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Immune therapies Flashcards

1
Q

Why would you want to manipulate the immune response?

A
  • Promote protective immune responses

- Suppress unwanted immune responses

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2
Q

Why do we vaccinate? (4 points)

A
  • Most effective strategy to prevent infectious disease
  • Promote human health
  • Primary aim to induce immunity in individuals
  • Successful programmes protect entire communities and populations
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3
Q

What is included in the 6 in 1 vaccine?

A
  • Pertussis (whooping cough)
  • Diphtheria
  • Tetanus
  • Polio
  • Hib
  • Hep B
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4
Q

What are the 5 stages of evolution of immunisation programme?

A

Stage 1 - Pre-vaccine

Stage 2 - Increasing coverage

Stage 3 - Loss of confidence

Stage 4 - Resumption of confidence

Stage 5 - Eradication

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5
Q

What is the aim of a vaccine?

A

Replicate immunity from a natural infection without illness

  • It is to stimulate adaptive immunity and generate long-term immunological memory without the stage of getting sick first
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6
Q

What is the most important goal of vaccination in terms of levels of IgG?

A
  • Production of high affinity IgG represents the most important goal of vaccination
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7
Q

What is the primary response of the body to natural infection?

A
  • Low specificity IgM produced first

- High specificity IgG takes longer because it requires T cell help

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8
Q

What is the secondary response of the body to natural infection?

A
  • More rapid than primary
  • More effective than primary
  • High specificity IgG produced by long-lived plasma cells
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9
Q

What are the different types of vaccines? (3 points)

A
  • Live attenuated
  • Inactivated
  • Subunit (purified antigens) 4 types:
  • Recombinant, Toxoid, Polysaccharide, conjugate
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10
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Live but weakened via genetic manipulations

- Capable of replication within host cells

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11
Q

Do you get good long-term immunity with live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Yes, excellent life-long immunity
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12
Q

What is a possible problem with live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Potentially pathogenic to people who are immunocompromised
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13
Q

Give 3 examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • MMR
  • BCG
  • Rotavirus
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14
Q

How many doses of live attenuated vaccines are usually given?

A
  • One dose is very effective but typically get 2 doses

- Shows that one dose of live vaccine can generate a high specificity IgG response

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15
Q

What are inactivated vaccines?

A
  • Killed through chemical or physical processes

- Cannot replicate or cause disease

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16
Q

Do inactivated vaccines give you good immunity?

A
  • No, weak immunity
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17
Q

How many doses of inactivated vaccines are required?

A
  • Several doses required
18
Q

Give 2 examples of inactivated vaccines?

A
  • Polio

- Pertussis

19
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A
  • No live components

- Proteins or peptides from the pathogen and immunise with those

20
Q

How are recombinant subunit vaccines produced?

A
  • Produced by genetic engineering
21
Q

How are Toxoid subunit vaccines produced?

A
  • Inactivated bacterial toxins
22
Q

How are rpolysaccharide subunit vaccines produced?

A
  • Encapsulated bacteria - T cell independent
23
Q

How are conjugate subunit vaccines produced?

A
  • Polysaccharide antigens linked to proteins (a way to get around evading T cells by just polysaccharide)
24
Q

What do adjuvants do?

A
  • Enhance immune responses to vaccinate antigens

- Inactivated/subunit vaccines

25
What kind of administration are adjuvants given by?
- IM delivery 
26
What are the possible routes of administration of vaccines? (5 points)
- Intramuscular - Subcutaneous - Intradermal - Intranasal - Oral
27
What are 4 examples of conventional immunosuppressive drugs?
- Corticosteroids - NSAID's - Methotrexate (DMARD's) - Biological therapies
28
What are corticosteroids a synthetic version of?
- cortisol | - e.g. prednisolone
29
What is the function of corticosteroids?
- Non-specific anti-inflammatory function | - Treat wide range of inflammatory/allergic conditions
30
How would you apply corticosteroids?
- Systemic or topical application 
31
What are possible side effects of corticosteroids? (4 points)
- Weight gain - Risk of infection - Risk of diabetes - Risk of hypertension
32
Give 2 examples of NSAID's?
- Ibuprofen and aspirin 
33
What do NSAID's do?
- Reduce pain, inflammation and fever 
34
What can constant use of NSAID's lead to?
- Can lead to GI bleeding, liver and kidney problems 
35
NSAID's interact with other medications. Give 3 examples of these?
- Warfarin, Diuretics, Methotrexate 
36
What is Methotrexate?
- A disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug - Used at high doses as chemotherapy agent - Used at low doses to treat inflammatory arthritis
37
What are biological therapies?
- Genetically engineered antibodies made from human genes 
38
What do biologic therapies directly target?
- Directly target specific components of immune system to inhibit activity - B-cell inhibitor (Rituximab) - Cytokine blockers (IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, TNFa)
39
What are 2 ways in which Anti-TNF therapies work? 
- Infliximab binds soluble TNFa | - Etanercept binds and blocks TNF receptor
40
Do anti-cytokine therapies have a role in the treatment of periodontitis?
- Elevated levels of cytokines in gingival tissue - Regulate immune-mediated bone destruction -
41
What are the biological considerations in relation to barriers to dental caries vaccine? (3 points)
- Mutans streptococci dominate environments frequently exposure to dietary carbohydrates - Mutans streptococci are not the only cariogenic bacteria in the oral biofilm - Other cariogenic species likly to fill niche
42
What are the ethical considerations in relation to barriers to dental caries vaccine? (3 points)
- Non-life threatening condition - Expensive - Other initiatives more cost effective: - Childsmile, water fluoridation, dietary advice

BDS2 BAMS (57 decks)

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