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BDS2 BAMS > Oral functions 4 aerodigestive tract reflexes > Flashcards

Oral functions 4 aerodigestive tract reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A
  1. Buccal phase (voluntary)
  2. Pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
  3. Oesophageal phase (involuntary)
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2
Q

What is the ‘feeding function’ of swallowing?

A
  • Process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach
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3
Q

What is the ‘protective function’ of swallowing?

A
  • Prevents ingested material from entering the lower airway
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4
Q

Why is swallowing potentially dangerous?

A

As the ‘foodway’ crosses the ‘airway’

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5
Q

What is the process of swallowing liquids? (3 points)

A
  1. Liquids are gathered in the tongue, anterior to the pillars of the fauces
  2. The mouth is separated from the pharynx by a posterior oral seal
  3. The liquid ‘bolus’ is then propelled through the oropharynx and hypo-pharynx and then into the oesophagus
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6
Q

Does the process of swallowing liquids have an oral seal?

A

yes, the mouth is separated from the pharynx by a posterior oral seal

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7
Q

Chewed food material accumulates on the pharyngeal part of the tongue and vallecula (oro-pharynx). Is there a true posterior oral seal?

A
  • no
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8
Q

What is the vallecula?

A

oropharynx

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9
Q

Both solid foods and liquids are moved rapidly through the hypopharynx past the _________ _____?

A

Pharyngeal inlet

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10
Q

What does the forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phases create?

A

A contact between the tongue and the hard palate

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11
Q

What is the process of swallowing a solid bolus? (3 points)

A
  1. Chewed food material accumulates on the pharyngeal part of the tongue and oropharynx
  2. The bolus is then propelled from the tongue through the hypo-pharynx
  3. Then goes to the oesophagus
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12
Q

The forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phases creates a contact between the tongue and the hard palate. The contact zone moves progressively backwards, squeezing the processed food through the fauces. What is the mechanism called?

A

The ‘squeeze-back mechanism’

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13
Q

What are the functions of swallowing? (3 points)

A
  • Propulsion of food
  • Prevention of ‘reflux’
  • Protecting the airway
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14
Q

The durations of masticatory sequence components vary to different extents depending on what?

A
  • Food consistency
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15
Q

Are swallowing forces strong enough to move a bolus ‘uphill’ as well as ‘downhill’?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What features can prevent reflux? (5 points)

A
  • Elevation of the soft palate
  • Tongue (sides) contacts pillars of fauces
  • Tongue (dorsum) contacts posterior pharyngeal wall
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter (reflux from oesophagus into pharynx)
  • Lower oesophageal sphincter (reflux from stomach into oesophagus)
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17
Q

How can stomach acid erode teeth? (4 points)

A
  • Reflux
  • Vomiting
  • Regurgitation
  • Rumination
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18
Q

What is rumination?

A
  • Regurgitation of food after almost every meal, part of it being vomited and the rest swallowed
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19
Q

When palatal surface erosion is present, What is responsible for 2/3 of the cases?

A
  • Stomach acid
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20
Q

What is attrition?

A
  • Tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth (bruxism/parafunction)
21
Q

Which arch of teeth is affected more by attrition?

A
  • Equal amounts between lower and upper
22
Q

The teeth inter-digitate indicates that attrition is occurring. What is inter-digitate?

A
  • Interlocking or fitting together of cusps of opposing teeth
23
Q

The most common presentation of tooth wear is a result of a combined lesion involving what 2 processes?

A
  • Erosion and abrasion
24
Q

What increases the susceptibility of enamel and dentine to abrasion from tooth brushing with or without toothpaste?

A
  • Acids that weaken the outer 3-5 microns of mineralised tissue
25
Q

Abfraction of teeth causes wedge shaped notches caused by flexure and ultimate fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions). What is the breakdown dependent on? (4 points)

A
  • The magnitude, duration, frequency and location of the occlusal forces
26
Q

What processes aid in airway protection? (4 points)

A
  • Upward and forward movement of the larynx
  • Closure of the laryngeal inlet (aryepiglottic muscles + epiglottis)
  • Adduction of vocal folds
  • Stop breathing (apnoea)
27
Q

What is the work used to describe when someone stops breathing?

A

Apnoea

28
Q

What is ‘adduction’ of the vocal folds?

A
  • Vocal cord closure - bringing together of the vocal folds
29
Q

What is ‘Dysphasia’?

A

A specific language disorder

30
Q

Dysphasia involves damage to particular parts of the brain. What are these 2 areas?

A
  • Broca’s area

- Wernicke’s area

31
Q

What is ‘dysphagia’?

A

Difficulty/inability to swallow

32
Q

What is Odynophagia?

A
  • A pathological condition in which the affected person experiences extreme pain when swallowing be it food, liquids and medication pills
33
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Difficulty speaking that is cause by problems with the muscles used in speech

34
Q

What is dysarthria due to?

A
  • Due to neuro-muscular defects

- Lesions in the descending neural pathways, cranial nerves, vocal muscles and neuromuscular junctions

35
Q

What are ORAL causes of language and speech defects? (5 points)

A
  • Malocclusions
  • Loss of teeth and denture related
  • Cleft lip/palate
  • Tongue - related
  • Dry mouth
36
Q

What are 3 causes of an anterior open bite?

A
  • Digit-sucking
  • Tongue thrust
  • Skeletal origin
37
Q

What is a cleft palate?

A
  • Oral and nasal cavities are not separated

- Palatal defect has to be repaired or filled with an obturator

38
Q

What does a cleft palate do to speech quality?

A
  • Speech has a ‘nasal’ quality
39
Q

What are conditions that can affect the tongue that can affect speech? (3 points)

A
  • Tongue tie
  • Partial atrophy
  • Tongue stud (not a condition)
40
Q

Does Xerostomia cause impeded speech?

A

Yes, with inadequate saliva production, pronouncing words becomes difficult

  • People who have dry mouth and difficulty speaking cannot simply ‘swallow’ and start talking normally
41
Q

What is torus mandibularis?

A

Sublingual protuberance or a benign bony growth occurring on the mandible lingual side

42
Q

What is torus palatinus?

A

A type of bony protuberance on the midline of the roof of the mouth

43
Q

What are possible denture related problems which can cause impairment of speech? (3 points)

A
  • Problems arise mainly from restricted tongue space
  • Denture base plate is too thick
  • Artificial teeth not properly set
44
Q

What problems with speech can occur from having a wrong occlusal plane?

A
  • Problem pronouncing ‘f, v and ph’

- Dentures must be fabricated to a morphology that does not cause interference with tongue, lip, cheek movement

45
Q

The loss of maxillary anterior teeth may prevent the clear reproduction of certain sounds. what are these?

A
  • Particularly ‘F’ and ‘V’ which are made by the lower lip contacting the edges of the maxillary incisors
  • The replacement of missing upper teeth make a significant contribution to the quality of speech
46
Q

When making labio-dental sounds such as ‘f, v and ph’ the lips of the maxillary incisor teeth should touch what?

A
  • The vermilion border of the lip during ‘fricative sounds’
47
Q

When replacing missing teeth how can you carry out a simple speech assessment?

A
  • The tone of the lips and the cheeks may be assessed by asking fundamental questions such as address and family details
  • This will indicate the functional relationship of the lips and tongue to dentures in speech
48
Q

What is ‘embouchure’?

A
  • The position and use of lips, tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument
  • (embouchures vary, both between individuals and with the particular wind instrument in use)

BDS2 BAMS (57 decks)

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