Diseases and conditions Flashcards
achlorhydria
lack of stomach acid
- key in absorption of vit B12
- needed for production of the intrinsic factor
acromegaly
too much GH in adults
- dental aspect; malocclusion, reverse overbite, spacing, large tongue
acute cholecystitis
inflammation of the gall bladder
addisons disease
lack of adrenal hormone production
- gland cannot produce it
AIDS
- acquired immune-deficiency syndrome
- severe immunosuppresion
- late stage HIV
- high infection risk rate, increased presence of opportunistic infections and those common in severely immune suppressed people; meningitis, kaposi sarcoma, candidiasis, non-hodgkin lymphoma
anaemia
- low Hb levels
- either due to lack of RBC’s, or lack of haematinics
angina pectoris
- classical (narrowed vessels, worse on exertion) or unstable (random widening and narrowing of CA’s)
- decreased O2 delivery to the cardiac muscle due to narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries
- reversible ischaemia of the myocardium
apthae
minor mouth ulceration
arrhythmia
irregular heart beat rhythm
1. tachy (fast)
- atrial fibrillation
- ventricular tachycardia
2. brady (slow) - needs pacemaker
atherosclerosis
high cholesterol levels causing build up of lipid plaques in the tunica media of the blood vessels
- causes ischaemia and infarction
ascites
oedema of the peritoneal lining/cavity of the abdomen
- swollen abdomen due to fluid accumulation
asthma
“bronchial hyper activity”
over-exaggerated inflammatory response from the airway due to stimulus (cold air, dust, smoke or atopic cause)
- increased mucous production
- swollen tracheal lining
- smooth muscle contraction of the airways
asystole
lack of ventricular movement
- heart has stopped
- wandering line on the ECG
atrial fibrillation
lack of regular heart rhythm
- large spaces between sinus patterns
- managed with anticoagulants
Barret’s Oesophagus
- dysplasia leading to metaphasia of the oesophageal epithelium
- change from squamous to columnar epithelium
- caused by acid reflux
- generally lower 1/3 of the oesophagus
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
- enlarged prostate gland
- hypertrophy of the tissue
- can cause problems in urinary obstruction
bronchitis
inflammation of the tracheo-bronchial tree
- acute when caused by viral infection in cold months
- chronic if caused by a predisposing factor and lasts over 3 months in 2 successive years
cataract
build up of coagulated protein in the eye
- side effect of diabetes
chronic bronchitis
type of COPD, persistent productive cough lasting 3 months in 2 successive years
cirrhosis
chronic liver failure due to constant damage and repair to the liver
- causes build up of fibrous reparative tissue
- complex liver structure not regenerated properly
- usually due to alcoholism, but also caused by Hepatitis B and C infection
co-artication of the aorta
- congenital disorder
- overclosure of the ductus arteriorsus at birth = narrowing of the aorta
coeliac disease
- inflammatory disease caused by a reaction to the alpha-gliaden in gluten from a genetic defect
- causes jejunal villous atrophy
- death of the villi leading to malabsorption in the SI
colonic carcinoma
- cancer of the large bowel
- usually develops from intestinal polyps forming on the mucous membrane of the colon
common cold
type of rhinovirus causing mild symptoms
Conn’s Syndrome
overproduction of adrenal hormone
- aldosterone high
- caused by an adrenal tumour
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- narrowing of the airway leading to poor ventilation
- can lead to respiratory failure
Coronary artery disease
narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries caused by fatty plugs (atherosclerosis of the CA)
- can lead to ischaemia (angina) and eventual infarction (MI) of the heart
Crohn’s Disease
inflammatory bowel disease
- chronic inflammation of the GIT causing granuloma formation
- cobblestoning and oedema of the mucosa
- caused by food intolerance or persistent infection
- non-continuous disease occurring anywhere in the GIT
Cushings syndrome
- overproduction of cortisol
- primary tumour of the pituitary, adrenal tumour or secondary ACTH overproduction in a lung tumour
Cyanosis
more than 5g/dl of deoxygenated Hb in the blood
- congenital defect
- blue central/core tissues
