(F) Lec 3. The Male Reproductive System Flashcards
The system is composed of?
Testes
Genital Ducts
Accessory Organs
Penis
Refers to male gonad
Testes
Reproductive function of testes
Production of sperm
Endocrine function of testes
Production of testosterone
Purpose of this is to propel spermatozoa and provide secretions which will be transported to the penile urethra
Genital ducts
This group of organs produce secretions required for sperm activity
Accessory organs
Male copulatory organ
Penis
Each testis is covered by a dense connective tissue capsule called _________
Tunica albuginea
Tunica albuginea thickens to form ______
Mediastinum testis
Compartments formed by septa in the testis are called?
Testicular lobules
Each lobule in the testis contains highly convoluted structures called ___________
Seminiferous tubules
Lobule of testis is composed of which two structures?
Seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue
How many seminiferous tubules are found inside each lobule of testis?
1 to 4
T or F: Reproductive function of testis is found outside the seminiferous tubules
False (inside)
T or F: Endocrine function of testis is found outside the seminiferous tubules
True
These are the endocrine cells of the testis that will produce the male hormone, testosterone
Leydig cells
Refers to:
➢ The supporting tissue of the testis
➢ Located in between the seminiferous tubules of the testis;
➢ consists of connective tissue containing fibroblasts, lymphatics and blood vessels
Instertitial tissue
Refers to:
➢ Located in the interstitial tissue
➢ Described as round or polygonal cells with central nucleus and eosinophilic
cytoplasm; produce the hormone TESTOSTERONE
➢ Located in between or outside the seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells
Diameter of each seminiferous tubule
150 - 250 um
Length of each seminiferous tubule
30 - 70 cm
Combined length of the tubules in each testis
250 m
What links seminiferous tubule to rete testis?
Straight tubule
How many efferent ductules connect rete testis to the head of epididymis>
10 - 20
LE of straight tubules
Simple cuboidal
LE of rete testis
Simple cuboidal
LE of efferent ductules
Simple cuboidal or columnar
LE of epididymis
Pseudostratified columnar with steocilia
LE of vas deferens
Pseudostratified columnar with fewer steroecilia
LE of ejaculatory ducts
Pseudostratified to simple columnar
LE of seminiferous tubule
Germinal or spermatogenic epithelium
These cells are examples of smooth muscle located in the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules
Myoid cells
Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules consists of which two types of cells?
Spermatogenic and sertoli
Cells that undergo the process of spermatogenesis
Spermatogenic cells
Examples of spermatogenic cells
o Spermatogonia
o Primary spermatocyte
o Secondary spermatocyte
o Spermatid
o Sperm cell
Defined as the process of formation of sperm cells
Spermatogenesis
T or F: Most immature which is the spermatogonia / spermatogonium is located NEAR the basement membrane
True
T or F: Most mature, sperm cells are located NEAR or TOWARDS the basement membrane
False (lumen)
Refers to:
o Non-dividing tall, columnar cells
o Known as SUSTENTACULAR CELL
Support, protection and provide nutrition of the developing spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells
Refers to:
- continuously release into the seminiferous tubules water that carries new sperm cells out of the testis;
- production of nutrients and androgen binding protein which concentrates testosterone to a level required for spermatogenesis, promoted by FSH
Sertoli cells
Refers to formation of Gametes involving a special process of cell division called MEIOSIS
Gametogenesis
Product of Meiosis I
2 secondary gametocytes
Product of Meiosis II
4 gametes
The process of mitosis occurs on which type of cells?
Somatic cells
T or F: On mitosis, the daughter cells are
identical to each other but not identical to the parent cell
False (also identical with the
T or F: In meiosis, the daughter cells are diploid same as the parent cell which is also diploid
False (in mitosis)
T or F: In meiosis, the parent cell is diploid, but the daughter cells are haploid
True
Three stages of spermatogenesis
- Spermatogonial phase
- Spermatocyte phase
- Spermatic phase
Stage of spermatogenesis where stem cells divide to replace themselves and provide a population of committed spermatogonia
Spermatogonial phase
Stage of spermatogenesis where primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to reduce both the chromosome and amount of DNA
Spermatocyte phase
Stage of spermatogenesis where there is no division
Spermatid phase
Process of cell division in spermatogonial phase
Mitosis
Process of cell division in spermatid phase
None
Process of cell division in spermatocyte phase
Meiosis
What will undergo transformation to become sperm cells?
