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Bone and cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

The cortical, compact bone is the dense outer plate. What percentage of the skeleton is made up of this bone?

A
  • 80-85% of skeleton
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2
Q

The cancellous, spongy bone is the internal trabecular scaffolding. What percentage of the skeleton is made from this?

A
  • 15-20%
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3
Q

In alveolar bone, what does the cortical bone have?

A
  • Nutrient canals, containing blood vessels
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4
Q

What is the cortical bone lining the tooth sockets penetrated by and what is the bone also called?

A
  • Bundles of collagen fibres of PDL (Sharpey’s fibres)

- Also called ‘bundle’ bone

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5
Q

What is the composition of bone (by weight)

A
  • 60% inorganic
  • 15% water
  • 25% organic
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6
Q

Bone is composed of 60% inorganic material. What is this ?

A
  • Hydroxyapatite
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7
Q

Bone is composed of 25% organic material. What makes up this? (3 points)

A
  • Collagen (90%)
  • Glycoproteins
  • Proteoglycans
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8
Q

What 4 different glycoproteins make up the 25% organic part of bone composition?

A
  • Osteocalcin
  • Osteonectin
  • Osteopontin
  • Sialoproteins
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9
Q

The ECM of bone is composed of ‘ground substance’ what is this?

A
  • A semi-fluid gel

- Has long polysaccharide molecules

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10
Q

The ground substance of the ECM of bone contains Glycos-amino-glycans (GAG’s). What are 4 main ones and what are they recognised as targets of?

A
  • Chondroitin sulphate
  • Dermatan sulphate
  • Heparan sulphate
  • Keratan sulphate
  • Some of these are recognised as targets of pathgens that resorb bone
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11
Q

The ECM of bone contains fibres that reinforce the extracellular ground substance. What are 3 examples of these?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Other non-collagenous proteins
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of bone on a microscopic level?

A
  • Woven bone

- Lamellar bone

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13
Q

Is woven bone laid down rapidly or slowly?

A
  • Rapidly
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14
Q

Is lamellar bone laid down slowly or rapidly?

A
  • Laid down more slowly
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15
Q

What is the deposition of collagen like in woven bone?

A
  • Irregular deposition of collagen
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16
Q

What is the deposition of collagen like in lamellar bone?

A
  • Collagen fibres laid down in parallel
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17
Q

Which type of bone is present in fetus?

A
  • Woven bone
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18
Q

The presence of which type of bone suggests the presence of a fracture?

A
  • Woven bone

- For fracture repair (callus)

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19
Q

Which type of cells are found in a high number in woven bone?

A
  • Osteocytes
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20
Q

Which type of bone is the normal form of bone in adults?

A
  • Lamellar bone
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21
Q

Which type of cells are there few of in lamellar bone?

A
  • Osteocytes
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22
Q

What is the structure of compact bone? (5 points)

A
  • Laid down in concentric lamellae (lamellar bone)
  • Form longitudinal columns
  • Organised in HAversian systems around central (Haversian) canal
  • Lateral (Volkman’s) canals
  • Canals contain blood vessels
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23
Q

In compact bone, the bone is laid down in concentric lamellae. What is another name for this bone?

A
  • Lamellar bone
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24
Q

What kind of columns are formed in compact bone?