- patent ductus arteriosus leading to deoxygenated blood going from RV-aorta without passing the lungs
cystic fibrosis
genetic defect
- fault in the CFTR gene which causes defects in chloride channels
- means all bodily secretions are thick and sticky
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
dermatitis herpeformis
skin ulceration associated with coeliac disease
- granular IgA deposits in the skin forming small ulcerations
type 1 diabetes
insulin deficiency
- lack of production due to death of beta cells in the pancreas
- immune mediated Beta cell destruction
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
- metabolic disorder
- decreased cell sensitivity to insulin
diabetic retinopathy
disease of the eye secondary to diabetes
- damage to the retina
- can lead to blindness
dysuria
difficulty
urinating
dyspnoea
difficulty breathing
dysphasia
inability to produce speech
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
embolus
a plaque or clot travelling in a blood vessel which can occlude a small vessel
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
- occlusion of a vein due to thrombosis (large clot) forming deep in the body
emphysema
type of COPD
- destruction of the alveoli
- poor ventilation
- over inflation of alveoli due to destruction of the elastic fibres
- other alveoli enlarge to compensate
ecephalaopathy
damage to the brain
- can be fatal in babies with jaundice due to build up of bilirubin in the brain (kernicterus)
- brain damage in adults with liver disease due to build up of toxins in the blood
food poisoning
type of gastroenteritis caused by salmonella or e.coli
peptic ulcer disease
ulceration of the GIT caused by;
1. too much acid (oesophagus and duodenum)
- normal stomach acids and H.pylori (stomach)
- NSAIDs and steroids
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach or intestine causing vomiting and/or diarrhoea
- mostly caused by a norovius
gigantism
too much GH during childhood
- growth plates still open
- normal proportion just very big
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerulus
- causes haematuria/proteinurea
- leads to renal failure (rare primary cause )
goitre
hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
- leading to large and swollen neck
- hyperthyroidism
- increased O2 demand of the thyroid
Grave’s Disease
hyperthyroidism
- autoantibodies stimulate TSH receptor
haemophilia A
deficiency in clotting factor 8
- inability for blood to clot
- spectrum
- mainly affects males as it is X chromosome recessive
haemophilia B
deficiency in factor 9
- inability to clot
- mainly affects males as it is X chromosome recessive
hairy leukoplakia
white patches in the mouth which look hairy
- associated with HIV and AIDS
hashimotos thyroiditis
- autoimmune disease attacking the thyroid gland
- leads to hypothyroidism
- associated with having a FH of autoimmune disease
heart failure
inability for the heart to meet the oxygen demands of the tissues in the body
- left heart failure doesn’t pump blood to the body well enough
- right heart failure fails to pump enough to the lungs
hiatus hernia
part of the stomach extends above the diaphragm and is trapped in the thorax
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
- can lead to AIDS if not treated
- immunosuppression
hyperkalaemia
high levels of K+ in the blood
- caused by acute renal disease
- can cause MI/cardiac arrest due to over excitability in the heart
hypertension
high blood pressure
- many causes; age, genetics, lifestyle, atherosclerosis, drugs
hypopnea
shallow breathing
apnoea
temporarily stopping breathing
infarction
complete obstruction of blood vessel leading to lack of O2 delivery to a tissue
- tissue becomes necrotic and dies
infective endocarditis
inflammaiton of the tissues of the inside of the heart
- usually caused by staph aureus infections
- can be made worse if any dental flora gets into the systemic circulation and congregates on vegetations in the heart
ischaemia
inadequate oxygen supply to tissue (decreased blood supply)
jaundice
increase (unconjugated) bilirubin levels in the circulation
Kaposi sarcoma
A cancer that develops from the cells that line the blood vessels and the lymphatic system
- usually appears as tumours on the skin or mucosal surfaces such as inside the mouth
- tumours can also develop in other parts of the body such as the lymph nodes or lungs
