(F) Lec 5: The Endocrine System Flashcards
What are the endocrine organs?
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Placenta
Gonads
Where are hormones released?
Blood stream
Master gland
Pituitary
Organ that has both endocrine and exocrine function
Pancreas
Other name for adrenal glands
Suprarenal glands
Two portion of pituitary gland
Anterior and posterior
Pars found in anterior pituitary
o Pars distalis
o Pars tuberalis
o Pars intermedia
Pars found in posterior pituitary
Pars nervosa
Other name for posterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis
Refers to:
→ The part of the pituitary that develops from the neural ectoderm
→ Consists of the pars nervosa and the infundibulum
→ Pars nervosa or infundibular process
Neurohypophysis or Posterior Pituitary
Other name for anterior pituitary
Adenohypophysis
Refers to:
→ The part of the pituitary that arises from the oral
ectoderm
→ Subdivided into 3 portions:
➢ Pars distalis
➢ Pars tuberalis
➢ Pars intermedia
Adenohypophysis or Anterior Pituitary
Pars of anterior pituitary;
Covers the majority
Pars distalis
Pars of anterior pituitary;
Intermediate between pars
distalis and pars nervosa
Pars intermedia
Pars of anterior pituitary;
funnel shaped on the infundibulum
Pars tuberalis
T or F: There are hormones from the pituitary
True (though they come from the hypothalamus)
Two types of cells in the pars distalis of the pituitary
Chromophils and Chromophobe cells
Two types of chromophils cells
Acidophils and Basophils
Secretion of acidophilic chomophils
Growth hormone and proclactin
Secretion of basophilic chomophils
TSH, FSH, LH/ICCSH, ACTH
Familiarize the secretions of pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone
Cell in pars distalis which refers to:
→ Stain weakly with few or no secretory granules
→ Represent a heterogenous group
→ Including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells
as well as any degranulated cells present
Chromophobe cells
Cells in the pars tuberalis are called as?
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH/ICSH)
Pars of anterior pituitary;
→ Funnel shaped region surrounding the infundibulum
→ Most of the cells here are gonadotrophs
Pars tuberalis
Pars of anterior pituitary;
→ A rudimentary region made up of cords, darkly
basophilic cells that present small secretory granules
→ Follicles lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
Pars intermedia
LE of pars intermedia
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Characteristic feature of pars intermedia, defined as a colloid
Rathke’s cysts
Hormone secreted by pars intermedia
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
T or F: MSH in the pars intermedia is secreted by the rathke’s cysts
False (Pars intermedia cells)
Target organ of MSH
Skin (Epidermiss na kita T____T)
Which specific cells secrete TSH?
Thyrotropic cells (Thyrotophic cells are chromophils din kaya sige ok I accept your answer)
Specific cells that secrete prolactin
Mammotropic cells
Specific cells that secrete ACTH
Corticotropic cells
Specific cells that secrete GH
Somatotrophic cells
Specific cells that secrete FSH and LH
Gonadotrophic cells
Specific cells that secrete MSH
Pars intermedia cells
Characteristic cell of pineal gland
Pinealocytes
What do pinealocytes secrete?
Melatonin
T or F: Melanin controls the sleep-wake cycle
False (melatonin)
Cells found in the pineal gland
Instertitial cells and pinealocytes
Pineal gland cells which refers to:
➢ Slightly basophilic cytoplasm, with
➢ Large irregular nuclei
➢ Sharply defined nucleoli
Pinealocytes
Pineal gland cells which refers to:
➢ Elongated nuclei
➢ Stain more heavily than parenchymal cells
➢ Between cords of pinealocytes and perivascular
areas
Interstitial cells
T or F: Characteristic feature of pineal gland is the pinealocytes
False (That’s the characteristic cell, charac feature = corpora arenacea)
Refers to:
➢ Age causes an increase in the amount of connective tissue in the pineal body
➢ Formation of calcified bodies in the parenchyma of the organ
Brain sands/ Psammoma bodies/ Corpora
areanacea
Refers to:
→ Composed of follicles
→ Composed of follicles
→ Simple cuboidal epithelium
→ Simple squamous to low columnar cells
→ Lumen contains a gelatinous substance.
