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Human Histology > (M) Lec 4: Respiratory System > Flashcards

(M) Lec 4: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of this system is intake of oxygen by blood and to eliminate carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory system

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2
Q

2 portions of respiratory system

A

1) Conducting portion
2) Respiratory portion

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3
Q

Last part of the conducting portion

A

Terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

Where do the respiratory portion start?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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5
Q

Familiarize the structures of the conducting portion

A

o Nose (includes the nasal cavity)
o Pharynx
o Larynx
o Trachea
o Bronchi (right and left bronchi)
o Bronchioles
o Terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

Familiarize the structures of the respiratory portion

A

o Respiratory bronchioles
o Alveolar ducts
o Alveolar sacs
o Alveoli

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7
Q

Portion of the RS where actual exchange of gasses takes place

A

Respiratory portion

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8
Q

What’s the complete lining epithelium of respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
epithelium with goblet cells

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9
Q

What are the five types of cells found in the respiratory epithelium?

A

1) Ciliated columnar cells
2) Mucus goblet cells
3) Brush cells
4) Basal cells
5) Small granule cells

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10
Q

Respiratory epithelium cells

Most abundant cell type; for ciliary beating

A

Ciliated columnar cells

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11
Q

T or F: Ciliated columnar cells has few mitochondria

A

False (a lot)

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12
Q

Respiratory epithelium cells

o Second most abundant cells that we can see in this type of epithelium
o Apical portion of these cells contain polysaccharide rich mucous droplet

A

Mucus goblet cells

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13
Q

These are the first 2 types of cells that make up the respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated columnar and mucus goblet cells

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14
Q

Respiratory epithelium cells

o Columnar cells with numerous microvilli
o Contains microvilli instead of cilia
- Immature cells
- Act as Sensory/receptor cells

A

Brush cells

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15
Q

Respiratory epithelium cells

o Small rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but do not extend to the luminal surface of the epithelium
o Progenitor cells

A

Basal cells

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16
Q

Respiratory epithelium cells

Diffuse Neuroendocrine system
Also known as Kulchitsky cells

A

Small granule cells

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17
Q

This is the most dilated anterior portion of the nose

A

Vestibule

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18
Q

LE and LP of vestibule

A

➢ LE (lining epithelium): stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium

➢ LP (lamina propria): dense connective tissue

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19
Q

Refers to the thick hairs that you can see in the vestibule

A

Vibrissae

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20
Q

Contains some sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles

A

Vestibule

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21
Q

The nose/nasal cavity is composed of which parts?

A

Vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region

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22
Q

LP of Respiratory Region

A

serous and mucous tubuloalveolar glands

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23
Q

➢ The lining epithelium is lying on a Thick basement membrane
➢ Cavernous plexuses
➢ Adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath

A

Respiratory region

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24
Q

➢ Olfactory mucosa (olfactory epithelium)
➢ Roof of nasal fossa
➢ Receptor organ for smell

A

Olfactory region

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25
Q

LE and LP of olfactory region

A

LE: PSCCE without GC
LP: Bowman’s glands

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26
Q

Three types of cells found in the olfactory region of nasal cavity

A

olfactory cells, basal cells, and supporting cells

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27
Q

Musculo-membranous tube

A

Pharynx

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28
Q

Three parts of pharynx

A

o Nasopharynx
o Oropharynx
o Laryngopharynx

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29
Q

– Respiratory epithelium
– LP: elastic tissue
– Pharyngeal glands are of mixed secretion
– Aggregations of the lymphatic nodules: pharyngeal tonsils in the
posterior wall

A

Nasopharynx

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30
Q

Pharynx:

Has:

➢ Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
➢ Mucous glands

A

Laryngopharynx

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31
Q

LE of oro and laryngopharynx

A

Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium

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32
Q

This structure consists of:
➢ Mucosa
➢ Submucosa
➢ Series of irregularly shaped cartilages
➢ Intrinsic skeletal muscles

A

Larynx

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33
Q

The mucosa of the larynx is made up of how many pairs of folds between the ventricles?

A

2

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34
Q

Part of the larynx

o Upper part
o Lined with Respiratory epithelium overlying numerous seromucous glands and occasional lymphoid nodules
o LP: loose connective tissue with elastic fibers, lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules
o Laryngeal glands of mixed secretion

A

False vocal cords (vestibular folds)

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35
Q

Part of the larynx

– Lower part
– Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
– LP: almost indistinct and contains a vocal ligament (elastic)
– Vocalis muscle (skeletal)

A

True vocal cords (vocal folds)

36
Q

What are the paired cartilages in the larynx?

A

– Arytenoid
– Corniculate
– Cuneiform

37
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages in the larynx?

