(F) Lec 4: The Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Familiarize the renal functions
A
- Regulation of balance between water and electrolytes and the acid-base balance
- Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and electrolytes in urine
- Excretion of bioactive substances, drugs
- Regulation of arterial blood pressure by secretion of renin
- Secretion of erythropoietin
2
Q
Enumerate the parts of the system
A
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
3
Q
Location (gross anatom) of the kidney
A
- Posterior abdomen under cover of the ribs
- Retroperitoneal
4
Q
Two main parts of kidney
A
Hilum and capsule
5
Q
Concave part of kidney where the ff can be found:
- Blood vessels
- Lymph vessels
- Renal pelvis
A
Hilum
6
Q
Convex, thin, and fibrous part of the kidney
A
Capsule
7
Q
Parts of renal parenchyma
A
Cortex and Medulla
8
Q
Renal parenchyma;
- Outer, darker
- Renal corpuscles
- Tubules
A
Cortex
9
Q
Renal parenchyma;
- Straight structures
- Renal pyramids
- Renal columns
- Medullary rays
- Renal papilla
A
Medulla
10
Q
Part of renal circulation which is closely associated with nephron components
A
Vasculature
11
Q
Names according to location and shapes
A
BVs
12
Q
Functional unit of kidney
A
Nephron
13
Q
Two main parts of nephron
A
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
14
Q
Part of nephron;
- Bowman’s capsule
- Glomerulus
A
Renal corpuscle
15
Q
Part of nephron;
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Loop of Henle
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Connecting tubules and Collecting ducts
A
Renal tubule
16
Q
Types of nephron
A
Cortical and juxtamedullary
17
Q
Type of nephron;
- Located almost completely in the cortex
A
Cortical
18
Q
Type of nephron;
- Lie close to the medulla
- 1/7 of total
- Have long loops of Henle
A
Juxtamedullary
19
Q
Refers to mass of capillary loops found in the renal corpuscle
A
Glomerulus
20
Q
Layers of Bowman’s capsule
A
Visceral and Parietal
21
Q
Part of renal corpuscle that receives filtered fluid
A
Capsular/Urinary space
22
Q
Two poles in the renal corpuscle
A
Vascular and Tubular pole
23
Q
Layer of Bowman’s capsule;
Simple squamous
At the tubular pole, the epithelium changes back to simple cuboidal
Characteristic feature of the PCT
A
Parietal layer
24
Q
Cells found in the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule
A
Podocytes and pedicels
25
Cells in visceral layer;
* Stellate epithelial cells
* Cell body give rise to 1o processes
* 2o foot processes
Podocytes
26
Cells in visceral layer;
* Interdigitate forming elongated spaces
* Filtration slit pores
Pedicels
27
The slit pores of the pedicels are bridged by what?
semipermeable diaphragm called slit diaphragm
28
Poles;
* Afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole leaves
* Afferent arteriole divides into 2-5 capillaries of the glomerulus
Vascular
29
Poles;
PCT begins
Tubular/Urinary pole
30
Enumerate the filtration barrier
Fenestrated capillary endothelium
Glomerular basement
Filtration slit diaphragms
31
Filtration barrier;
* Block blood cell and platelets
Fenestrated capillary endothelium
32
Filtration barrier;
* Basal laminae of capillary
+ podocyte
* Restricts large proteins &
organic anions
Glomerular basement membrane
33
Filtration barrier;
* Restricts small proteins and some anions
Filtration slit diaphragms
34
Refers to:
* Physical support of
capillaries within
glomerulus
* Between capillaries that
lack podocytes
Mesangial cells
35
Refers to:
* Longer than DCT
* Mainly cortical
* Lumen a fuzz-filled
appearance
* Specialized for both
reabsorption and
secretion
PCT
36
Simple cuboidal cells with:
* Long microvilli (brush
borders)
* Abundant mitochondria
* Very acidophilic cytoplasm
& central nuclei
PCT
37
Refers to:
* PCT extends down to the
medulla as thick
descending limb and
continues as tthis
* U-shaped with thin descending & ascending limbs
Loop of Henle
38
LE of loop of Henle
Simple squamous
39
Loop of Henle becomes what?
