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Human Histology > (F) Lec 1: The Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

(F) Lec 1: The Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Familiarize the role of the female reproductive system

A
  • Produces female gametes
  • Provides environment for fertilization
  • Holds embryo for complete development until birth
  • Produces steroidal sex hormones
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2
Q

Producing female gametes is the role of which organ in the system?

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

Providing an environment for fertilization is the role of which organ in the system?

A

Uterus

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4
Q

Holding the embryo for complete development until birth is the role of which organ in the system?

A

Uterus

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5
Q

What are the steroidal female sex hormones?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

Which part of the brain releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What hormone signals the pituitary gland to release luteinizing and follicular-stimulating hormone?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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8
Q

Which is signaled to release luteinizing and follicular-stimulating hormone?

A

Pituitary gland

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9
Q

What is the complete LE of the surface or germinal epithelium of the ovaries?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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10
Q

This part of the ovaries is continues with mesothelium and overlying a dense connective tissue capsule

A

Surface or germinal epithelium

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11
Q

This is a dense connective capsule that is overlined by the mesothelium

A

Tunica albuginea

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12
Q

Parts of the ovaries

A

Cortex and Medulla

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13
Q

Part of the ovaries which is highly cellular connective tissue and contains the ovarian follicles

A

Cortex

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14
Q

Part of the ovaries which has a loose connective tissue and blood vessels

A

Medulla

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15
Q

T or F: There is a distinct border between the medulla and cortex of the ovaries

A

False

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16
Q

This is when:

  • Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to the gonadal primordia
  • Undergoes mitotic division to form oogonia
A

1st month

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17
Q

This is when:

  • First meiotic division
  • Apoptotic cell death
  • Meiotic arrest
A

11 - 12 weeks AOG ( 3 - 4 months)

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18
Q

In the 11th and 12th week of the early development, what is produced?

A

Primary oocytes

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19
Q

When does the first meiotic division occur?

A

11 - 12 weeks of early development

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20
Q

What surrounds the primary oocytes?

A

Flat cells called follicular cells

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21
Q

These are surrounded by flat cells called follicular cells

A

Primary oocytes

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22
Q

How many follicular cells are there at birth?

A

680,000

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23
Q

The follicular cells at birth are called what?

A

Ovarian reserve

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24
Q

How many follicular cells are there during puberty?

A

460,000 oocytes

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25
Q

How many follicular cells are there after 30 - 35 years?

A

450 oocytes

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26
Q

The follicular cells are known to have atresia when?

A

During menopause

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27
Q

Refers to oocyte + one or more layers of
follicular cells within a basal lamina

A

Ovarian follicle

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28
Q

When are primordial follicles formed?

A

During fetal life

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29
Q

Primordial follicles are found where?

A

Superficial ovarian cortex

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30
Q

Size of primary oocyte

A

25 um

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31
Q

Shape of primary oocyte

A

Spherical

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32
Q

These are:
o Spherical, 25 μm
o Large nucleus – chromosomes in the 1st meiotic prophase
o organelles tend to be concentrated near the nucleus
o numerous mitochondria
o several Golgi complexes

A

Primary oocyte

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33
Q

Has a single layer of flattened follicular cells

A

Primary oocyte

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34
Q

Follicular growth and development begins when?

A

At puberty

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35
Q

o Growth of oocyte (120 μm)
o follicular proliferation
o stromal fibroblasts differentiation

Are caused by which hormone?

A

Follicles-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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36
Q

Which gland releases FSH?

A

Pituitary gland

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37
Q

Size of growth of oocyte due to FSH

A

120 um

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38
Q

Types of primary follicles

A

Unilaminar PF and Multilaminar PF

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39
Q

Type of primary follicle which has:

o Stratified cuboidal epithelium
o Granulosa cells
o Avascular and surrounded by basement membrane

A

Multilaminar PF

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40
Q

Type of primary follicle which has:

o Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Unilaminar PF

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41
Q

T or F: Multilaminar PF has blood vessels

A

False

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42
Q

T of F: Unilaminar PF has zona pellucida

A

True

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43
Q

This is:

  • Between oocyte and first layer of granulosa cells
  • A glycoprotein layer contains important sperm receptors ZP3 and ZP4 (binds sperm surface and induce acrosomal activation)
A

Zona pellucida

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44
Q

These cells are found outside each growing follicle differentiate and form follicular theca.

