Overgrowth and thickening of bones
  • Obliteration of marrow cavities
  • Anemia and loss of WBCs
A

Osteopetrosis

116
Q

Refers to:

  • Immobilized patients, postmenopausal women
  • Bone resorption exceeds bone formation
  • Reduced bone mineral density
  • calcium loss from bones
A

Osteoporosis

117
Q

This is the most commonly used bone measurement test used to screen for osteoporosis

A

Central DXA

118
Q

Screening age for Central DXA

A

65 years and above

119
Q

Refers to:

  • Brittle bone disease
  • A group of related congenital disorders
  • Osteoblasts produce deficient amounts or defective type I collagen due to genetic mutations
A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

120
Q

Refers to benign tumor

A

Chondroma

121
Q

Refers to:
* Slowly growing malignant tumor
* Self metastasize
* Removed by surgery

A

Chondrosarcomma

122
Q

Why does chondrosarcoma rarely metastasize?

A

No blood supply in chondrocytes

Human Histology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions