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BDS2 BAMS > Diseases and conditions > Flashcards

Diseases and conditions Flashcards

1
Q

achlorhydria

A

lack of stomach acid
- key in absorption of vit B12

  • needed for production of the intrinsic factor
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2
Q

acromegaly

A

too much GH in adults

- dental aspect; malocclusion, reverse overbite, spacing, large tongue

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3
Q

acute cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gall bladder

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4
Q

addisons disease

A

lack of adrenal hormone production

- gland cannot produce it

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5
Q

AIDS

A
  • acquired immune-deficiency syndrome
  • severe immunosuppresion
  • late stage HIV
  • high infection risk rate, increased presence of opportunistic infections and those common in severely immune suppressed people; meningitis, kaposi sarcoma, candidiasis, non-hodgkin lymphoma
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6
Q

anaemia

A
  • low Hb levels

- either due to lack of RBC’s, or lack of haematinics

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7
Q

angina pectoris

A
  • classical (narrowed vessels, worse on exertion) or unstable (random widening and narrowing of CA’s)
  • decreased O2 delivery to the cardiac muscle due to narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries
  • reversible ischaemia of the myocardium
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8
Q

apthae

A

minor mouth ulceration

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9
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregular heart beat rhythm
1. tachy (fast)

  • atrial fibrillation
  • ventricular tachycardia
    2. brady (slow)
  • needs pacemaker
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10
Q

atherosclerosis

A

high cholesterol levels causing build up of lipid plaques in the tunica media of the blood vessels
- causes ischaemia and infarction

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11
Q

ascites

A

oedema of the peritoneal lining/cavity of the abdomen

- swollen abdomen due to fluid accumulation

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12
Q

asthma

A

“bronchial hyper activity”
over-exaggerated inflammatory response from the airway due to stimulus (cold air, dust, smoke or atopic cause)
- increased mucous production

  • swollen tracheal lining
  • smooth muscle contraction of the airways
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13
Q

asystole

A

lack of ventricular movement
- heart has stopped

  • wandering line on the ECG
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14
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

lack of regular heart rhythm
- large spaces between sinus patterns

  • managed with anticoagulants
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15
Q

Barret’s Oesophagus

A
  • dysplasia leading to metaphasia of the oesophageal epithelium
  • change from squamous to columnar epithelium
  • caused by acid reflux
  • generally lower 1/3 of the oesophagus
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16
Q

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

A
  • enlarged prostate gland
  • hypertrophy of the tissue
  • can cause problems in urinary obstruction
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17
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the tracheo-bronchial tree
- acute when caused by viral infection in cold months

  • chronic if caused by a predisposing factor and lasts over 3 months in 2 successive years
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18
Q

cataract

A

build up of coagulated protein in the eye

- side effect of diabetes

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19
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

type of COPD, persistent productive cough lasting 3 months in 2 successive years

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20
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver failure due to constant damage and repair to the liver
- causes build up of fibrous reparative tissue

  • complex liver structure not regenerated properly
  • usually due to alcoholism, but also caused by Hepatitis B and C infection
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21
Q

co-artication of the aorta

A
  • congenital disorder

- overclosure of the ductus arteriorsus at birth = narrowing of the aorta

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22
Q

coeliac disease

A
  • inflammatory disease caused by a reaction to the alpha-gliaden in gluten from a genetic defect
  • causes jejunal villous atrophy
  • death of the villi leading to malabsorption in the SI
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23
Q

colonic carcinoma

A
  • cancer of the large bowel

- usually develops from intestinal polyps forming on the mucous membrane of the colon

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24
Q

common cold

A

type of rhinovirus causing mild symptoms

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25
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

overproduction of adrenal hormone
- aldosterone high

  • caused by an adrenal tumour
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26
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- narrowing of the airway leading to poor ventilation

  • can lead to respiratory failure
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27
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries caused by fatty plugs (atherosclerosis of the CA)
- can lead to ischaemia (angina) and eventual infarction (MI) of the heart

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28
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

inflammatory bowel disease
- chronic inflammation of the GIT causing granuloma formation

  • cobblestoning and oedema of the mucosa
  • caused by food intolerance or persistent infection
  • non-continuous disease occurring anywhere in the GIT
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29
Q

Cushings syndrome

A
  • overproduction of cortisol

- primary tumour of the pituitary, adrenal tumour or secondary ACTH overproduction in a lung tumour