A

Primary Follicles

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45
Q

Stromal cells of growing follicles differentiate into?

A

Theca interna and Theca externa

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46
Q

Differentiation of stromal cells

o Well vascularized, steroid producing cells
o Secretes Androstenedione (estrogen precursor)

A

Theca interna

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47
Q

Differentiation of stromal cells

o Has fibroblasts and smooth muscles

A

Theca externa

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48
Q

Primary Follicle

What secretes androstenedione?

A

Theca interna

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49
Q

Estrogen precursor

A

Androstenedione

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50
Q

Familiarize the mechanism of androstenedione conversion

A

→ the luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the conversion of cholesterol into androstenedione within the theca layer
→ androstenedione crosses the basement membrane and enters the granulosa cell layer of the follicle to be converted into estradiol with the help of FSH
→ it then enters the systemic circulation to finally be converted into estrogen

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51
Q

In this part of antral follicle wall, cells appearing vacuolated and lightly stained because of their cytoplasmic lipid droplets producing cells

A

Theca interna

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52
Q

The cells of this type of follicle secrete clear follicular fluid (liquor folliculi). There are small spaces that appear between granulosa layers.

A

Antral Follicles

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53
Q

These are small fluid-filled spaces that fuse forming a cavity

A

Antrum

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54
Q

Familiarize the components of the follicular fluid

A

Hyaluronic acid
Growth factors
Plasminogen
Fibrinogen
Heparin sulfate proteoglycan
High concentration of steroids (progesterone, androstenedione, and estrogen)

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55
Q

When atrum develops, it will contain which two structures?

A

Cumulus oophorus and corona radiata

56
Q

Development of antrum; refers to which granulosa cells around the oocyte will form a hillock

A

Cumulus oophorus

57
Q

Development of antrum; refers to which tightly adhering granulosa cells that immediately surround the zona pellucida

A

Corona radiata

58
Q

Refers to:

  • Preovulatory follicle
  • Contains a single large antrum
  • Average of 2cm
  • Forms a bulge at the ovarian surface
  • Granulosa layer becomes thinner
A

Graafian / Mature Follicles

59
Q

Average size of mature follicles

A

2 cm

60
Q

Refers to:

  • Degenerative process
  • Follicular cells and oocytes die undergo
    phagocytosis
  • Apoptosis
A

Follicular Atresia

61
Q

Refers to:

o Detachment of granulosa cells
o Autolysis of oocyte
o Collapse of zona pellucid

A

Apoptosis

62
Q

Apoptosis in follicles is referred to as what?

A

Follicular atresia

63
Q

Refer to:

  • Reorganized ovulated follicle under LH
  • Collapse and folding of the granulosa and thecal layers
  • Temporary endocrine gland
A

Corpus luteum

64
Q

This hormone is very important as support during pregnancy

A

Estrogen

65
Q

Before the development of the placenta, this structure holds the developing fetus

A

Corpus luteum

66
Q

Cells that corpus luteum contains

A

Granulosa lutein cells and Theca lutein cells

67
Q

Cell responsible for aromatase conversion of androstenedione into estradiol

A

Granulosa lutein cells

68
Q

Refer to:

o Former theca interna
o Aggragated in the folds of the wall of corpus luteum
o progesterone & androstenedione

A

Theca lutein cells

69
Q

Corpus Luteum

Refer to:

large pale staining cells
Major hormone produced: progesterone

A

Granulosa lutein cells

70
Q

Corpus Luteum

Refer to:

small dark staining cells
Produces progesterone & androstenedione

A

Theca lutein cells

71
Q

Refer to:

  • Without pregnancy and absence of stimulation
  • Forms at the site of a corpus luteum after its involution
  • Contains mostly collagen, few fibroblasts
  • Scar of connective tissue
A

