(F) Lec 1: The Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Familiarize the role of the female reproductive system
A
- Produces female gametes
- Provides environment for fertilization
- Holds embryo for complete development until birth
- Produces steroidal sex hormones
2
Q
Producing female gametes is the role of which organ in the system?
A
Ovaries
3
Q
Providing an environment for fertilization is the role of which organ in the system?
A
Uterus
4
Q
Holding the embryo for complete development until birth is the role of which organ in the system?
A
Uterus
5
Q
What are the steroidal female sex hormones?
A
Estrogen and progesterone
6
Q
Which part of the brain releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone?
A
Hypothalamus
7
Q
What hormone signals the pituitary gland to release luteinizing and follicular-stimulating hormone?
A
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
8
Q
Which is signaled to release luteinizing and follicular-stimulating hormone?
A
Pituitary gland
9
Q
What is the complete LE of the surface or germinal epithelium of the ovaries?
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
10
Q
This part of the ovaries is continues with mesothelium and overlying a dense connective tissue capsule
A
Surface or germinal epithelium
11
Q
This is a dense connective capsule that is overlined by the mesothelium
A
Tunica albuginea
12
Q
Parts of the ovaries
A
Cortex and Medulla
13
Q
Part of the ovaries which is highly cellular connective tissue and contains the ovarian follicles
A
Cortex
14
Q
Part of the ovaries which has a loose connective tissue and blood vessels
A
Medulla
15
Q
T or F: There is a distinct border between the medulla and cortex of the ovaries
A
False
16
Q
This is when:
- Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to the gonadal primordia
- Undergoes mitotic division to form oogonia
A
1st month
17
Q
This is when:
- First meiotic division
- Apoptotic cell death
- Meiotic arrest
A
11 - 12 weeks AOG ( 3 - 4 months)
18
Q
In the 11th and 12th week of the early development, what is produced?
A
Primary oocytes
19
Q
When does the first meiotic division occur?
A
11 - 12 weeks of early development
20
Q
What surrounds the primary oocytes?
A
Flat cells called follicular cells
21
Q
These are surrounded by flat cells called follicular cells
A
Primary oocytes
22
Q
How many follicular cells are there at birth?
A
680,000
23
Q
The follicular cells at birth are called what?
A
Ovarian reserve
24
Q
How many follicular cells are there during puberty?
A
460,000 oocytes
25
How many follicular cells are there after 30 - 35 years?
450 oocytes
26
The follicular cells are known to have atresia when?
During menopause
27
Refers to oocyte + one or more layers of
follicular cells within a basal lamina
Ovarian follicle
28
When are primordial follicles formed?
During fetal life
29
Primordial follicles are found where?
Superficial ovarian cortex
30
Size of primary oocyte
25 um
31
Shape of primary oocyte
Spherical
32
These are:
o Spherical, 25 μm
o Large nucleus – chromosomes in the 1st meiotic prophase
o organelles tend to be concentrated near the nucleus
o numerous mitochondria
o several Golgi complexes
Primary oocyte
33
Has a single layer of flattened follicular cells
Primary oocyte
34
Follicular growth and development begins when?
At puberty
35
o Growth of oocyte (120 μm)
o follicular proliferation
o stromal fibroblasts differentiation
Are caused by which hormone?
Follicles-stimulating hormone (FSH)
36
Which gland releases FSH?
Pituitary gland
37
Size of growth of oocyte due to FSH
120 um
38
Types of primary follicles
Unilaminar PF and Multilaminar PF
39
Type of primary follicle which has:
o Stratified cuboidal epithelium
o Granulosa cells
o Avascular and surrounded by basement membrane
Multilaminar PF
40
Type of primary follicle which has:
o Simple cuboidal epithelium
Unilaminar PF
41
T or F: Multilaminar PF has blood vessels
False
42
T of F: Unilaminar PF has zona pellucida
True
43
This is:
* Between oocyte and first layer of granulosa cells
* A glycoprotein layer contains important sperm receptors ZP3 and ZP4 (binds sperm surface and induce acrosomal activation)
Zona pellucida
44
These cells are found outside each growing follicle differentiate and form follicular theca.
Primary Follicles
45
Stromal cells of growing follicles differentiate into?
Theca interna and Theca externa
46
Differentiation of stromal cells
o Well vascularized, steroid producing cells
o Secretes Androstenedione (estrogen precursor)
Theca interna
47
Differentiation of stromal cells
o Has fibroblasts and smooth muscles
Theca externa
48
Primary Follicle
What secretes androstenedione?
Theca interna
49
Estrogen precursor
Androstenedione
50
Familiarize the mechanism of androstenedione conversion
→ the luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the conversion of cholesterol into androstenedione within the theca layer
→ androstenedione crosses the basement membrane and enters the granulosa cell layer of the follicle to be converted into estradiol with the help of FSH
→ it then enters the systemic circulation to finally be converted into estrogen
51
In this part of antral follicle wall, cells appearing vacuolated and lightly stained because of their cytoplasmic lipid droplets producing cells
Theca interna
52
The cells of this type of follicle secrete clear follicular fluid (liquor folliculi). There are small spaces that appear between granulosa layers.