Thyroid gland
Cells in the thyroid that synthesize and secrete T4 and T3
Follicular cells
What does the lumen in thyroid gland contain?
Thyroglobulin
What does T3 and T4 stimulate?
Metabolic rate
Cell in thyroid gland that refers to:
➢ Small isolated clusters of pale staining cells
➢ Found between thyroid follicles
➢ Synthesis and secretion of calcitonin
➢ Reduction in the concentration of calcium in the
blood by inhibiting bone resorption
Parafollicular cells/ C-cells/ Clear cells
Type of secretion in the thyroid that reduces the concentration of calcium
Calcitonin
Parenchyma of thyroid gland
Follicular cells
Cells in thyroid that secrete calcitonin
C cells
Refers to:
→ Covered by connective tissue capsule that sends
septa to the parenchyma
→ Chief or Principal Cells (parenchyma)
Parathyroid gland
Parenchyma of parathyroid
Principal cells
Refers to:
Secretes parathyroid hormones; increases calcium.
Chief or principal cells
These cells in the parathyroid are also polygonal in shape but larger than chief cells
Oxyphil cells
Refers to:
→ Rounded clusters embedded within the exocrine
pancreatic tissue
→ Polygonal or rounded cells arranged in cords
→ Separated by a network of sinusoid-like blood
capillaries
→ Fine reticular capsule surrounds each islet
Islets of Langerhans
Cells in the Islet of Langerhans
Alpha, beta, delta
Secretion of alpha cells and function
Glucagon - increases sugar
Secretion of beta cells and function
Insulin - decreases sugar
Secretion of delta cells and function
Somastostatin - unknown
Refers to:
→ Paired organs that lie near the superior poles of the
kidney, embedded in the pararenal adipose tissue
and fascia
▪ Also known as the Suprarenal gland
→ Flattened structures with a half moon shape
→ A dense connective tissue capsule covers the glands
Adrenal glands
2 main layers of adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Three zonas of adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal cortex zona;
→ Comprises about 15% of the cortex
→ Columnar or pyramidal shaped cells
→ Arranged in closely packed, rounded or arched clusters
→ Surrounded by capillaries
→ Secrete mineralocorticoids primarily aldosterone
Zona glomerulosa
Adrenal cortex zona;
→ Cells are arranged in straight cords that run at right
angle to the surface of the organ
→ Polyhedral, central nucleus, slightly basophilic
cytoplasm
Zona fasciculata
Adrenal cortex zona;
→ Comprises about 10% of the cortex
→ Cells dispersed in irregular cords
→ Cells are small and cytoplasm is acidophilic
Zona reticularis
Adrenal cortex zona;
➢ Majority of secretion are glucocorticoids.
➢ Minor secretion – 17 keto steroids
Zona fasciculata
Adrenal cortex zona;
➢ Major secretion – 17 ketosteroids
➢ Minor secretion – glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis
Layer of adrenal gland which refers to:
→ Central layer of the organ
→ Polyhedral epithelioid cells arranged in cords forming
a complete network
→ Surrounded by capillaries and venules and a few
sympathetic ganglions
Adrenal medulla
Secretion of zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Secretion of adrenal medulla
catecholamines, epinephrine and
norepinephrine
T or F: Pituitary gland have an effect on the adrenal medulla but none on adrenal cotex
False (baliktad)
Refers to:
A major endocrine gland delivering directly in the maternal blood, hormones that are essential for the continuance of pregnancy
Placenta
Secretion of placenta (syncitiotrophoblast)
HCG
Which structure of the placenta secretes HCG specifically?
Syncitiotrophoblast