Corpus albicans

72
Q

Major regions of the uterus

A

Fundus
Corpus/Body
Isthmus
Cervix

73
Q

Major region of uterus:

  • Rounded upper end of the body
  • Where oviducts join
A

Fundus

74
Q

Major region of uterus:

  • Expanded upper portion; bulk
A

Corpus/Body

75
Q

Major region of uterus:

  • Slightly constricted portion below the
    corpus
A

Isthmus

76
Q

Major region of uterus:

  • Cylindrical lower part
A

Cervix

77
Q

Uterus is lined by outer connective tissue called?

A

Perimetrium

78
Q

Layer of uterus which refers to:

o Outer connective tissue layer
o Continuous with ligaments
o Adventitial in some areas
o Largely serosa covered by mesothelium

A

Perimetrium

79
Q

Layer of uterus which refers to:

o Thickest, highly vascularized
o Bundles of smooth muscles (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)
o Connective with venous plexuses and lymphatic vessels

A

Myometrium

80
Q

Layer of uterus which refers to:

During pregnancy it has
o Period of extensive growth
o Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and increased
collagen production

A

Myometrium

81
Q

When does myometrium have the ff?

o Period of extensive growth
o Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and increased
collagen production

A

During pregnancy

82
Q

Layer of uterus which refers to:

o LE: Simple columnar epithelium
* Ciliated cells
* Secretory cells (lines the uterine glands)
o LP: type III collagen, fibroblasts

A

Endometrium

83
Q

LE of endometrium of uterus

A

Simple columnar epithelium with:
* Ciliated cells
* Secretory cells (lines the uterine glands)

84
Q

LP of endometrium of uterus

A

Type III collagen, fibroblasts

85
Q

Two layers of the endometrium of uterus

A

Basal layer
Functional layer

86
Q

Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which refers to:

o Directly attached to myometrium
o Highly cellular; collagen III
o Deep basal ends of uterine glands

A

Basal layer

87
Q

Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which refers to:

o Spongier LP, richer ground substance, mostly uterine
o Undergoes profound changes during menstrual cycles

A

Functional layer

88
Q

Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which has the most uterine gland

A

Functional layer

89
Q

Layer of the endometrium of the uterus which responds to the most hormones

A

Functional layer

90
Q

“Myo” means?

A

Muscles

91
Q

What is superficial between the two layers of the endometrium of the uterus?

A

Functional layer is superficial to the basal layer

92
Q

Layer of the uterus which its underlying stroma has an extensive microvasculature, much ground substance, and fibroblastic cells with large, active nuclei

A

Endometrium

93
Q

T or F: Blood vessels in the perimetrium have special significance in the periodic sloughing of the functional layer during menses.

A

False (BV in endometrium)

94
Q

Which layer of the uterus has straight arteries that supplies only the basal layer?

A

Myometrium

95
Q

These arteries are:

  • Long progesterone-sensitive
  • Brings blood to the functional layer of the endometrium
A

Spiral arteries aka arcuate arteries in the myometrium

96
Q

T or F: The functional layer of the endometrium supplies blood to the basal layer of the endometrium

A

False (baliktad teh)

97
Q

GnRH is released from where?

A

Hypothalamus

98
Q

Which gland releases LH and FSH?

A

Pituitary gland

99
Q

LH and FSH will stimulate which organ to release estrogen and progesterone?

A

Ovary

100
Q

Progesterone will respond to which organ?

A

Uterus

101
Q

First drop of blood constitutes first day of which activity in the menstrual cycle?

A

Bleeding

102
Q

The menstrual cycle lasts how many days?

A

3 - 4 days

103
Q

The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle lasts how many days?

A

8 - 10 days

104
Q

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle begins when?

A

At ovulation, about 14 days

105
Q

The menstrual phase is the shedding of part of mucosa how many days after ovulation?