kernicuterus
brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood at birth causing permanent damage
ketoacidosis
body is unable to use glucose due to a lack of insulin so it breaks it down to build up ketones in the blood
- production of ketone bodies doesn’t effectively use ATP and therefore produce an acidic byproduct making the blood acidic
leukaemia
neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells
- cancer of the bone marrow
lymphoma
neoplastic proliferation of the white cells presenting as a tumour in the lymph nodes or associated tissue
leukopenia
low white blood cell count
lichen planus
inflammatory process causing patches of red, lichen like bumps on the skin and mucosa
myocardial infarction
heart attack caused by occlusion of a coronary artery preventing blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium
nephrotic syndrome
complication of glomerulonephritis causing oedema due to loss of plasma proteins and excessive proteinuria
microangiopathy
immune reaction causing damage to small vessels, RBC’s and increasing thrombosis
- renal vascular disease cause
non-hodgkin lymphoma
cancer spread in the lymphatics from B or T lymphocyte cell proliferation
hodgkin lymphoma
cancer of the lymphocyte causing swelling in a lymph node
oedema
excess fluid retention in body cavities
- usually due to imbalance in plasma protein and fluid balance
orofacial granulomatosis
oral crohn’s diease
- can cause full thickness gingivitis
pancytopenia
reduction in all blood cells
patent ductus arteriorsus
congenital condition meaning blood bypasses the pulmonary circulation
peripheral vascular disease
ischaemia of the tissues away from the heart
- angina of the limbs
pituitary tumour
adenoma in the pituitary
- productive tumours can increase hormone secretion
- non-productive tumours can lead to decreased hormone secretion
- can lead to blurry/loss of peripheral vision if pressure is put on the optic chiasma if the tumour grows up and out of the sella tursica
pneumonia
inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs
- community or hospital acquired
- mainly caused by s.pneumonea
polycystic kidney disease
cysts forming in the parenchyma of the kidneys
- caused by a gene mutation
- can lead to chronic kidney failure
polydipsia
very thirsty
porphyria
abnormality in the metabolism of haem
- gives a photosensitive rash
- hepatic or erythropoetic
A group of relatively rare genetic disorders. Called porphyria’s because they cause a build up of chemicals called porphyrins or the simpler chemicals used by the body to make porphyrins
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate gland
pseudomembranous colitis
inflammation of the colon caused by clostridium difficile
renal failure
hypoperfusion of the kidneys (pre-renal), trauma or chronic disease affecting the kidney (renal) or obstruction to renal outflow (post-renal)
respiratory failure
type 1 and 2
1 = hypoxemia (thickening of the alveolar barrier resulting in not enough gas exchange = less oxygen)
2 = hypercapnia (airway narrowing resulting in too much CO2 as not enough ventilation of alveoli occurs)
rheumatic fever
acute fever caused by streptococcus A infection
- inflammation of the joints
- can cause rheumatic valve disease if the bodys antibodies against the infection attack the proteins in the valve cusp lets
sepsis
presence of harmful microbes and their toxins with bodily tissues causing life threatening organ dysfunction from a dysregulated host response to them
septicaemia
blood poisoningDefinition
sickle cell anaemia
inherited disorder resulting in production of abnormal global chains so RBC’s appear crescent shaped and cannot easily pass into capillaries
sleep apnoea
cessation in treating when sleeping temporarily
- central = when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to breathing muscles
- obstructive = when the throat relaxes and narrows
stroke
ischamic episode in the brain caused by;
1. ischaemic due to a blockage in the carotid artery supplying the brain, either by an atheroma plug or blood clot
- bleed or haemorrhage in the brain
- very rarely caused by a thrombosis
thalassemia
inherited disorder leading to the production of abnormal global chains
- alpha chain common in asians
- beta chain common in medeterranians
causes;
- anaemia, skeletal defects, cirrhosis, splenomegaly and gall stones
