(F) Lec 5: The Endocrine System Flashcards by Denica Shealtiel Enage

What are the endocrine organs?

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Placenta
Gonads

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Where are hormones released?

Blood stream

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Master gland

Pituitary

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Organ that has both endocrine and exocrine function

Pancreas

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Other name for adrenal glands

Suprarenal glands

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Two portion of pituitary gland

Anterior and posterior

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Pars found in anterior pituitary

o Pars distalis
o Pars tuberalis
o Pars intermedia

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Pars found in posterior pituitary

Pars nervosa

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Other name for posterior pituitary

Neurohypophysis

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Refers to:

→ The part of the pituitary that develops from the neural ectoderm
→ Consists of the pars nervosa and the infundibulum
→ Pars nervosa or infundibular process

Neurohypophysis or Posterior Pituitary

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Other name for anterior pituitary

Adenohypophysis

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Refers to:

→ The part of the pituitary that arises from the oral
ectoderm
→ Subdivided into 3 portions:
➢ Pars distalis
➢ Pars tuberalis
➢ Pars intermedia

Adenohypophysis or Anterior Pituitary

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Pars of anterior pituitary;

Covers the majority

Pars distalis

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Pars of anterior pituitary;

Intermediate between pars
distalis and pars nervosa

Pars intermedia

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Pars of anterior pituitary;

funnel shaped on the infundibulum

Pars tuberalis

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T or F: There are hormones from the pituitary

True (though they come from the hypothalamus)

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Two types of cells in the pars distalis of the pituitary

Chromophils and Chromophobe cells

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Two types of chromophils cells

Acidophils and Basophils

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Secretion of acidophilic chomophils

Growth hormone and proclactin

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Secretion of basophilic chomophils

TSH, FSH, LH/ICCSH, ACTH

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Familiarize the secretions of pituitary gland

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone

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Cell in pars distalis which refers to:

→ Stain weakly with few or no secretory granules
→ Represent a heterogenous group
→ Including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells
as well as any degranulated cells present

Chromophobe cells

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Cells in the pars tuberalis are called as?

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH/ICSH)

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Pars of anterior pituitary;

→ Funnel shaped region surrounding the infundibulum
→ Most of the cells here are gonadotrophs

Pars tuberalis

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Pars of anterior pituitary; → A rudimentary region made up of cords, darkly basophilic cells that present small secretory granules → Follicles lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

Pars intermedia

LE of pars intermedia

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Characteristic feature of pars intermedia, defined as a colloid

Rathke's cysts

Hormone secreted by pars intermedia

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

T or F: MSH in the pars intermedia is secreted by the rathke's cysts

False (Pars intermedia cells)

Target organ of MSH

Skin (Epidermiss na kita T____T)

Which specific cells secrete TSH?

Thyrotropic cells (Thyrotophic cells are chromophils din kaya sige ok I accept your answer)

Specific cells that secrete prolactin

Mammotropic cells

Specific cells that secrete ACTH

Corticotropic cells

Specific cells that secrete GH

Somatotrophic cells

Specific cells that secrete FSH and LH

Gonadotrophic cells

Specific cells that secrete MSH

Pars intermedia cells

Characteristic cell of pineal gland

Pinealocytes

What do pinealocytes secrete?

Melatonin

T or F: Melanin controls the sleep-wake cycle

False (melatonin)

Cells found in the pineal gland

Instertitial cells and pinealocytes

Pineal gland cells which refers to: ➢ Slightly basophilic cytoplasm, with ➢ Large irregular nuclei ➢ Sharply defined nucleoli

Pinealocytes

Pineal gland cells which refers to: ➢ Elongated nuclei ➢ Stain more heavily than parenchymal cells ➢ Between cords of pinealocytes and perivascular areas

Interstitial cells

T or F: Characteristic feature of pineal gland is the pinealocytes

False (That's the characteristic cell, charac feature = corpora arenacea)

Refers to: ➢ Age causes an increase in the amount of connective tissue in the pineal body ➢ Formation of calcified bodies in the parenchyma of the organ

Brain sands/ Psammoma bodies/ Corpora areanacea

Refers to: → Composed of follicles → Composed of follicles → Simple cuboidal epithelium → Simple squamous to low columnar cells → Lumen contains a gelatinous substance.