Antral Follicles
53
These are small fluid-filled spaces that fuse forming a cavity
Antrum
54
Familiarize the components of the follicular fluid
Hyaluronic acid
Growth factors
Plasminogen
Fibrinogen
Heparin sulfate proteoglycan
High concentration of steroids (progesterone, androstenedione, and estrogen)
55
When atrum develops, it will contain which two structures?
Cumulus oophorus and corona radiata
56
Development of antrum; refers to which granulosa cells around the oocyte will form a hillock
Cumulus oophorus
57
Development of antrum; refers to which tightly adhering granulosa cells that immediately surround the zona pellucida
Corona radiata
58
Refers to:
* Preovulatory follicle
* Contains a single large antrum
* Average of 2cm
* Forms a bulge at the ovarian surface
* Granulosa layer becomes thinner
Graafian / Mature Follicles
59
Average size of mature follicles
2 cm
60
Refers to:
* Degenerative process
* Follicular cells and oocytes die undergo
phagocytosis
* Apoptosis
Follicular Atresia
61
Refers to:
o Detachment of granulosa cells
o Autolysis of oocyte
o Collapse of zona pellucid
Apoptosis
62
Apoptosis in follicles is referred to as what?
Follicular atresia
63
Refer to:
* Reorganized ovulated follicle under LH
* Collapse and folding of the granulosa and thecal layers
* Temporary endocrine gland
Corpus luteum
64
This hormone is very important as support during pregnancy
Estrogen
65
Before the development of the placenta, this structure holds the developing fetus
Corpus luteum
66
Cells that corpus luteum contains
Granulosa lutein cells and Theca lutein cells
67
Cell responsible for aromatase conversion of androstenedione into estradiol
Granulosa lutein cells
68
Refer to:
o Former theca interna
o Aggragated in the folds of the wall of corpus luteum
o progesterone & androstenedione
Theca lutein cells
69
Corpus Luteum
Refer to:
large pale staining cells
Major hormone produced: progesterone
Granulosa lutein cells
70
Corpus Luteum
Refer to:
small dark staining cells
Produces progesterone & androstenedione
Theca lutein cells
71
Refer to:
* Without pregnancy and absence of stimulation
* Forms at the site of a corpus luteum after its involution
* Contains mostly collagen, few fibroblasts
* Scar of connective tissue
Corpus albicans
72
Major regions of the uterus
Fundus
Corpus/Body
Isthmus
Cervix
73
Major region of uterus:
* Rounded upper end of the body
* Where oviducts join
Fundus
74
Major region of uterus:
* Expanded upper portion; bulk
Corpus/Body
75
Major region of uterus:
* Slightly constricted portion below the
corpus
Isthmus
76
Major region of uterus:
* Cylindrical lower part
Cervix
77
Uterus is lined by outer connective tissue called?
Perimetrium
78
Layer of uterus which refers to:
o Outer connective tissue layer
o Continuous with ligaments
o Adventitial in some areas
o Largely serosa covered by mesothelium
Perimetrium
79
Layer of uterus which refers to:
o Thickest, highly vascularized
o Bundles of smooth muscles (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)
o Connective with venous plexuses and lymphatic vessels
Myometrium
80
Layer of uterus which refers to:
During pregnancy it has
o Period of extensive growth
o Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and increased
collagen production
Myometrium
81
When does myometrium have the ff?
o Period of extensive growth
o Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and increased
collagen production
During pregnancy
82
Layer of uterus which refers to:
o LE: Simple columnar epithelium
* Ciliated cells
* Secretory cells (lines the uterine glands)
o LP: type III collagen, fibroblasts
Endometrium
83
LE of endometrium of uterus
Simple columnar epithelium with:
* Ciliated cells
* Secretory cells (lines the uterine glands)
84
LP of endometrium of uterus
Type III collagen, fibroblasts
85
Two layers of the endometrium of uterus
Basal layer
Functional layer
86
Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which refers to:
o Directly attached to myometrium
o Highly cellular; collagen III
o Deep basal ends of uterine glands
Basal layer
87
Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which refers to:
o Spongier LP, richer ground substance, mostly uterine
o Undergoes profound changes during menstrual cycles
Functional layer
88
Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which has the most uterine gland
Functional layer
89
Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which responds to the most hormones
Functional layer
90
"Myo" means?
Muscles
91
What is superficial between the two layers of the endometrium of the uterus?
Functional layer is superficial to the basal layer
92
Layer of the uterus which its underlying stroma has an extensive microvasculature, much ground substance, and fibroblastic cells with large, active nuclei
Endometrium
93
T or F: Blood vessels in the perimetrium have special significance in the periodic sloughing of the functional layer during menses.