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30
Q

Cyanosis

A

more than 5g/dl of deoxygenated Hb in the blood
- congenital defect

  • blue central/core tissues
  • patent ductus arteriosus leading to deoxygenated blood going from RV-aorta without passing the lungs
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31
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

genetic defect
- fault in the CFTR gene which causes defects in chloride channels

  • means all bodily secretions are thick and sticky
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32
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

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33
Q

dermatitis herpeformis

A

skin ulceration associated with coeliac disease

- granular IgA deposits in the skin forming small ulcerations

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34
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin deficiency
- lack of production due to death of beta cells in the pancreas

  • immune mediated Beta cell destruction
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35
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance
- metabolic disorder

  • decreased cell sensitivity to insulin
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36
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

disease of the eye secondary to diabetes
- damage to the retina

  • can lead to blindness
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37
Q

dysuria

A

difficulty

urinating

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38
Q

dyspnoea

A

difficulty breathing

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39
Q

dysphasia

A

inability to produce speech

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40
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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41
Q

embolus

A

a plaque or clot travelling in a blood vessel which can occlude a small vessel

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42
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

- occlusion of a vein due to thrombosis (large clot) forming deep in the body

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43
Q

emphysema

A

type of COPD
- destruction of the alveoli

  • poor ventilation
  • over inflation of alveoli due to destruction of the elastic fibres
  • other alveoli enlarge to compensate
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44
Q

ecephalaopathy

A

damage to the brain
- can be fatal in babies with jaundice due to build up of bilirubin in the brain (kernicterus)

  • brain damage in adults with liver disease due to build up of toxins in the blood
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45
Q

food poisoning

A

type of gastroenteritis caused by salmonella or e.coli

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46
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

ulceration of the GIT caused by;
1. too much acid (oesophagus and duodenum)

  1. normal stomach acids and H.pylori (stomach)
  2. NSAIDs and steroids
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47
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach or intestine causing vomiting and/or diarrhoea
- mostly caused by a norovius

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48
Q

gigantism

A

too much GH during childhood
- growth plates still open

  • normal proportion just very big
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49
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomerulus
- causes haematuria/proteinurea

  • leads to renal failure (rare primary cause )
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50
Q

goitre

A

hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
- leading to large and swollen neck

  • hyperthyroidism
  • increased O2 demand of the thyroid
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51
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

hyperthyroidism

- autoantibodies stimulate TSH receptor

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52
Q

haemophilia A

A

deficiency in clotting factor 8
- inability for blood to clot

  • spectrum
  • mainly affects males as it is X chromosome recessive
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53
Q

haemophilia B

A

deficiency in factor 9
- inability to clot

  • mainly affects males as it is X chromosome recessive
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54
Q

hairy leukoplakia

A

white patches in the mouth which look hairy

- associated with HIV and AIDS

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55
Q

hashimotos thyroiditis

A
  • autoimmune disease attacking the thyroid gland
  • leads to hypothyroidism
  • associated with having a FH of autoimmune disease
56
Q

heart failure

A

inability for the heart to meet the oxygen demands of the tissues in the body
- left heart failure doesn’t pump blood to the body well enough

  • right heart failure fails to pump enough to the lungs
57
Q

hiatus hernia

A

part of the stomach extends above the diaphragm and is trapped in the thorax

58
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus
- can lead to AIDS if not treated

  • immunosuppression
59
Q

hyperkalaemia

A

high levels of K+ in the blood
- caused by acute renal disease

  • can cause MI/cardiac arrest due to over excitability in the heart
60
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

- many causes; age, genetics, lifestyle, atherosclerosis, drugs

61
Q

hypopnea

A

shallow breathing

62
Q

apnoea

A

temporarily stopping breathing

63
Q

infarction

A

complete obstruction of blood vessel leading to lack of O2 delivery to a tissue
- tissue becomes necrotic and dies

64
Q

infective endocarditis

A

inflammaiton of the tissues of the inside of the heart
- usually caused by staph aureus infections

  • can be made worse if any dental flora gets into the systemic circulation and congregates on vegetations in the heart
65
Q

ischaemia

A

inadequate oxygen supply to tissue (decreased blood supply)

66
Q

jaundice

A

increase (unconjugated) bilirubin levels in the circulation

67
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

A cancer that develops from the cells that line the blood vessels and the lymphatic system
- usually appears as tumours on the skin or mucosal surfaces such as inside the mouth

  • tumours can also develop in other parts of the body such as the lymph nodes or lungs
68
Q

kernicuterus

A

brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood at birth causing permanent damage