Thyroid gland

Cells in the thyroid that synthesize and secrete T4 and T3

Follicular cells

What does the lumen in thyroid gland contain?

Thyroglobulin

What does T3 and T4 stimulate?

Metabolic rate

Cell in thyroid gland that refers to: ➢ Small isolated clusters of pale staining cells ➢ Found between thyroid follicles ➢ Synthesis and secretion of calcitonin ➢ Reduction in the concentration of calcium in the blood by inhibiting bone resorption

Parafollicular cells/ C-cells/ Clear cells

Type of secretion in the thyroid that reduces the concentration of calcium

Calcitonin

Parenchyma of thyroid gland

Follicular cells

Cells in thyroid that secrete calcitonin

C cells

Refers to: → Covered by connective tissue capsule that sends septa to the parenchyma → Chief or Principal Cells (parenchyma)

Parathyroid gland

Parenchyma of parathyroid

Principal cells

Refers to: Secretes parathyroid hormones; increases calcium.

Chief or principal cells

These cells in the parathyroid are also polygonal in shape but larger than chief cells

Oxyphil cells

Refers to: → Rounded clusters embedded within the exocrine pancreatic tissue → Polygonal or rounded cells arranged in cords → Separated by a network of sinusoid-like blood capillaries → Fine reticular capsule surrounds each islet

Islets of Langerhans

Cells in the Islet of Langerhans

Alpha, beta, delta

Secretion of alpha cells and function

Glucagon - increases sugar

Secretion of beta cells and function

Insulin - decreases sugar

Secretion of delta cells and function

Somastostatin - unknown

Refers to: → Paired organs that lie near the superior poles of the kidney, embedded in the pararenal adipose tissue and fascia ▪ Also known as the Suprarenal gland → Flattened structures with a half moon shape → A dense connective tissue capsule covers the glands

Adrenal glands

2 main layers of adrenal glands

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Three zonas of adrenal cortex

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

Adrenal cortex zona; → Comprises about 15% of the cortex → Columnar or pyramidal shaped cells → Arranged in closely packed, rounded or arched clusters → Surrounded by capillaries → Secrete mineralocorticoids primarily aldosterone

Zona glomerulosa

Adrenal cortex zona; → Cells are arranged in straight cords that run at right angle to the surface of the organ → Polyhedral, central nucleus, slightly basophilic cytoplasm

Zona fasciculata

Adrenal cortex zona; → Comprises about 10% of the cortex → Cells dispersed in irregular cords → Cells are small and cytoplasm is acidophilic

Zona reticularis

Adrenal cortex zona; ➢ Majority of secretion are glucocorticoids. ➢ Minor secretion – 17 keto steroids

Zona fasciculata

Adrenal cortex zona; ➢ Major secretion – 17 ketosteroids ➢ Minor secretion – glucocorticoids

Zona reticularis

Layer of adrenal gland which refers to: → Central layer of the organ → Polyhedral epithelioid cells arranged in cords forming a complete network → Surrounded by capillaries and venules and a few sympathetic ganglions

Adrenal medulla

Secretion of zona glomerulosa

Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

Secretion of adrenal medulla

catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine

T or F: Pituitary gland have an effect on the adrenal medulla but none on adrenal cotex

False (baliktad)

Refers to: A major endocrine gland delivering directly in the maternal blood, hormones that are essential for the continuance of pregnancy

Placenta

Secretion of placenta (syncitiotrophoblast)

HCG

Which structure of the placenta secretes HCG specifically?

Syncitiotrophoblast