Thick ascending limb
40
Refers to the structure that is simple cuboidal extending back into the cortex
Thick ascending limb
41
Refers to:
* Short microvilli
* More empty lumens
* Rate of Na+ absorption
is regulated by
aldosterone (from
adrenal glands)
DCT
42
LE of DCT
Simple cuboidall
43
Juxtaglomerular apparatus;
Specialized sensory
structure
* Regulates glomerular
blood flow and keeps
GFR constant
* DCT contacts arteriole
* Become more columnar
and closely packed
Macula densa
44
Juxtaglomerular apparatus;
* Tunica media of afferent
arteriole
* Smooth muscles
become modified to
granular cells
* Secretes Renin
JG granular cells
45
Role of this secretion is the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance
Renin
46
Juxtaglomerular apparatus;
* Extraglomerular
mesangial cells
* Supportive,
contractile, and
defensive functions
Lacis cells
47
LE of collecting tubules
Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium (it merges with columnar cells of collecting duct)
48
49
LE of collecting ducts
Simple columnar
50
Hormone that makes CD more
permeable to water during dehydration
ADH
51
Refers to:
* Single layer of small
basal cells resting on a
very thin basement
membrane
* Intermediate region:
one to several layers of
columnar cells
Transitional Epi
52
Transitional Epithelium has which kind of cells in the superficial layer?
Umbrella or Dome cells
53
Layer of TE when distended
2-3
54
Layer of TE when empty
4-5
55
Refers to:
* A form of stratified epithelium
* Found only in the urinary tract of mammals
* Highly specialized to
* Accommodate a great degree of stretch
* Withstand the toxicity of urine
TE
56
CT is found in which layer of the ureter?
Adventitia
57
Layer of ureter
2 layers of
Smooth muscle; distal becomes 3
layers
Muscularis
58
Layer of ureter
transitional
epithelium
* Lumen very narrow,
easily obstructed
Mucosa
59
T or F: Ureter has submucosa
False
60
LE of mucosa of urinary bladder
TE
61
Specific subtype of tissue of LP of urinary bladder
DICT
62
Layer of urinary bladder
* LE; transitional
* Lamina propria: DICT
Mucosa
63
Layer of urinary bladder
* DICT
* Highly vascularized
Submucosa
64
Layer of urinary bladder
Detrusor
Muscularis
65
Arrangement of detrusor
* Inner longitudinal
* Middle circular
* Outer longitudinal
66
Organ in the system where detrusor is found
Urinary bladder
67
Length of female urethra
4 - 5 cm
68
Length of male urethra
20 cm
69
Refers to:
* Purely a urinary organ
* Initially with transitional epithelium
* Then by SSE and some areas of PSCE
* Middle part is surrounded by the external
striated muscle sphincter
Female urethra
70
LE of female urethra
Then by SSE and some areas of PSCE
71
Urethra in males is passageway for what
Semen and urine
72
Parts of male urethra
* Prostatic
* Membranous
* Spongy
73
Part of male urethra;
* 3 to 4 cm long
* Transitional
epithelium
* Urothelium
Prostatic
74
Part of male urethra;
* Short segment that
passes through an
external sphincter of
striated muscle
* Stratified columnar and
pseudostratified
epithelium
Membranous
75
Part of male urethra;
* 15 cm long
* Enclosed within erectile
tissue of the penis
* Stratified columnar and
pseudostratified
columnar
* Distally: stratified
squamous epithelium
Spongy
76
Mucosa of male spongy urethra
Lacuna of Morgagni
77
Refers to irregular outpocketings found in spongy urethra of male
Lacuna of Morgagni
78
LE of spongy urethra
stratified or
pseudostratified
columnar
* Distal: SSNKE
79
Refers to:
* External opening
* Lined by stratified
squamous epithelium
* Becomes continuous with
the epithelium of the
glans
Urethral meatus
80
Urethra is lubricated by mucous secretions from?
* Para-urethral glands
* Bulbo-urethral glands of
Cowpe
81
LE of membranous urethra of males
Stratified columnar and
pseudostratified
epithelium
82
LE of prostatic urethra of males
Uroepi
83
Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum are found in which part of male urethra
Spongy
