(P) Lec 1.1: Cellular Structure Flashcards
These are the basic functional and structural units of living organisms.
Cells
What are the two basic types of cells?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell
This type of cell has a true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotic cell
This type of cell lacks a nuclear envelop and nuclear substance is mixed or indirect contact with the rest of the protoplasm.
Prokaryotic cell
What are the two compartments in a cell structure?
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
What are the three macromolecules in a plasma membrane?
Lipids, Proteins, Carbohudrates
Two components of a lipid bilayer
Hydrophobic chains and hydrophilic heads
Types of protein in the plasma membrane
Integral membrane protein and peripheral membrane protein
Two types of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
How long is an antibody produced in response to an antigen?
3 days
What are the specializations of the plasma membrane?
Junctional complexes
Invaginations
Microvilli
Sterocilia
Cilia
What are the four Junctional Complexes?
- Macula Adherens/Desmosome
- Zonula Adherens
- Zonula Occludens/Tight Junctions
- Nexus/Gap Junctions
Junctional Complex; Couples intermediate filaments to plasma membrane at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion
Macula Adherens/Desmosome
Junctional Complex; Couples actin
cytoskeleton to plasma membrane at regions of cell-to-cell adhesion
Zonula Adherens
Junctional Complex; Seals adjacent cells
together to inhibit passage of molecules between them (control of permeability)
Zonula Occludens / Tight Junctions
Junctional Complex; Creates a conduit
between two adjacent cells for passage of small ions and informational macromolecules
Nexus / Gap Junctions
Specialization that refers to infoldings and vesicular pits
Invaginations
Invagination function that increases cell surface
Infoldings
Invagination function that participates in endocytosis and exocytosis; pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Vesicular pits
These are finger-like cytoplasmic projections on apical surface of most epithelial cells
Microvilli
Finger like projections that increase free cell surface area
Microvilli
What are examples of microvilli?
Striated borders and brush border
Microvilli found in the epithelium of the GIT
Striated borders
Microvilli found in the epithelium of PCT of the kidneys
Brush border
These are extremely long processes that extend from apical surface of the cell and facilitate absorption
Stereocilia
Example of a stereocilia
Epididymis
This move cytoplasmic processes and move fluid and particles inside the cell
Cilia
Example of cilia
Respiratory passages
Example of Macula Adherens
Stratified epithelia of mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin
Example of Zonula Adherens
Intercalated discs of cardiac muscles
Example of Zonula Occludens / Tight junctions
Epithelium of urinary bladder, GIT; Interendothelial contacts of brain capillaries
Example of Nexus / Gap Junctions
Epithelial, muscular, and nervous tissues
Where are cisternae found?
Rough-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus
These are interconnected membrane-limited flattened sacs
Cisternae
This has studded particles called ribosomes and site of protein synthesis and modification of newly synthesized proteins
RER
In this organelle, cisternae appear as interconnected channels of variable shapes and sizes
SER
T or F: Smooth-surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein synthesis
False (lipid and steroid synthesis)
These are series of stacked, flattened, membrane-limited sacs or cisternae and tubular extensions
Golgi Apparatus
This is responsible for posttranslational modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for intercellular and extracellular transport
Golgi Apparatus
T or F: Mitochondria has cisternae
False (cristae)
In steroid-producing cells, the inner membrane of this organelle is in tabular cristae
Mitochondria
This organelle provide most energy to the cell
Mitochondria
In the mitochondria, the outer membrane and inner membrane are arranged in numerous folds called?
Cristae
These are small organelles that contain digestive enzymes; responsible for degradation of macromolecules
Lysosomes
This is the site of intracellular digestion and is particularly numerous in cells active in various types of endocytosis
Lysosome
This is generally spherical membrane-enclosed vesicles
Lysosome
Also called microbodies; small spherical, membranous organelles; responsible for the degradation of fatty acids
Peroxisomes
Has a crystalloid inclusion called nucleoid and involved in the production ad degradation of hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
These are very small dark dots and is mainly responsible for synthesis of proteins
Ribosomes
Two types of Ribosomes
Attached (associated with rER) and free (in the cytoplasm)
These are membrane-bound vesicles often with a protein coat; transport materials between different cell compartments and to the plasma membrane for export
Transport Vesicles
These are membrane-bound vesicles containing materials imported into the cell; and involved in phagocytosis and endocytosis
Endosomes
These transport cargo to intracellular destination
Endosomes
These are short, paired, rod-like cylindrical structures; found in close proximity to the nucleus
Centrioles
These are involved in basal body formation (necessary for the assembly of cilia and flagella) and mitotic spindle formation
Centrioles
These are cytoplasmic or nuclear structures that are temporary component of certain cells
Inclusions
T or F: Inclusions are living components
False (non-living)
Familiarize the nonliving components or the inclusions
o Secretory vesicles
o Pigment granules
o Neutral fat
o Lipid droplets
o Glycogen
o Crystals
What are the three types of cytoskeletons?