A

14 days

106
Q

Menstrual cycle which refers to:

Shedding of a part of the mucosa 14 days after ovulation
The corpus luteum regresses
A decrease in estrogen and progesterone

A

Menstrual period

107
Q

Menstrual cycle which refers to:

Follicular or estrogenic phase
FSH stimulated rapid follicle growth
The dominant follicle reaches the preovulatory stage
The endometrium: simple columnar, straight tubular glands, empty lumens, and lengthened spiral arteries

A

Proliferative phase

108
Q

Menstrual cycle which refers to:

After ovulation
Peak of LH: induces ovulation, development of corpus luteum
Epithelial cells secrete glycogen, glands coil
Microvasculature thin-walled, blood-filled

A

Secretory phase

109
Q

These cells secrete glycogen during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Epithelial cells

110
Q

Successful pregnancy needs which two conditions?

A
  1. Endometrium must be thick
  2. Egg must be mature
111
Q

During this phase of the menstrual cycle, the functional layer of the endometrium is still relatively thin, the stroma is more cellular, and the glands are relatively straight, narrow, and empty

A

Proliferative phase

112
Q

Menstrual cycle which refers to:

  • Functional layer is less heavily cellular and perhaps four times thicker than the basal layer.
  • tubular glands have wider lumens containing secretory product and coil tightly up through the stroma
  • Superficially in the functional layer, lacunae are widespread and filled with blood.
A

Secretory phase

113
Q

Menstrual cycle which refers to:

  • constriction of the spiral arteries, which produces hypoxia that causes swelling and dissolution of the glands.
  • The stroma of the peripheral functionalis is more compact and near the basal layer typically appears more sponge-like
A

Premenstrual phase

114
Q

Refer to:

  • folded mucosa
  • well-defined muscularis with interwoven circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
  • thin serosa covered by visceral peritoneum
A

Fallopian tube

115
Q

This part of the fallopian tube is highly folded into lumen

A

Mucosa

116
Q

LE of fallopian tube

A

Simple columnar epithelium with:
* Non-ciliated secretory Peg cells (secrete
glycoproteins)
* Ciliated cells (sweep fluid towards the
uterus)

117
Q

These cells in the LE of fallopian tube secretes glycoproteins

A

Peg cells

118
Q

These secreted by peg cells nourish the egg

A

Glycoproteins

119
Q

These cells in the LE of fallopian tube sweep fluid towards the uterus

A

Ciliated cells

120
Q

LP of fallopian tube

A

o Loose connective tissue
o Richly cellular: lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells, reticular fibers

121
Q

Layers of fallopian tube

A

Mucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

122
Q

Layer of fallopian tube

o Thick
o Well-defined
o Circular and longitudinal layers

A

Muscularis

123
Q

Layer of fallopian tube

o Thin
o Mesothelium

A

Serosa

124
Q

Two parts of the cervix

A

Endocervix and Exocervix

125
Q

Other name for exocervix

A

Portio vaginalis

126
Q

LE of endocervix

A

Simple columnar

127
Q

LP of endocervix

A

large branched mucus-secreting cervical
gland

128
Q

These are found in the endocervix; defined as branching folds in the mucosa

A

Plicae palmitae

129
Q

LE of exocervix

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

130
Q

Refers to the the junction between the columnar epithelium and the SSNKE covering the exocervix and vagina

A

Squamo-columnar junction or the transformational zone

131
Q

Layers of vagina

A

Mucosa
Muscular layer
Adventitia

132
Q

LE of mucosa of vagina

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

133
Q

Found in LP of mucosa of vagina

A

elastic fibers, lymphocytes, neutrophils

134
Q

Layer of vagina which refers to:

→ the mucus is from the cervix and greater vestibular glands
→ is stimulated by estrogen (moisture response) as epithelial cells synthesize glycogen to maintain the proper environment
→ the bacteria metabolize glycogen to lactic acid
→ has low pH

A

Mucosa

135
Q

Layer of vagina which refers to:

Two indistinct layers of inner circular and outer longitud

A

Muscularis layer

136
Q

Layer of vagina which refers to:

o Dense connective tissue and plenty of elastic fibers
o Venous plexus, lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

Adventitia

Human Histology (26 decks)

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