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Human Histology > (F) Lec 4: The Urinary System > Flashcards

(F) Lec 4: The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Familiarize the renal functions

A
  • Regulation of balance between water and electrolytes and the acid-base balance
  • Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and electrolytes in urine
  • Excretion of bioactive substances, drugs
  • Regulation of arterial blood pressure by secretion of renin
  • Secretion of erythropoietin
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2
Q

Enumerate the parts of the system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

Location (gross anatom) of the kidney

A
  • Posterior abdomen under cover of the ribs
  • Retroperitoneal
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4
Q

Two main parts of kidney

A

Hilum and capsule

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5
Q

Concave part of kidney where the ff can be found:

  • Blood vessels
  • Lymph vessels
  • Renal pelvis
A

Hilum

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6
Q

Convex, thin, and fibrous part of the kidney

A

Capsule

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7
Q

Parts of renal parenchyma

A

Cortex and Medulla

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8
Q

Renal parenchyma;

  • Outer, darker
  • Renal corpuscles
  • Tubules
A

Cortex

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9
Q

Renal parenchyma;

  • Straight structures
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal columns
  • Medullary rays
  • Renal papilla
A

Medulla

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10
Q

Part of renal circulation which is closely associated with nephron components

A

Vasculature

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11
Q

Names according to location and shapes

A

BVs

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12
Q

Functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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13
Q

Two main parts of nephron

A

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

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14
Q

Part of nephron;

  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Glomerulus
A

Renal corpuscle

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15
Q

Part of nephron;

  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  • Connecting tubules and Collecting ducts
A

Renal tubule

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16
Q

Types of nephron

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

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17
Q

Type of nephron;

  • Located almost completely in the cortex
A

Cortical

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18
Q

Type of nephron;

  • Lie close to the medulla
  • 1/7 of total
  • Have long loops of Henle
A

Juxtamedullary

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19
Q

Refers to mass of capillary loops found in the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus

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20
Q

Layers of Bowman’s capsule

A

Visceral and Parietal

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21
Q

Part of renal corpuscle that receives filtered fluid

A

Capsular/Urinary space

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22
Q

Two poles in the renal corpuscle

A

Vascular and Tubular pole

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23
Q

Layer of Bowman’s capsule;

Simple squamous
At the tubular pole, the epithelium changes back to simple cuboidal
Characteristic feature of the PCT

A

Parietal layer

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24
Q

Cells found in the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule

A

Podocytes and pedicels

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25
Q

Cells in visceral layer;

  • Stellate epithelial cells
  • Cell body give rise to 1o processes
  • 2o foot processes
A

Podocytes

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26
Q

Cells in visceral layer;

  • Interdigitate forming elongated spaces
  • Filtration slit pores
A

Pedicels

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27
Q

The slit pores of the pedicels are bridged by what?

A

semipermeable diaphragm called slit diaphragm

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28
Q

Poles;

  • Afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole leaves
  • Afferent arteriole divides into 2-5 capillaries of the glomerulus
A

Vascular

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29
Q

Poles;

PCT begins

A

Tubular/Urinary pole

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30
Q

Enumerate the filtration barrier

A

Fenestrated capillary endothelium
Glomerular basement
Filtration slit diaphragms

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31
Q

Filtration barrier;

  • Block blood cell and platelets
A

Fenestrated capillary endothelium

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32
Q

Filtration barrier;

  • Basal laminae of capillary
    + podocyte
  • Restricts large proteins &
    organic anions
A

Glomerular basement membrane

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33
Q

Filtration barrier;

  • Restricts small proteins and some anions
A

Filtration slit diaphragms

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34
Q

Refers to:

  • Physical support of
    capillaries within
    glomerulus
  • Between capillaries that
    lack podocytes
A

Mesangial cells

35
Q

Refers to:

  • Longer than DCT
  • Mainly cortical
  • Lumen a fuzz-filled
    appearance
  • Specialized for both
    reabsorption and
    secretion
36
Q

Simple cuboidal cells with:

  • Long microvilli (brush
    borders)
  • Abundant mitochondria
  • Very acidophilic cytoplasm
    & central nuclei
37
Q

Refers to:

  • PCT extends down to the
    medulla as thick
    descending limb and
    continues as tthis
  • U-shaped with thin descending & ascending limbs
A

Loop of Henle

38
Q

LE of loop of Henle

A

Simple squamous

39
Q

Loop of Henle becomes what?

