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NB > Motor System (Supraspinal Control 2: Large Group Discussion (NB.037) > Flashcards

Motor System (Supraspinal Control 2: Large Group Discussion (NB.037) Flashcards

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5
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3)What happen in case of imbalance between direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia?

  • It causes hypokinetic disorders in case:
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• insufficient direct pathway output

• excess indirect pathway output

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6
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3)What happen in case of imbalance between direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia?

-It causes hyperkinetic disorders in case

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• excess direct pathway output

• insufficient indirect pathway output

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7
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Hypokinetic disorders that may result from damage to the basal ganglia?

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Parkinson’s disease; prevent movement initiation.

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8
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Hyperkinetic disorders that may result from damage to the basal ganglia? And exactly what structure is damaged in each?

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-ballism (damage to the subthalamic nucleus)

-Huntington’s disease (degeneration of striatal cholinergic and GABA-ergic neurons)

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9
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What is ballism?

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Hyperkinetic disorder due to damage to the subthalamic nucleus

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10
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What is Huntington’s disease?

-type of neurons affected

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Hyperkinetic disorder due to damage to the degeneration of striatal cholinergic and GABAneurons

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12
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Factors affecting the intensity of Static Tremor in Parkinson’s?

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(at rest), affecting one or both hands, the fingers in a pill-rolling motion, may affect tongue, legs, jaw. ↓ by movement & absent during sleep↑ by emotional tension or fatigue.

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13
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What’s the pathology:

  • Difficulty in initiating rapid fine movements. shuffling gait (slow to start , small steps), reduced arm swinging, impaired balance on turning .
A

Hypokinesia

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14
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Define Rigidity in terms of:

-effect on posture

-effect on facial expression

-effect on speech

-effect on reflexes

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3-Rigidity (↑muscular tone):

-Stiffness and flexed posture

  • Mask face (loss of facial expression)
  • Slow monotonous speech

-No hyper-reflexia as the tone is high in flexors and extensors

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15
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Medical treatment for Parkinson’s?

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16
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Surgical treatment for Parkinson’s?

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17
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Effect of Thalamotomy on bradykinesia & rigidity?

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bradykinesia usually remains, and rigidity improves variably

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18
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Effect of “Electro coagulation of ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus” on tremor?

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tremor resolves on the contra lateral side

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19
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Why is Pallidotomy considered as one of the surgical treatments for PD?

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to remove its basal inhibition on thalamus and cortex

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20
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Risky complications of Pallidotomy?

And why do they happen?

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has risks: including blindness and hemiparesis, due to the proximity of the pallidum to other critical structures (the optic tracts and internal capsule).

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21
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What is Deep Brain Stimulation?

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22
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Define Athetosis

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Characterized by continuous, slow writhing movements

23
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What is the pathophysiology of chorea?

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24
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3 causes of chorea ?

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1- As a complication for rheumatic fever (Sydenham’s chorea), self limited –no dementia.

2- Congenital (Huntington’s chorea): Progressive dementia-fatal (Dementia means decreased memory and cognitive function)

3-May occur in females due to toxemia of pregnancy.

25
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What is Sydenham’s chorea?

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chorea As a complication for rheumatic fever

26
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2 clinical presentations of chorea?

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1-Hypotonia and pendular knee jerk

2-Involuntary movements: sudden purposeless dancing movements of arms, legs, face, head and trunk (↑by emotions and ↓ by sleep).

27
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What causes hemiballismus?

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28
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clinical presentation of Hemiballismus? 2 points

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1- Hypertonia.

2-Involuntary movements: Attacks of rapid violent movements (half of the body) ➔ may cause loss of balance.

may be fatal due to spasm of the respiratory muscles.

29
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A fatal complication of Hemiballismus?

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2-Involuntary movements: Attacks of rapid violent movements (half of the body) ➔ may cause loss of balance.

= “may be fatal due to spasm of the respiratory muscles”

30
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Meaning of the word Athetosis?

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31
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What causes athetosis ?
- region and type of neurons affected

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Lesion in lentiform nuclei mainly globus pallidus

(degeneration of GABA releasing neurons projecting to the thalamus).

32
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clinical presentation of Athetosis ? 2points

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34
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Lesion in vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum) leads to?

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38
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Lesion in cerebrocerebellum leads to?

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Neocerebellar syndrome

39
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Causes of Neocerebellar syndrome? Are the associated affections contra or ipsilateral?

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40
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C/P of Neocerebellar syndrome?

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I- Motor ataxia

II- Athenia

III- Hypotonia

41
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Definition of Motor ataxia?

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42
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Complications of Motor ataxia?

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43
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What is Asynergia?

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Inability to perform two voluntary acts at the same time due to loss of co-ordination between different muscle groups

44
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What is Dysmetria?

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(Inability to control distance of movement ): movement overshoot the intended point

45
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What is Dysdiadochokinesia?

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loss of predictive function and slow initiation) :
inability to do rapid and alternating opposite movement

46
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What is Dysarthria?

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scanning or stacatto speech due to decomposition of movements, loss of coordination and prediction of buccal, laryngeal, and respiratory movements

47
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What is Nystagmus?

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Involuntary, rapid oscillation of the eyeballs in a horizontal, vertical, or rotary direction, with the fast component maximal toward the side of the cerebellar lesion

48
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Define Asthenia and it’s cause

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49
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What is Hypotonia

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51
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Compare between sensory ataxia and motor ataxia in terms of:

-proprioceptive sensations.

-sign on closing eye.

  • Compensation by vision

-tremors

  • Nystagmus

-Dysarthria

-GAIT

A
52
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Function of Inferior Olivary Nucleus? In three points

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NB (87 decks)

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