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Human Histology > (P) Lec 1.1: Cellular Structure > Flashcards

(P) Lec 1.1: Cellular Structure Flashcards

1
Q

These are the basic functional and structural units of living organisms.

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are the two basic types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell

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3
Q

This type of cell has a true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane.

A

Eukaryotic cell

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4
Q

This type of cell lacks a nuclear envelop and nuclear substance is mixed or indirect contact with the rest of the protoplasm.

A

Prokaryotic cell

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5
Q

What are the two compartments in a cell structure?

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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6
Q

What are the three macromolecules in a plasma membrane?

A

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohudrates

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7
Q

Two components of a lipid bilayer

A

Hydrophobic chains and hydrophilic heads

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8
Q

Types of protein in the plasma membrane

A

Integral membrane protein and peripheral membrane protein

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9
Q

Two types of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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10
Q

How long is an antibody produced in response to an antigen?

A

3 days

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11
Q

What are the specializations of the plasma membrane?

A

Junctional complexes
Invaginations
Microvilli
Sterocilia
Cilia

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12
Q

What are the four Junctional Complexes?

A
  1. Macula Adherens/Desmosome
  2. Zonula Adherens
  3. Zonula Occludens/Tight Junctions
  4. Nexus/Gap Junctions
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13
Q

Junctional Complex; Couples intermediate filaments to plasma membrane at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion

A

Macula Adherens/Desmosome

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14
Q

Junctional Complex; Couples actin
cytoskeleton to plasma membrane at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion

A

Zonula Adherens

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15
Q

Junctional Complex; Seals adjacent cells
together to inhibit passage of molecules between them (control of permeability)

A

Zonula Occludens / Tight Junctions

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16
Q

Junctional Complex; Creates a conduit
between two adjacent cells for passage of small ions and informational macromolecules

A

Nexus / Gap Junctions

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17
Q

Specialization that refers to infoldings and vesicular pits

A

Invaginations

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18
Q

Invagination function that increases cell surface

A

Infoldings

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19
Q

Invagination function that participates in endocytosis and exocytosis; pinocytosis and phagocytosis

A

Vesicular pits

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20
Q

These are finger-like cytoplasmic projections on apical surface of most epithelial cells

A

Microvilli

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21
Q

Finger like projections that increase free cell surface area

A

Microvilli

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22
Q

What are examples of microvilli?

A

Striated borders and brush border

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23
Q

Microvilli found in the epithelium of the GIT

A

Striated borders

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24
Q

Microvilli found in the epithelium of PCT of the kidneys

A

Brush border

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25
Q

These are extremely long processes that extend from apical surface of the cell and facilitate absorption

A

Stereocilia

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26
Q

Example of a stereocilia

A

Epididymis

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27
Q

This move cytoplasmic processes and move fluid and particles inside the cell

A

Cilia

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28
Q

Example of cilia

A

Respiratory passages

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29
Q

Example of Macula Adherens

A

Stratified epithelia of mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin

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30
Q

Example of Zonula Adherens

A

Intercalated discs of cardiac muscles

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31
Q

Example of Zonula Occludens / Tight junctions

A

Epithelium of urinary bladder, GIT; Interendothelial contacts of brain capillaries

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32
Q

Example of Nexus / Gap Junctions

A

Epithelial, muscular, and nervous tissues

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33
Q

Where are cisternae found?

A

Rough-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus

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34
Q

These are interconnected membrane-limited flattened sacs

A

Cisternae

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35
Q

This has studded particles called ribosomes and site of protein synthesis and modification of newly synthesized proteins

A

RER

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36
Q

In this organelle, cisternae appear as interconnected channels of variable shapes and sizes

A

SER

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37
Q

T or F: Smooth-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein synthesis

A

False (lipid and steroid synthesis)

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38
Q

These are series of stacked, flattened, membrane-limited sacs or cisternae and tubular extensions

A

Golgi Apparatus

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39
Q

This is responsible for posttranslational modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for intercellular and extracellular transport

A

Golgi Apparatus

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40
Q

T or F: Mitochondria has cisternae

A

False (cristae)

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41
Q

In steroid-producing cells, the inner membrane of this organelle is in tabular cristae

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

This organelle provide most energy to the cell

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

In the mitochondria, the outer membrane and inner membrane are arranged in numerous folds called?

A

Cristae

44
Q

These are small organelles that contain digestive enzymes; responsible for degradation of macromolecules

A

Lysosomes

45
Q

This is the site of intracellular digestion and is particularly numerous in cells active in various types of endocytosis

A

Lysosome

46
Q

This is generally spherical membrane-enclosed vesicles

A

Lysosome

47
Q

Also called microbodies; small spherical, membranous organelles; responsible for the degradation of fatty acids

A

Peroxisomes

48
Q

Has a crystalloid inclusion called nucleoid and involved in the production ad degradation of hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

49
Q

These are very small dark dots and is mainly responsible for synthesis of proteins

A

Ribosomes

50
Q

Two types of Ribosomes

A

Attached (associated with rER) and free (in the cytoplasm)

51
Q

These are membrane-bound vesicles often with a protein coat; transport materials between different cell compartments and to the plasma membrane for export