Spermatids
Most immature spermatogenic cell
Spermaogonia
These cells remain dormant until puberty
Primordial germ cells
Stage of meiosis that produces primary spermatocyte
Prophase of meiosis I
The first miotic division produces which spermatogenic cell?
Secondary spermatocyte
How many primary spermatocytes are produced during meiosis?
1
How many secondary spermatocyte are produced during meiosis?
2
How many spermatids are produced in meiosis?
4
T or F: Maturation of sperm beings when it interacts with the egg cell
False (at puberty)
T or F: The 4 spermatids produced in meiosis will develop into mature gametes
True
Number of chromosomes of a spermatogonia
46 (diploid)
Number of chromosomes of a primary spermatocyte
46 (diploid)
Number of chromosomes of a secondary spermatocyte
23 (haploid)
Number of chromosomes of a spermatid
23 (haploid)
Refers to transformation of spermatids to sperm cells
Spermiogenesis
Number of sperm cells in a normal fertile male
Around 100 million sperm cell per milliliter of semen
Number of sperm cells in a sterile male
less than 20 million sperm cell / mL of semen
Amount of a single ejaculation
2.5 to 3.5 mL
What are the excretory genital ducts?
Epididymis
Ductus / Vas deferens
Urethra
Refers to long, comma shaped, highly coiled duct lies in the scrotum along the superior and posterior sides of each testis
Epididymis
Length of epididymis
6 m
Parts of epididymis
Head, body, tail
Part of epididymis where the efferent ductules enter
Head
Part of epididymis where sperm cells undergo more subtle modification
Body
Part of epididymis where sperm cells are stored until ejaculation
Tail
The function of this is where the sperm cells are stored. Also the site where the sperm cells will mature
Epididymis
Cell in epididymis located near the lumen; remove most of the water and residual bodies entering the structure
Principal cells
Cells in epididymis which are located near the basement membrane
Basal cells
Arrangement of smooth muscle in epididymis
ICOL
Refers to:
o Changes in the spermatozoa while passing through the epididymis:
o Development of competence for forward motility
o Final modifications in the acrosome
o Reorganization of the cell membrane surrounding the sperm head
Epididymis
Refers to:
→ Long, straight tube with a thick muscular wall and relatively small lumen, leaves the scrotum and continues toward the prostatic urethra
→ Forms part of the spermatic cord
→ Passes over the urinary bladder, crosses the ureter and the distal part enlarges as an Ampulla.
Vas deferens
The ampulla together with the ducts of the seminal vesicles form the ___________
Ejaculatory ducts
T or F: Arrangement of smooth muscle in vas deferens is ICOL
False (Inner Longitudinal, Middle Circular, Outer Longitudinal)
Vas deferens’ layer of mucosa comprised of fibroelastic fiber
LP
Accessory Organs are composed of which structures?
→ Seminal Vesicle
→ Prostate Gland
→ Cowper’s Gland
These produce secretions which become mixed with Sperm during ejaculation to produce SEMEN and are essential for Reproduction
Accessory organs
T or F: Sperm = Semen
False (Fluid + Sperm = Semen)
T or F: Seminal vesicle is a pair.
True
These consist of highly tortuous tubes, each about 15 cm long enclosed by a connective tissue capsule
Seminal vesicle
Layer of seminal vesicle that displays a great number of thin complex branching folds which fill much of the lumen
Mucosa
LP of seminal vesicle contains which type of fibers?