False (BV in endometrium)
94
Which layer of the uterus has straight arteries that supplies only the basal layer?
Myometrium
95
These arteries are:
* Long progesterone-sensitive
* Brings blood to the functional layer of the endometrium
Spiral arteries aka arcuate arteries in the myometrium
96
T or F: The functional layer of the endometrium supplies blood to the basal layer of the endometrium
False (baliktad teh)
97
GnRH is released from where?
Hypothalamus
98
Which gland releases LH and FSH?
Pituitary gland
99
LH and FSH will stimulate which organ to release estrogen and progesterone?
Ovary
100
Progesterone will respond to which organ?
Uterus
101
First drop of blood constitutes first day of which activity in the menstrual cycle?
Bleeding
102
The menstrual cycle lasts how many days?
3 - 4 days
103
The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle lasts how many days?
8 - 10 days
104
The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle begins when?
At ovulation, about 14 days
105
The menstrual phase is the shedding of part of mucosa how many days after ovulation?
14 days
106
Menstrual cycle which refers to:
Shedding of a part of the mucosa 14 days after ovulation
The corpus luteum regresses
A decrease in estrogen and progesterone
Menstrual period
107
Menstrual cycle which refers to:
Follicular or estrogenic phase
FSH stimulated rapid follicle growth
The dominant follicle reaches the preovulatory stage
The endometrium: simple columnar, straight tubular glands, empty lumens, and lengthened spiral arteries
Proliferative phase
108
Menstrual cycle which refers to:
After ovulation
Peak of LH: induces ovulation, development of corpus luteum
Epithelial cells secrete glycogen, glands coil
Microvasculature thin-walled, blood-filled
Secretory phase
109
These cells secrete glycogen during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
Epithelial cells
110
Successful pregnancy needs which two conditions?
1. Endometrium must be thick
2. Egg must be mature
111
During this phase of the menstrual cycle, the functional layer of the endometrium is still relatively thin, the stroma is more cellular, and the glands are relatively straight, narrow, and empty
Proliferative phase
112
Menstrual cycle which refers to:
* Functional layer is less heavily cellular and perhaps four times thicker than the basal layer.
* tubular glands have wider lumens containing secretory product and coil tightly up through the stroma
* Superficially in the functional layer, lacunae are widespread and filled with blood.
Secretory phase
113
Menstrual cycle which refers to:
* constriction of the spiral arteries, which produces hypoxia that causes swelling and dissolution of the glands.
* The stroma of the peripheral functionalis is more compact and near the basal layer typically appears more sponge-like
Premenstrual phase
114
Refer to:
* folded mucosa
* well-defined muscularis with interwoven circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
* thin serosa covered by visceral peritoneum
Fallopian tube
115
This part of the fallopian tube is highly folded into lumen
Mucosa
116
LE of fallopian tube
Simple columnar epithelium with:
* Non-ciliated secretory Peg cells (secrete
glycoproteins)
* Ciliated cells (sweep fluid towards the
uterus)
117
These cells in the LE of fallopian tube secretes glycoproteins
Peg cells
118
These secreted by peg cells nourish the egg
Glycoproteins
119
These cells in the LE of fallopian tube sweep fluid towards the uterus
Ciliated cells
120
LP of fallopian tube
o Loose connective tissue
o Richly cellular: lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells, reticular fibers
121
Layers of fallopian tube
Mucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
122
Layer of fallopian tube
o Thick
o Well-defined
o Circular and longitudinal layers
Muscularis
123
Layer of fallopian tube
o Thin
o Mesothelium
Serosa
124
Two parts of the cervix
Endocervix and Exocervix
125
Other name for exocervix
Portio vaginalis
126
LE of endocervix
Simple columnar
127
LP of endocervix
large branched mucus-secreting cervical
gland
128
These are found in the endocervix; defined as branching folds in the mucosa
Plicae palmitae
129
LE of exocervix
Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
130
Refers to the the junction between the columnar epithelium and the SSNKE covering the exocervix and vagina
Squamo-columnar junction or the transformational zone
131
Layers of vagina
Mucosa
Muscular layer
Adventitia
132
LE of mucosa of vagina
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
133
Found in LP of mucosa of vagina
elastic fibers, lymphocytes, neutrophils
134
Layer of vagina which refers to:
→ the mucus is from the cervix and greater vestibular glands
→ is stimulated by estrogen (moisture response) as epithelial cells synthesize glycogen to maintain the proper environment
→ the bacteria metabolize glycogen to lactic acid
→ has low pH
Mucosa
135
Layer of vagina which refers to:
Two indistinct layers of inner circular and outer longitud
Muscularis layer
136
Layer of vagina which refers to:
o Dense connective tissue and plenty of elastic fibers
o Venous plexus, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Adventitia