A

Transport Vesicles

52
Q

These are membrane-bound vesicles containing materials imported into the cell; and involved in phagocytosis and endocytosis

A

Endosomes

53
Q

These transport cargo to intracellular destination

A

Endosomes

54
Q

These are short, paired, rod-like cylindrical structures; found in close proximity to the nucleus

A

Centrioles

55
Q

These are involved in basal body formation (necessary for the assembly of cilia and flagella) and mitotic spindle formation

A

Centrioles

56
Q

These are cytoplasmic or nuclear structures that are temporary component of certain cells

A

Inclusions

57
Q

T or F: Inclusions are living components

A

False (non-living)

58
Q

Familiarize the nonliving components or the inclusions

A

o Secretory vesicles
o Pigment granules
o Neutral fat
o Lipid droplets
o Glycogen
o Crystals

59
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeletons?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

60
Q

Diameter of microtubules

A

25 nm

61
Q

Diameter of actin filaments

A

7 nm

62
Q

Diameter of intermediate filaments

A

10 nm

63
Q

These are:

o Actin filaments (contractile filaments of actin and myosin)
o Double-stranded linear helical array
o Thin flexible filaments
o Provide essential components to contractile elements of muscle cells

A

Microfilaments

64
Q

These are:

o Rope-like fibers
o Strong and stable
o Provide mechanical strength and resistance
to shearing forces

A

Intermediate filaments

65
Q

These are:

o Non-branching long, hollow cylinders
o Provide network “railroad tracks” for movement of organelles within the cell
o Provide movement for cilia
o Provide movement for chromosomes during cell division

A

Microtubules

66
Q

This is a concentrated aqueous gel; Site of physiologic processes fundamental to cell’s existence

A

Cytoplasmic matrix

67
Q

This is the control center of the cell and contains the blueprint

A

Nucleus

68
Q

Chromatin is a nuclear material organized as what?

Notw: 2 to

A

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

69
Q

This contains DNA, histones, proteins necessary for DNA to function

A

Chromatin

70
Q

This is a small dense area within the nucleus that contains RNA and proteins; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

A

Nucleolus

71
Q

This is a membrane system that surrounds the nucleus and consists of inner and outer membranes separated by perinuclear cisternal space perforated by nuclear pores

A

Nuclear envelope

72
Q

The inner and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is separated by?

A

Perinuclear cisternal space

73
Q

This is an amorphous matrix that fills the space between the chromatin and the nucleoli in the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

74
Q

Somatic cells may be classified according to their what?

A

Mitotic activity

75
Q

What are the three cell populations according to their mitotic activity?

A

Static
Stable
Renewing

76
Q

These are cells that no longer divide

A

Static cells

77
Q

Examples of static cells

A

 CNS cells
 Skeletal muscles
 Cardiac muscles

78
Q

These are cells that divide episodically and slowly and are stimulated by injury

A

Stable cells

79
Q

Examples of stable cells

A

 Periosteal cells (bone cells)
 Perichondrial cells (cartilage cells)
 Smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels
 Fibroblasts

80
Q

These are cells that are slowly or rapidly renewing and display regular mitotic activity

A

Renewing cells

81
Q

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:

Smooth muscle cells of hollow organs

A

Slowly renewing

82
Q

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:

Blood cells (WBC)

A

Rapidly renewing

83
Q

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:

Fibroblasts of uterine wall

A

Slowly renewing

84
Q

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:

Epithelial cells of lens of the eye

A

Slowly renewing

85
Q

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:

Epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts of the skin

A

Rapidly renewing

86
Q

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:

Epithelial and subepithelial fibroblasts of the mucosal lining of the alimentary tract

A

Rapidly renewing

87
Q

Two types of cell death

A

Necrosis and Apoptosis

88
Q

This is an accidental cell death; a pathologic process

A

Necrosis

89
Q

In this type of cell death, cells are exposed to unfavorable physical or
chemical environment which causes rapid cell swelling and lysis

A

Necrosis

90
Q

This is a programmed cell death; a physiologic process

A

Apoptosis

91
Q

In this cell death, there is an activation of an internally encoded suicide program and a controlled autodigestion

A

Apoptosis

92
Q

This term refers to functionally specialized cells; principal, characteristic cells of the organ

A

Parenchyma

93
Q

This refers to less specialized supporting tissues; other cells and fiber that form the framework of tissues and organs

A

Stroma

94
Q

What are usually found in the intercellular space?

A

Tissue fluid
Ground matrix
Cells other than parenchyma
Intercellular fibers
Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymphatic vessels.

95
Q

These are spaces between the characteristic cells or parenchyma of an organ.

A

Intercellular space

96
Q

Refers to fluid in nature and is derived from blood plasma; It is found throughout the body

A

Tissue fluid

97
Q

Refers to now called extracellular matrix. It is variable in state. It ranges from liquid, semi-liquid, semi-solid, to solid.

A

Ground matrix

98
Q

Examples of cells other than parenchyma

A

 Pigment cells
 Phagocytic cells
 Plasma cells
 Adipose cells
 Blood cells

99
Q

Examples of intercellular fibers

A

 Collagen fibers
 Elastic fibers
 Reticular fibers

100
Q

These are structural frameworks of the cell composed of several filamentous components

A

Cytoskeletons

Human Histology (26 decks)

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