(P) Lec 1.1: Cellular Structure Flashcards by Denica Shealtiel Enage

These are the basic functional and structural units of living organisms.

Cells

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What are the two basic types of cells?

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell

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This type of cell has a true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane.

Eukaryotic cell

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This type of cell lacks a nuclear envelop and nuclear substance is mixed or indirect contact with the rest of the protoplasm.

Prokaryotic cell

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What are the two compartments in a cell structure?

Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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What are the three macromolecules in a plasma membrane?

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohudrates

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Two components of a lipid bilayer

Hydrophobic chains and hydrophilic heads

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Types of protein in the plasma membrane

Integral membrane protein and peripheral membrane protein

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Two types of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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How long is an antibody produced in response to an antigen?

3 days

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What are the specializations of the plasma membrane?

Junctional complexes
Invaginations
Microvilli
Sterocilia
Cilia

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What are the four Junctional Complexes?

Macula Adherens/Desmosome
Zonula Adherens
Zonula Occludens/Tight Junctions
Nexus/Gap Junctions

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Junctional Complex; Couples intermediate filaments to plasma membrane at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion

Macula Adherens/Desmosome

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Junctional Complex; Couples actin
cytoskeleton to plasma membrane at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion

Zonula Adherens

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Junctional Complex; Seals adjacent cells
together to inhibit passage of molecules between them (control of permeability)

Zonula Occludens / Tight Junctions

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Junctional Complex; Creates a conduit
between two adjacent cells for passage of small ions and informational macromolecules

Nexus / Gap Junctions

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Specialization that refers to infoldings and vesicular pits

Invaginations

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Invagination function that increases cell surface

Infoldings

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Invagination function that participates in endocytosis and exocytosis; pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Vesicular pits

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These are finger-like cytoplasmic projections on apical surface of most epithelial cells

Microvilli

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Finger like projections that increase free cell surface area

Microvilli

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What are examples of microvilli?

Striated borders and brush border

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Microvilli found in the epithelium of the GIT

Striated borders

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Microvilli found in the epithelium of PCT of the kidneys

Brush border

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These are extremely long processes that extend from apical surface of the cell and facilitate absorption

Stereocilia

Example of a stereocilia

Epididymis

This move cytoplasmic processes and move fluid and particles inside the cell

Cilia

Example of cilia

Respiratory passages

Example of Macula Adherens

Stratified epithelia of mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin

Example of Zonula Adherens

Intercalated discs of cardiac muscles

Example of Zonula Occludens / Tight junctions

Epithelium of urinary bladder, GIT; Interendothelial contacts of brain capillaries

Example of Nexus / Gap Junctions

Epithelial, muscular, and nervous tissues

Where are cisternae found?

Rough-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus

These are interconnected membrane-limited flattened sacs

Cisternae

This has studded particles called ribosomes and site of protein synthesis and modification of newly synthesized proteins

RER

In this organelle, cisternae appear as interconnected channels of variable shapes and sizes

SER

T or F: Smooth-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein synthesis

False (lipid and steroid synthesis)

These are series of stacked, flattened, membrane-limited sacs or cisternae and tubular extensions

Golgi Apparatus

This is responsible for posttranslational modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for intercellular and extracellular transport

Golgi Apparatus

T or F: Mitochondria has cisternae

False (cristae)

In steroid-producing cells, the inner membrane of this organelle is in tabular cristae

Mitochondria

This organelle provide most energy to the cell

Mitochondria

In the mitochondria, the outer membrane and inner membrane are arranged in numerous folds called?

Cristae

These are small organelles that contain digestive enzymes; responsible for degradation of macromolecules

Lysosomes

This is the site of intracellular digestion and is particularly numerous in cells active in various types of endocytosis

Lysosome

This is generally spherical membrane-enclosed vesicles

Lysosome

Also called microbodies; small spherical, membranous organelles; responsible for the degradation of fatty acids

Peroxisomes

Has a crystalloid inclusion called nucleoid and involved in the production ad degradation of hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes

These are very small dark dots and is mainly responsible for synthesis of proteins

Ribosomes

Two types of Ribosomes

Attached (associated with rER) and free (in the cytoplasm)

These are membrane-bound vesicles often with a protein coat; transport materials between different cell compartments and to the plasma membrane for export

Transport Vesicles

These are membrane-bound vesicles containing materials imported into the cell; and involved in phagocytosis and endocytosis

Endosomes

These transport cargo to intracellular destination

Endosomes

These are short, paired, rod-like cylindrical structures; found in close proximity to the nucleus

Centrioles

These are involved in basal body formation (necessary for the assembly of cilia and flagella) and mitotic spindle formation

Centrioles

These are cytoplasmic or nuclear structures that are temporary component of certain cells

Inclusions

T or F: Inclusions are living components

False (non-living)

Familiarize the nonliving components or the inclusions

o Secretory vesicles o Pigment granules o Neutral fat o Lipid droplets o Glycogen o Crystals

What are the three types of cytoskeletons?

Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

Diameter of microtubules

25 nm

Diameter of actin filaments

7 nm

Diameter of intermediate filaments

10 nm

These are: o Actin filaments (contractile filaments of actin and myosin) o Double-stranded linear helical array o Thin flexible filaments o Provide essential components to contractile elements of muscle cells

Microfilaments

These are: o Rope-like fibers o Strong and stable o Provide mechanical strength and resistance to shearing forces

Intermediate filaments

These are: o Non-branching long, hollow cylinders o Provide network “railroad tracks” for movement of organelles within the cell o Provide movement for cilia o Provide movement for chromosomes during cell division

Microtubules

This is a concentrated aqueous gel; Site of physiologic processes fundamental to cell’s existence

Cytoplasmic matrix

This is the control center of the cell and contains the blueprint

Nucleus

Chromatin is a nuclear material organized as what? Notw: 2 to

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

This contains DNA, histones, proteins necessary for DNA to function

Chromatin

This is a small dense area within the nucleus that contains RNA and proteins; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

Nucleolus

This is a membrane system that surrounds the nucleus and consists of inner and outer membranes separated by perinuclear cisternal space perforated by nuclear pores

Nuclear envelope

The inner and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is separated by?

Perinuclear cisternal space

This is an amorphous matrix that fills the space between the chromatin and the nucleoli in the nucleus

Nucleoplasm

Somatic cells may be classified according to their what?

Mitotic activity

What are the three cell populations according to their mitotic activity?

Static Stable Renewing

These are cells that no longer divide

Static cells

Examples of static cells

 CNS cells  Skeletal muscles  Cardiac muscles

These are cells that divide episodically and slowly and are stimulated by injury

Stable cells

Examples of stable cells

 Periosteal cells (bone cells)  Perichondrial cells (cartilage cells)  Smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels  Fibroblasts

These are cells that are slowly or rapidly renewing and display regular mitotic activity

Renewing cells

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing: Smooth muscle cells of hollow organs

Slowly renewing

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing: Blood cells (WBC)

Rapidly renewing

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing: Fibroblasts of uterine wall

Slowly renewing

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing: Epithelial cells of lens of the eye

Slowly renewing

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing: Epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts of the skin

Rapidly renewing

Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing: Epithelial and subepithelial fibroblasts of the mucosal lining of the alimentary tract

Rapidly renewing

Two types of cell death

Necrosis and Apoptosis

This is an accidental cell death; a pathologic process

Necrosis

In this type of cell death, cells are exposed to unfavorable physical or chemical environment which causes rapid cell swelling and lysis

Necrosis

This is a programmed cell death; a physiologic process

Apoptosis

In this cell death, there is an activation of an internally encoded suicide program and a controlled autodigestion

Apoptosis

This term refers to functionally specialized cells; principal, characteristic cells of the organ

Parenchyma

This refers to less specialized supporting tissues; other cells and fiber that form the framework of tissues and organs

Stroma

What are usually found in the intercellular space?

Tissue fluid Ground matrix Cells other than parenchyma Intercellular fibers Blood vessels Nerves Lymphatic vessels.

These are spaces between the characteristic cells or parenchyma of an organ.

Intercellular space

Refers to fluid in nature and is derived from blood plasma; It is found throughout the body

Tissue fluid

Refers to now called extracellular matrix. It is variable in state. It ranges from liquid, semi-liquid, semi-solid, to solid.

Ground matrix

Examples of cells other than parenchyma

 Pigment cells  Phagocytic cells  Plasma cells  Adipose cells  Blood cells

Examples of intercellular fibers

 Collagen fibers  Elastic fibers  Reticular fibers

These are structural frameworks of the cell composed of several filamentous components

Cytoskeletons