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Diameter of microtubules
25 nm
Diameter of actin filaments
7 nm
Diameter of intermediate filaments
10 nm
These are:
o Actin filaments (contractile filaments of actin and myosin)
o Double-stranded linear helical array
o Thin flexible filaments
o Provide essential components to contractile elements of muscle cells
Microfilaments
These are:
o Rope-like fibers
o Strong and stable
o Provide mechanical strength and resistance
to shearing forces
Intermediate filaments
These are:
o Non-branching long, hollow cylinders
o Provide network “railroad tracks” for movement of organelles within the cell
o Provide movement for cilia
o Provide movement for chromosomes during cell division
Microtubules
This is a concentrated aqueous gel; Site of physiologic processes fundamental to cell’s existence
Cytoplasmic matrix
This is the control center of the cell and contains the blueprint
Nucleus
Chromatin is a nuclear material organized as what?
Notw: 2 to
Euchromatin and heterochromatin
This contains DNA, histones, proteins necessary for DNA to function
Chromatin
This is a small dense area within the nucleus that contains RNA and proteins; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
Nucleolus
This is a membrane system that surrounds the nucleus and consists of inner and outer membranes separated by perinuclear cisternal space perforated by nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope
The inner and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is separated by?
Perinuclear cisternal space
This is an amorphous matrix that fills the space between the chromatin and the nucleoli in the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Somatic cells may be classified according to their what?
Mitotic activity
What are the three cell populations according to their mitotic activity?
Static
Stable
Renewing
These are cells that no longer divide
Static cells
Examples of static cells
CNS cells
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles
These are cells that divide episodically and slowly and are stimulated by injury
Stable cells
Examples of stable cells
Periosteal cells (bone cells)
Perichondrial cells (cartilage cells)
Smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels
Fibroblasts
These are cells that are slowly or rapidly renewing and display regular mitotic activity
Renewing cells
Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:
Smooth muscle cells of hollow organs
Slowly renewing
Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:
Blood cells (WBC)
Rapidly renewing
Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:
Fibroblasts of uterine wall
Slowly renewing
Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:
Epithelial cells of lens of the eye
Slowly renewing
Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:
Epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts of the skin
Rapidly renewing
Slowly renewing or Rapidly renewing:
Epithelial and subepithelial fibroblasts of the mucosal lining of the alimentary tract
Rapidly renewing
Two types of cell death
Necrosis and Apoptosis
This is an accidental cell death; a pathologic process
Necrosis
In this type of cell death, cells are exposed to unfavorable physical or
chemical environment which causes rapid cell swelling and lysis
Necrosis
This is a programmed cell death; a physiologic process
Apoptosis
In this cell death, there is an activation of an internally encoded suicide program and a controlled autodigestion
Apoptosis
This term refers to functionally specialized cells; principal, characteristic cells of the organ
Parenchyma
This refers to less specialized supporting tissues; other cells and fiber that form the framework of tissues and organs
Stroma
What are usually found in the intercellular space?
Tissue fluid
Ground matrix
Cells other than parenchyma
Intercellular fibers
Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymphatic vessels.
These are spaces between the characteristic cells or parenchyma of an organ.
Intercellular space
Refers to fluid in nature and is derived from blood plasma; It is found throughout the body
Tissue fluid
Refers to now called extracellular matrix. It is variable in state. It ranges from liquid, semi-liquid, semi-solid, to solid.
Ground matrix
Examples of cells other than parenchyma
Pigment cells
Phagocytic cells
Plasma cells
Adipose cells
Blood cells
Examples of intercellular fibers
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers
These are structural frameworks of the cell composed of several filamentous components
Cytoskeletons