OPHTHALMOLOGY Flashcards
3 general factors of good vision ?
Painless visual loss:
- the cause
- Mention 3 examples of them
-Cause: usually secondary to “vascular events
1) Vitreous Haemorrhage
2) Central retinal artery or vein occlusions
3) Arteritic or nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
What is Vitreous Haemorrhage?
Any blood in the vitreous cavity is known as vitreous hemorrhage (VH). By definition, it is the presence of extravasated blood within a space lined by posterior lens capsule anteriorly, internal limiting membrane (ILM) posteriorly, and non-pigmented epithelium of ciliary body laterally
Painful visual loss:
- the cause
- Mention 4 examples of them
Cause: usually secondary to “inflammatory events”
1) Uveitis
2) Acute angle closure glaucoma
3) Keratitis
4) Optic Neuritis
What is Uveitis
Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer of the eye between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea.
What is Keratitis?
Keratitis, also known as a corneal ulcer, is an inflammation or irritation of the cornea.
3 common causes of Sudden visual loss?
3 common causes of Chronic visual loss?
-Cataracts
-Uveitis
-Keratitis
What is Blepharitis?
Mention 4 sympoms and 5 signs
Management of Blepharitis? (5 points)
Pathogenesis of the Chemical Injury associated with acids?
Acids ppt tissue proteins, creating a barrier to further ocular penetration.
Pathogenesis of the Chemical Injury associated with alkaline agents?
Alkaline agents rapidly penetrate the cornea, reacting with the cellular lipids forming soaps.
Historical questions for eye Chemical Injury?
-Chemical to which the patient was exposed: alkali>acid
-Duration of the exposure
-Eye protection?
Examination for eye Chemical Injury? 4 points
Management of Subconjunctival Haemorrhage?
Management of Viral Conjunctivitis? (5 points)
Management of Allergic Conjunctivitis? (3 points)
5 major charecteristics of Bacterial Conjunctivitis?
Management of Bacterial Conjunctivitis? (3 points)
Organisms associated with Microbial Keratitis? 4 points
Predisposing factors for Microbial Keratitis? 5 points
Mention 5 signs and symptoms for Microbial Keratitis
5 charecteristics of Herpes Simplex Keratitis on examination?
9 aetiologic factors of “Uveal Tract: Anterior Uveitis”?
What is HLA-B27 +ve?
Autoimmunity associated antibody
What is Sarcoidosis?
An inflammatory disease marked by the formation of granulomas (small nodules of immune cells) in the lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs. Sarcoid may be acute and go away by itself, or it may be chronic and progressive. Also called sarcoidosis.
Mention 5 signs and symptoms of “Uveal Tract: Anterior Uveitis”?
What does IOP stand for?
intraocular pressure
A major risk factor for glaucoma?
↑IOP is a risk factor for glaucoma
A certain race associated with Open angle Glaucoma?
Afro-Carribean
The Only proven method of slowing optic nerve damage?
reducing IOP
general concept of managing Glaucoma?
Halting optic nerve damage by reducing IOP
Medication classes for treating Glaucoma?
-Prostaglandins analogues
-Beta-blockers
-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Usually in combination with betablocker)
3 Definitive treatments for Angle Closure Glaucoma?
3 symptoms and signs os Retinal Artery Occlusion?
5 signs for Retinal Vein Occlusion?
-Retinal haemorrhages
- Engorged vessels
- Cotton-wool spots & exudates
- Disc swelling
- Macular oedema
The Commonest cause of blindness in the economically active population?
Diabetic Retinopathy
Appearance of the retinal background in Diabetic Retinopathy? (3 points)
Maculopathies seen in Diabetic Retinopathy?
3 charecteristics seen in Pre-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?
3 charecteristics seen in proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?
What is PRP?
Photocoagulation (PRP) is a type of laser treatment for the eye. It is used in people who have developed new abnormal blood vessels at the back of the eye in the retina or in the drainage system within the eyeball.
3 indications to conducting PRP treatment?
-Proliferative retinopathy
-Neovascular glaucoma
-Preproliferative retinopathy in high risk patients (pregnancy, poor compliance)
Side-effects of PRP treatment?
-Loss of peripheral vision
-Reduced night vision
Treatment of exudative maculopathy associated with Diabetic retinopathy?
Focal laser for exudative maculopathy
surgery indication in Diabetic retinopathy?
-If recurrent vitreous haemorrhages despite PRP consider surgery
-If tractional retinal detachment consider surgery
Most common cause of irreversible visual loss in the western world >50yrs ?
Age-related macula degeneration
Blue eyes are a risk factor for?
Age-related macula degeneration
Any macular pathology will lead to ….. and/or ….. (Manifestation types)
What does ARMD stand for?
Age-related macula degeneration
What is the RPE?
The retinal pigment epithelium
The RPE is a single layer of cells tightly joined so that they form a barrier between the retina and the underlying choroid. The RPE has crucial functions that are needed to keep the retina alive and enable photoreceptor cells to detect light.
3 Signs of ARMD?
-Macular drusen
-RPE changes
-Geographic atrophy
What is a dursen?
rusen are yellow deposits under the retina. Drusen are made up of lipids and proteins. Drusen likely do not cause age-related macular degeneration (AMD). But having drusen increases a person’s risk of developing AMD, and they may be a sign of AMD.
Summarize Vitreous Detachment in three points
-Liquefaction of the vitreous gel
-Degenerative process (>50yrs)
-Occurs earlier in high myopes & blunt ocular trauma
2 Symptoms for Vitreous Detachment?
-Floaters
+/- Flashes
need for intervention in Vitreous Detachment?
No need for intervention unless floaters persist & pt very symptomatic
3 Aetiologogical factors for Retinal Detachment?
-Dynamic vitreoretinal traction (vitreous detachment)
-Predisposing degeneration in the peripheral retina
-High Myopia (>-6 dioptres)
4 Symptoms for Retinal Detachment?
5 Signs for Retinal Detachment?