69
Q

ketoacidosis

A

body is unable to use glucose due to a lack of insulin so it breaks it down to build up ketones in the blood
- production of ketone bodies doesn’t effectively use ATP and therefore produce an acidic byproduct making the blood acidic

70
Q

leukaemia

A

neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells

- cancer of the bone marrow

71
Q

lymphoma

A

neoplastic proliferation of the white cells presenting as a tumour in the lymph nodes or associated tissue

72
Q

leukopenia

A

low white blood cell count

73
Q

lichen planus

A

inflammatory process causing patches of red, lichen like bumps on the skin and mucosa

74
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack caused by occlusion of a coronary artery preventing blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium

75
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

complication of glomerulonephritis causing oedema due to loss of plasma proteins and excessive proteinuria

76
Q

microangiopathy

A

immune reaction causing damage to small vessels, RBC’s and increasing thrombosis
- renal vascular disease cause

77
Q

non-hodgkin lymphoma

A

cancer spread in the lymphatics from B or T lymphocyte cell proliferation

78
Q

hodgkin lymphoma

A

cancer of the lymphocyte causing swelling in a lymph node

79
Q

oedema

A

excess fluid retention in body cavities

- usually due to imbalance in plasma protein and fluid balance

80
Q

orofacial granulomatosis

A

oral crohn’s diease

- can cause full thickness gingivitis

81
Q

pancytopenia

A

reduction in all blood cells

82
Q

patent ductus arteriorsus

A

congenital condition meaning blood bypasses the pulmonary circulation

83
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

ischaemia of the tissues away from the heart

- angina of the limbs

84
Q

pituitary tumour

A

adenoma in the pituitary
- productive tumours can increase hormone secretion

  • non-productive tumours can lead to decreased hormone secretion
  • can lead to blurry/loss of peripheral vision if pressure is put on the optic chiasma if the tumour grows up and out of the sella tursica
85
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs
- community or hospital acquired

  • mainly caused by s.pneumonea
86
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

cysts forming in the parenchyma of the kidneys
- caused by a gene mutation

  • can lead to chronic kidney failure
87
Q

polydipsia

A

very thirsty

88
Q

porphyria

A

abnormality in the metabolism of haem
- gives a photosensitive rash

  • hepatic or erythropoetic

A group of relatively rare genetic disorders. Called porphyria’s because they cause a build up of chemicals called porphyrins or the simpler chemicals used by the body to make porphyrins

89
Q

prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate gland

90
Q

pseudomembranous colitis

A

inflammation of the colon caused by clostridium difficile

91
Q

renal failure

A

hypoperfusion of the kidneys (pre-renal), trauma or chronic disease affecting the kidney (renal) or obstruction to renal outflow (post-renal)

92
Q

respiratory failure

A

type 1 and 2
1 = hypoxemia (thickening of the alveolar barrier resulting in not enough gas exchange = less oxygen)

2 = hypercapnia (airway narrowing resulting in too much CO2 as not enough ventilation of alveoli occurs)

93
Q

rheumatic fever

A

acute fever caused by streptococcus A infection
- inflammation of the joints

  • can cause rheumatic valve disease if the bodys antibodies against the infection attack the proteins in the valve cusp lets
94
Q

sepsis

A

presence of harmful microbes and their toxins with bodily tissues causing life threatening organ dysfunction from a dysregulated host response to them

95
Q

septicaemia

A

blood poisoningDefinition

96
Q

sickle cell anaemia

A

inherited disorder resulting in production of abnormal global chains so RBC’s appear crescent shaped and cannot easily pass into capillaries

97
Q

sleep apnoea

A

cessation in treating when sleeping temporarily
- central = when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to breathing muscles

  • obstructive = when the throat relaxes and narrows
98
Q

stroke

A

ischamic episode in the brain caused by;
1. ischaemic due to a blockage in the carotid artery supplying the brain, either by an atheroma plug or blood clot

  1. bleed or haemorrhage in the brain
  2. very rarely caused by a thrombosis
99
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited disorder leading to the production of abnormal global chains
- alpha chain common in asians

  • beta chain common in medeterranians

causes;

  • anaemia, skeletal defects, cirrhosis, splenomegaly and gall stones
100
Q

thrombocythaemia

A

high platelet count

101
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count

102
Q

thrombophilia

A

excessive blood clotting

103
Q

thrombosis

A

clot forming to occlude a blood vessel

104
Q

tuberculosis

A

disease of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

105
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

continuous inflammatory bowel disease beginning at the rectum
- serosa remains normal