Elastic
Arrangement of muscular layer of seminal vesicle
ICOL
T or F: Seminal vesicle is an exocrine gland
True
Secretions of seminal vesicle
Fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen
Secretion that refers to the major energy source for sperm
Fructose
Secretion which stimulates activity in the female reproductive organ
Prostaglandins
Secretion which allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation
Fibrinogen
Largest male accessory organ
Prostate gland
Refers to the dense organ surrounding the urethra located below the bladder; approximately 2 x 3 x 4 cms in size and weighs about 20gms
Prostate gland
Prostate gland is a collection of how many tubuloacinar glands?
30 - 50
Zones that prostate gland can be divisible into?
Transition zone, Central zone, and Peripheral zone
Zone of prostate gland that covers about 5%, surrounds the superior portion of the urethra and contains the periurethral mucosal glands
Transition zone
Zone of prostate gland that covers about 25%, contains the periurethral submucosal glands with longer ducts
Central zone
Zone of prostate gland that covers about 70%; contains the prostate main glands
Peripheral zone
This secretion of prostate gland helps liquefy coagulated semen
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA),
Produce a fluid responsible for the milky appearance of the seminal fluid; contains a complex mixture of glycoproteins, enzymes, Prostaglandins
Prostate gland
Secretion of prostate gland contains a complex mixture of what?
Glycoproteins, enzymes, prostaglandins
The lumen of prostate gland contains calcify concretions known as ____________
prostatic concretions or Corpora amylacea
These contain deposited glycoproteins and keratan sulfate and may become more numerous with age but no physiologic or clinical significance
Prostatic concetions
Refers to:
→ about 3 – 5 mm in diameter, located in the urogenital diaphragm and empty into the proximal part of the penile urethra
→ Each gland has several lobules with tubuloacinar secretory units surrounded by smooth muscles
→ Release a clear mucus like secretion which coats and lubricates the urethra in preparation for the passage of sperm
Bulbourethral gland
T or F: Cowper’s gland is a pair
True
LE of prostate gland
Pseudostratified or Simple columnar epithelium
LE of bulbourethral gland
Simple Columnar epithelium
Diameter of bulbourethral gland
3 - 5 mm
Three erectile tissue of the penis
Corpora Cavernosa (2) and Corpus spongiosum (1)
T or F: PENIS – surrounded by three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue; two ventral - Corpora Cavernosa and one dorsal - Corpus spongiosum
False (baliktad positions nila)
Corpora cavernosa is surrounded by _________
Tunica albuginea
Most of penile urethra is lined by which LE?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium; in the most distal part it becomes Stratified squamous Epithelium
What are found along the length of the penile urethra that is small mucus-secreting?
Urethral glands (Littre’s)
During erection, there is which kind of stimulation?
Parasympathetic
During ejaculation, there is which kind of stimulation?
Sympathetic
This stimulation relaxes muscle of the Helicine arteries and adjacent tissues allowing vessels of the cavernous tissue to fill with blood; the enlarging corpora compress the venous drainage producing further enlargement and turgidity
Parasympathetic (erection)
This stimulation constricts blood flow through the helicine arteries, allowing blood to empty from the cavernous tissue
Sympathetic (ejaculation)
These are small depressions on the surface of the mucous membrane of the urethra
Lacunae of Morgagni
This is occurring commonly in the periurethral glands where it often leads to compression of the urethra and problems in urination
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
This occurs mainly in the glands of the peripheral zone
Prostatic carcinoma
This can result from diabetes, anxiety, vascular disorders or nerve damage during prostatectomy
Erectile dysfunction / Impotence
The accessibility of the
ductus / vas deferens in the spermatic cord allows for the most common surgical method of male sterilization
Vasectomy
Refers to inflammation of the testis, frequently involves the ducts connecting the testis to the epididymis
Orchitis
Refers to infection involved in the epididymis
Epididymitis
These two occur secondary to urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted
such as Chlamydia or Neisseria gonorrhea infections
Orchitis & Epididymitis
This involves germ cell tumors, which only appear after puberty and are more likely to develop with men with untreated cryptorchidism
Testicular cancer
Refers to failure of one or both testis to descend from the abdomen. a.k.a undescended testes
Cryptochidism
Refers to accumulation of serous fluid in the scrotal sac; scrotal swelling
Hydrocele