A

– Thyroid
– Cricoid
– Epiglottis

38
Q

This is a thin-walled tube which bifurcates into 2 primary bronchi

39
Q

Mucosa of trachea

A

Respi epithelium

40
Q

LP of trachea

A

LCT with elastic fibers, lymphocytes and occasional lymphatic nodules

41
Q

Its submucosa has numerous tracheal glands of the mixed type

42
Q

This surrounds the cartilages in trachea

A

Perichondrium

43
Q

Which type of muscle is the trachealis muscle?

44
Q

How many C-shaped hyaline cartilages there are in trachea?

45
Q

Specific subtype of tunica adventitia found in the trachea?

A

Loose connective tissue

46
Q

The bronchus enters the lungs with which other structures?

A

Arteries, Veins, & Lymphatic
Vessels (LVs)

47
Q

LE of bronchi

A

Respiratory epithelium

48
Q

How many primary bronchi are there?

49
Q

The secondary, tertiary and smaller bronchi are what generally termed as?

A

Intrapulmonary bronchi

50
Q

What are the layers of a bronchi?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Fibrocatilagenous coat
Adventitia

51
Q

Layer of bronchi where bronchial glands, BVs, and LTs are found

52
Q

Layer of bronchi where irregular hyaline cartilages; broken plates of cartilages

A

Fibrocatilagenous coat

53
Q

Layer of bronchi where LCT, BV’s, N’s, LV’s are found

A

Adventitia

54
Q

T or F: Bronchioles have glands, nodules, and cartilages

55
Q

DIameter of bronchioles

A

1 mm or less

56
Q

Its submucosa and adventitia are:

– No longer sharply demarcated
– Fused appearing as a continuous layer of areolar connective tissue containing BV’s, LV’s, N’s

A

Bronchioles

57
Q

Diameter of terminal bronchioles

A

0.5 mm or less

58
Q

LE of terminal bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells

59
Q

– No cartilages and glands
– Has a smooth muscle layer continuous
with less mucosal folds

A

Terminal bronchioles

60
Q

These cells secrete surfactant-like materials (not surfactant) which are needed to produce surfactants

A

Club cells

61
Q

Club cells are formerly known as?

A

Clara cells

62
Q

T or F: The difference of terminal and respiratory bronchioles is that terminal bronchioles have alveoli

A

False (respi bronchioles have alveoli)

63
Q

LE of respiratory bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal, ciliated cells, and club cells with scattered alveoli

64
Q

– Fewer smooth muscle fibers with elastic connective tissue
– Club cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells

A

Respiratory bronchioles

65
Q

These are:
– Non-ciliated cuboidal cells
– Secretory
– Non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells
– Surfactant-like secretions
– Smooth muscles and elastic fibers are well developed

A

Club cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells

66
Q

This is the communication between duct and sac

67
Q

LE of alveolar duct and alveolar sac

A

Simple squamous

68
Q

➢ Thin-walled
➢ Discontinuous walls gives off branches
➢ LE: simple squamous

A

Alveolar ducts

69
Q

➢ Thin-walled outpocketings
➢ Clusters of two or more alveoli
➢ LE: simple squamous

A

Alveolar sacs

70
Q

Considered the most important
component of the lungs

A

Pulmonary alveoli

71
Q

– Thin walled outpocketings
– Line the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles
– Actual gas exchange

A

Pulmonary alveoli

72
Q

LE of alveoli

A

Simple squamous

73
Q

Two type of alveolar cells

A

Type I (Pneumocyte type I) and Type II alveolar cells (Pneumocyte type II)

74
Q

Type of cell which mostly lines the alveoli

75
Q

– Squamous or flattened cells
– Form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces
– Have junctional attachments laterally with each other or with type II alveolar cells

76
Q

Alveolar Cell:

Cell that secrete surfactant

A

Type II alveolar cells

77
Q

– Cuboidal cells
– Secretes surfactant which lowers the surface tension
– Cells contain secretory granules at its supranuclear portion

A

Type II alveolar cells

78
Q

T or F: There is a gas exchange in the nose

A

Trick question ‘di ko rin alam sagot

79
Q

T or F: Type I alveolar cells are cuboidal

80
Q

Other name for Type II alveolar cells

A

Septal cells or Pneumocyte II

81
Q

This is described by presence of alveolar septum where gases must pass in exchange between the air and
blood

A

Blood-Air Barrier

82
Q

3 layers of blood air barrier

A
  1. Alveolar epithelium
  2. Fused basement membranes
  3. Capillary endothelium
83
Q

Other name for alveolar macrophages

A

Dust cells

84
Q

– Free phagocytic cells
– Contain particles of dust

A

Alveolar macrophages

85
Q

– In heart congestion, they become filled with hemosiderin pigments
– Heart failure cells

A

Alveolar macrophages

86
Q

Granules resulting from the phagocytosis and degeneration of blood pigments

A

Heart failure cells (alveolar macrophages)

87
Q

The alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium makes up the?

A

Fused basement membrane

Human Histology (26 decks)

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