thrombocythaemia
high platelet count
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
thrombophilia
excessive blood clotting
thrombosis
clot forming to occlude a blood vessel
tuberculosis
disease of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ulcerative colitis
continuous inflammatory bowel disease beginning at the rectum
- serosa remains normal
- only affects the superficial layer of the bowel
- vascular
- abscesses forming on the mucosa
urinary tract infection
inflammation of the urinary tract usually by e.coli
- caused burning sensation when urinating
- cloudy urine
- proteins and microbes present in the urine which usually aren’t
valve incompetence
valve doesnt close properly
- usually the aortic or mitral valves as they are under the most pressure
valve stenosis
incomplete opening of the valve in the heart
impetigo
superficial red rash and golden crusty lesion affecting the superficial tissues
- usually of the face
- caused by staph aureus
- epidermal infection
chicken pocks
viral infection causing small red bumps to form an itchy rash on the skin
- herpes infection
- epidermal infection
facial erysipelas
butterfly rash of
the face caused by
- dermal infection
- group A strep
folliculitis
can progress to boils, and carbuncles
- infection of the hair follicle
- small red bumps all over the skin
- caused by staph A
cellulitis
swollen tight skin with growing red rash
- caused by group A strep
- infection of the subcutaneous fat
myonecrosis
deep gangrene of the muscle caused by clostridium perfringens
odynophagia
pain on swallowing
dysarthria
difficulty speaking caused by problems with the muscles used in speech due to neurological-muscular defects
anosmia
inability to smell due to loss of the olfactory sense from infection of the nasopharynx
von willerbrands disease
autosomal dominant deficiency of the von willebrand factor resulting in a reduction of VIII levels
- types 1 and 2 dominant and mild
- type 3 recessive and severe
qualitative disorders
inherited or acquired causing normal platelet counts but abnormal platelet function
calcific aortic stenosis
most common form of valvular condition
- calcium deposited on the valvies as a result of inflammation
- neoplastic and dystrophic calcification
angiosarcoma
cancer of the endothelial cells
- rare but aggressive
benign cardiac tumours
myxoma and lipoma
Struge Weber Syndrome
port wine stain
- haemangioma of the facial BV causing large red mark to spread across half of the face, usually following the pattern of the nerves
haemangioma
collection of blood vessels in an abnormal area
hamartoma
collection of developmental tissue in the wrong place
aneurysm
abnormal dilation of a blood vessel wall
- caused by atherosclerosis scarring leading to weakening of the BV wall
- rupture can cause an excessive haemorrhage
lung tumour
small cell, large cell or adenocarcinoma
- mainly SCC
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses (rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza) or glandular fever
glandular fever
inflammation of the lymph in the neck caused by the epstein barr virus
streptococcal sore throat
sore throat caused by inflammation by strep progenies (group A)
influenza
- caused by influenza A, B and C
- single stranded RNA
- causes pain, chills, fever and respiratory issues
acute liver failure
shut down of the liver, usually caused by a drug or chronic cirrhosis
- rapid death from bleeding (lack of clotting factor production) or encephalopathy (brain damage by toxins)
gilberts disease
prehepatic jaundice
- increased RBC turnover resulting in too much bilirubin to be conjugated in the liver
primary biliary sclerosis
immune disease causing scarring and blockage of the biliary system in the liver
- causes post hepatic jaundice
neonatal jaundice
caused by increased breakdown of Haem at birth
1. birth trauma
- ABO and Rhesus incompatibility with mothers blood
pseudomembranous colitis
toxins A and B from C.difficile inflame the lining of the bowel
- causes plaques to form in the lining of the colon
- irreversible and prevents absorption in the colon
shingles
- viral infection of herpes (varicella zoster) virus in the trigeminal ganglion
- lies dormant but when activated can affect any and all branches of the tirgeminal
- causes an erythematous, crusting rash and burning sensation