  • only affects the superficial layer of the bowel
  • vascular
  • abscesses forming on the mucosa
106
Q

urinary tract infection

A

inflammation of the urinary tract usually by e.coli
- caused burning sensation when urinating

  • cloudy urine
  • proteins and microbes present in the urine which usually aren’t
107
Q

valve incompetence

A

valve doesnt close properly

- usually the aortic or mitral valves as they are under the most pressure

108
Q

valve stenosis

A

incomplete opening of the valve in the heart

109
Q

impetigo

A

superficial red rash and golden crusty lesion affecting the superficial tissues
- usually of the face

  • caused by staph aureus
  • epidermal infection
110
Q

chicken pocks

A

viral infection causing small red bumps to form an itchy rash on the skin
- herpes infection

  • epidermal infection
111
Q

facial erysipelas

A

butterfly rash of
the face caused by

  • dermal infection
  • group A strep
112
Q

folliculitis

A

can progress to boils, and carbuncles
- infection of the hair follicle

  • small red bumps all over the skin
  • caused by staph A
113
Q

cellulitis

A

swollen tight skin with growing red rash
- caused by group A strep

  • infection of the subcutaneous fat
114
Q

myonecrosis

A

deep gangrene of the muscle caused by clostridium perfringens

115
Q

odynophagia

A

pain on swallowing

116
Q

dysarthria

A

difficulty speaking caused by problems with the muscles used in speech due to neurological-muscular defects

117
Q

anosmia

A

inability to smell due to loss of the olfactory sense from infection of the nasopharynx

118
Q

von willerbrands disease

A

autosomal dominant deficiency of the von willebrand factor resulting in a reduction of VIII levels
- types 1 and 2 dominant and mild

  • type 3 recessive and severe
119
Q

qualitative disorders

A

inherited or acquired causing normal platelet counts but abnormal platelet function

120
Q

calcific aortic stenosis

A

most common form of valvular condition
- calcium deposited on the valvies as a result of inflammation

  • neoplastic and dystrophic calcification
121
Q

angiosarcoma

A

cancer of the endothelial cells

- rare but aggressive

122
Q

benign cardiac tumours

A

myxoma and lipoma

123
Q

Struge Weber Syndrome

A

port wine stain
- haemangioma of the facial BV causing large red mark to spread across half of the face, usually following the pattern of the nerves

124
Q

haemangioma

A

collection of blood vessels in an abnormal area

125
Q

hamartoma

A

collection of developmental tissue in the wrong place

126
Q

aneurysm

A

abnormal dilation of a blood vessel wall
- caused by atherosclerosis scarring leading to weakening of the BV wall

  • rupture can cause an excessive haemorrhage
127
Q

lung tumour

A

small cell, large cell or adenocarcinoma

- mainly SCC

128
Q

tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses (rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza) or glandular fever

129
Q

glandular fever

A

inflammation of the lymph in the neck caused by the epstein barr virus

130
Q

streptococcal sore throat

A

sore throat caused by inflammation by strep progenies (group A)

131
Q

influenza

A
  • caused by influenza A, B and C
  • single stranded RNA
  • causes pain, chills, fever and respiratory issues
132
Q

acute liver failure

A

shut down of the liver, usually caused by a drug or chronic cirrhosis
- rapid death from bleeding (lack of clotting factor production) or encephalopathy (brain damage by toxins)

133
Q

gilberts disease

A

prehepatic jaundice

- increased RBC turnover resulting in too much bilirubin to be conjugated in the liver

134
Q

primary biliary sclerosis

A

immune disease causing scarring and blockage of the biliary system in the liver
- causes post hepatic jaundice

135
Q

neonatal jaundice

A

caused by increased breakdown of Haem at birth
1. birth trauma

  1. ABO and Rhesus incompatibility with mothers blood
136
Q

pseudomembranous colitis

A

toxins A and B from C.difficile inflame the lining of the bowel
- causes plaques to form in the lining of the colon

  • irreversible and prevents absorption in the colon
137
Q

shingles

A
  • viral infection of herpes (varicella zoster) virus in the trigeminal ganglion
  • lies dormant but when activated can affect any and all branches of the tirgeminal
  • causes an erythematous, crusting rash and burning sensation

BDS2 BAMS (57 decks)

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