A

Thick ascending limb

40
Q

Refers to the structure that is simple cuboidal extending back into the cortex

A

Thick ascending limb

41
Q

Refers to:

  • Short microvilli
  • More empty lumens
  • Rate of Na+ absorption
    is regulated by
    aldosterone (from
    adrenal glands)
42
Q

LE of DCT

A

Simple cuboidall

43
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus;

Specialized sensory
structure
* Regulates glomerular
blood flow and keeps
GFR constant
* DCT contacts arteriole
* Become more columnar
and closely packed

A

Macula densa

44
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus;

  • Tunica media of afferent
    arteriole
  • Smooth muscles
    become modified to
    granular cells
  • Secretes Renin
A

JG granular cells

45
Q

Role of this secretion is the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance

46
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus;

  • Extraglomerular
    mesangial cells
  • Supportive,
    contractile, and
    defensive functions
A

Lacis cells

47
Q

LE of collecting tubules

A

Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium (it merges with columnar cells of collecting duct)

49
Q

LE of collecting ducts

A

Simple columnar

50
Q

Hormone that makes CD more
permeable to water during dehydration

51
Q

Refers to:

  • Single layer of small
    basal cells resting on a
    very thin basement
    membrane
  • Intermediate region:
    one to several layers of
    columnar cells
A

Transitional Epi

52
Q

Transitional Epithelium has which kind of cells in the superficial layer?

A

Umbrella or Dome cells

53
Q

Layer of TE when distended

54
Q

Layer of TE when empty

55
Q

Refers to:

  • A form of stratified epithelium
  • Found only in the urinary tract of mammals
  • Highly specialized to
  • Accommodate a great degree of stretch
  • Withstand the toxicity of urine
56
Q

CT is found in which layer of the ureter?

A

Adventitia

57
Q

Layer of ureter

2 layers of
Smooth muscle; distal becomes 3
layers

A

Muscularis

58
Q

Layer of ureter

transitional
epithelium
* Lumen very narrow,
easily obstructed

59
Q

T or F: Ureter has submucosa

60
Q

LE of mucosa of urinary bladder

61
Q

Specific subtype of tissue of LP of urinary bladder

62
Q

Layer of urinary bladder

  • LE; transitional
  • Lamina propria: DICT
63
Q

Layer of urinary bladder

  • DICT
  • Highly vascularized
64
Q

Layer of urinary bladder

Detrusor

A

Muscularis

65
Q

Arrangement of detrusor

A
  • Inner longitudinal
  • Middle circular
  • Outer longitudinal
66
Q

Organ in the system where detrusor is found

A

Urinary bladder

67
Q

Length of female urethra

68
Q

Length of male urethra

69
Q

Refers to:

  • Purely a urinary organ
  • Initially with transitional epithelium
  • Then by SSE and some areas of PSCE
  • Middle part is surrounded by the external
    striated muscle sphincter
A

Female urethra

70
Q

LE of female urethra

A

Then by SSE and some areas of PSCE

71
Q

Urethra in males is passageway for what

A

Semen and urine

72
Q

Parts of male urethra

A
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy
73
Q

Part of male urethra;

  • 3 to 4 cm long
  • Transitional
    epithelium
  • Urothelium
74
Q

Part of male urethra;

  • Short segment that
    passes through an
    external sphincter of
    striated muscle
  • Stratified columnar and
    pseudostratified
    epithelium
A

Membranous

75
Q

Part of male urethra;

  • 15 cm long
  • Enclosed within erectile
    tissue of the penis
  • Stratified columnar and
    pseudostratified
    columnar
  • Distally: stratified
    squamous epithelium
76
Q

Mucosa of male spongy urethra

A

Lacuna of Morgagni

77
Q

Refers to irregular outpocketings found in spongy urethra of male

A

Lacuna of Morgagni

78
Q

LE of spongy urethra

A

stratified or
pseudostratified
columnar
* Distal: SSNKE

79
Q

Refers to:

  • External opening
  • Lined by stratified
    squamous epithelium
  • Becomes continuous with
    the epithelium of the
    glans
A

Urethral meatus

80
Q

Urethra is lubricated by mucous secretions from?

A
  • Para-urethral glands
  • Bulbo-urethral glands of
    Cowpe
81
Q

LE of membranous urethra of males

A

Stratified columnar and
pseudostratified
epithelium

82
Q

LE of prostatic urethra of males

83
Q

Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum are found in which part of male urethra

Human Histology (26 decks)

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