A
  • Longitudonal columns
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25
What is the name of the central canals found in compact bo ne?
- Haversian canals 
26
What is the name of the lateral canals found in compact bone?
- Volkman's canals 
27
What do the canals in compact bone contain?
- Blood vessels 
28
Cancellous bone is a network of thin trabeculae with loads of space. What do the trabeculae consist of?
- Lamellae 
29
Are osteocytes present in cancellous bone?
- Yes 
30
Is the Haversian system present in cancellous bone?
- No obviuos Haversian system 
31
In cancellous bone, the bone is thin. What does this allow to diffuse in?
- Nutrients 
32
What is present in the spaces between trabeculae in cancellous bone?
- Bone marrow 
33
Where do osteoblasts lie?
- On the surface of bone 
34
Which kind of stem cells are osteoblasts derived from?
- Mesenchymal stem cells 
35
Osteoblasts will synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix that will mineralise into bone. What is the matrix mineralised by?
- Calcium salts
36
What are osteocytes?
- Osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralised bone 
37
Where do osteocytes lie in bone?
- Lie within spaces - lacunae 
38
How do osteocytes contact other osteocytes?
- Via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi 
39
What other cells do osteocytes appear to communicate with?
- Osteoblasts 
40
Canaliculi radiate in one direction. What direction is this?
- Radiate towards nutrients that are coming from the PDL 
41
Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells. Where are they derived from?
- Derived from haemaopoietic stem cells 
42
Which type of defence cell are osteoclasts related to?
- Macrophages 
43
What is the function of osteoclasts?
- They resorb bone (acid phosphatases) 
44
Where do osteoclasts lie?
- In concavities in bone: Howship's lacunae 
45
Where is our main storage of calcium?
- In our bones | - 2.4 millimolar concentration of calcium is maintained and stored in our bones
46
What is bone remodelling?
- The removal and replacement of bone tissue, without change in the overall shape 
47
In bone remodelling what is resorption balanced by?
- Balanced by deposition (apposition) 
48
Each year, how much of the cortical bone and cancellous bone is replaced by the process of bone remodelling?
- Cortical bone = around 2% | - Cancellous bone = a round 25%
49
Which cells is the process of bone remodelling controlled by?
- Controlled by osteoblasts 
50
What is the process of bone remodelling regulated by? (2 points)
- Hormones (PTH and calcitonin) | - Paracrine's (various cytokines)
51
What is the reversal line In bone remodelling?
- Scalloped edge that shows where bone resorption changes to bone deposition 
52
Tooth movements require remodelling of adjacent soft and hard tissues. When do these movements occur? (3 points)
- During eruption - Post-eruptive (e.g. mesial drift) - Orthodontic forces
53
What is cartilage?
- A semi-rigid, unmineralised connective tissue
54
The matric of cartilage is similar to bone. What is it composed of? (2 points)
- Ground substance | - Fibres
55
Where is hyaline cartilage found? (6 points) 
- Widespread - Larynx, nasal septum, trachea, ends of ribs (costal cartilages), articular surfaces, embryonic skeleton (precursor to bone)
56
Where can fibrocartilage be found? (2 points)
- Intervertebral disks | - Pubic symphysis
57
Where can elastic cartilage be found? (3 points)
- External ear - Epiglottis - Eustacian tube
58
What type of cells forms cartilage?
- Chondroblasts 
59
When chondroblasts are trapped in the matrix what do they become?
- Chondrocytes 
60
Is cartilage vascular?
- No, it has no blood vessels so if you cut into a tissue and there is no bleeding then it is probably cartilage 
61
What has to diffuse into cartilage as there are no blood vessels?
- Nutrients 
62
What can be present in thick areas of cartilage?
- Some channels 
63
What do chondrocytes contain as a storage of energy?
- Stores of lipid and glycogen 
64
What does ossification mean?
- Formation of or conversion into bone or a bony substance
65
What is endochondral ossification?
- Ossification that occurs in and replaces cartilage 
66
What is intramembranous ossification?
- Ossification of bone that occurs in and replaces connective tissue 
67
In what type of bone does endochondral ossification occur?
- 'long' bones 
68
What is the process of endochondral ossification? (3 points)
- Cartilage precursor - Cartilage proliferation - Cartilage replaced with bone
69
In which type of bone does intramembranous ossification occur?
- 'flat' bones | - No cartilage precursor
70
Where in the bone does cartilage proliferation and growth occur?
- At the epiphysis
71
During endochondral ossification what happens at the hypertrophic zone?
- Cells become enlarged 
72
During endochondral ossification what happens at the proliferative zone?
-  Mitosis of cells here 
73
What is the Spheno-occipital synchondriosis?
- The cartilaginous junction between the basisphenoid and basiooccipital bones of the mammalian skull that in humans is usually closed by the age of 25  
74
What is achondroplasia?
- A genetic defect of cartilage growth - Endochondral bone growth is impaired - Intramembranous bone growth is unaffected
75
Which processes in the mandible have an important role in terms of bone remodelling in out lives and what are they important for? (3 points)
- Angular process - Coronoid process - Important for the insertion of muscles
76
What does an edentulous jaw lead to?
- The resorption of the alveolar process 

BDS2 BAMS (57 decks)

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