OC8: Confederation, Carte 26 Flashcards
What was Confederation?
Qu’est-ce que la Confédération ?
An agreement among some of the colonies of British North America to join together.
Un accord entre certaines colonies de l’Amérique du Nord britannique pour s’unir.
What did Confederation establish regarding Canadian society?
Qu’est-ce que la Confédération a établi en ce qui concerne la société canadienne ?
Rules about Canadian society, including equality for French and English languages.
Règles relatives à la société canadienne, y compris l’égalité des langues française et anglaise.
What partnership was created by Confederation?
Quel partenariat a été créé par la Confédération ?
A partnership between Francophones and Anglophones.
Un partenariat entre francophones et anglophones.
What type of government was established by Confederation?
Quel type de gouvernement a été établi par la Confédération ?
A central government for Canada and provincial governments with important powers.
Un gouvernement central pour le Canada et des gouvernements provinciaux dotés de pouvoirs importants.
Who was excluded from citizenship under the rules defined by Confederation?
Qui était exclu de la citoyenneté en vertu des règles définies par la Confédération ?
First Nations peoples.
Les peuples des Premières nations.
True or False: Confederation recognized First Nations peoples as citizens of Canada.
Vrai ou faux : La Confédération a reconnu les peuples des Premières nations comme citoyens du Canada.
False
Faux
First Nations have worked to change the idea of _______ that shaped Confederation.
Les Premières nations se sont efforcées de modifier l’idée de ______ qui a façonné la Confédération.
[citizenship]
citoyenneté
Canadians today have different perspectives on the rules defined by _______.
Les Canadiens d’aujourd’hui ont des points de vue différents sur les règles définies par la ________.
[Confederation]
Confédération
Who were the four key leaders of Confederation from Canada East and Canada West?
Qui sont les quatre principaux dirigeants de la Confédération du Canada-Est et du Canada-Ouest ?
John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier, along with two other unnamed leaders.
John A. Macdonald et George-Étienne Cartier, ainsi que deux autres dirigeants anonymes.
What special problems did Canada East and Canada West face that other colonies did not?
Quels sont les problèmes particuliers auxquels le Canada-Est et le Canada-Ouest ont été confrontés et que les autres colonies n’ont pas connus ?
Unique challenges that prompted the need for Confederation.
Des défis uniques qui ont rendu la Confédération nécessaire.
Where was John A. Macdonald born?
Où est né John A. Macdonald ?
Scotland
Écosse
In what year did John A. Macdonald’s parents settle in Upper Canada?
En quelle année les parents de John A. Macdonald se sont-ils installés dans le Haut-Canada ?
1820
What significant event did John A. Macdonald participate in during 1837?
À quel événement important John A. Macdonald a-t-il participé en 1837 ?
The attack and defeat of Mackenzie’s rebels at Montgomery’s Tavern.
L’attaque et la défaite des rebelles de Mackenzie à la taverne de Montgomery.
What was John A. Macdonald’s vision for Canada?
Quelle était la vision de John A. Macdonald pour le Canada ?
A nation that stretched from ‘sea to sea’ with ties to Britain.
Une nation qui s’étendait d’un océan à l’autre et qui avait des liens avec la Grande-Bretagne.
What principle did John A. Macdonald believe in to achieve agreement?
En quel principe John A. Macdonald croyait-il pour parvenir à un accord ?
Accommodating people.
Accueillir les personnes.
What key accommodation was included in Confederation regarding provinces?
Quels sont les principaux aménagements prévus par la Confédération en ce qui concerne les provinces ?
Granting provinces powers to control their own affairs.
Octroi aux provinces de pouvoirs leur permettant de contrôler leurs propres affaires.
What position did John A. Macdonald hold after Confederation?
Quel poste John A. Macdonald a-t-il occupé après la Confédération ?
Canada’s first prime minister.
Premier ministre du Canada.
What was George-Étienne Cartier’s background?
Quelle est la formation de George-Étienne Cartier ?
Came from a wealthy family of grain exporters in Canada East.
Issu d’une riche famille d’exportateurs de céréales du Canada-Est.
What battle did George-Étienne Cartier fight in during the rebellions of 1837?
Dans quelle bataille George-Étienne Cartier a-t-il combattu lors des rébellions de 1837 ?
The Battle of Saint-Denis.
La bataille de Saint-Denis.
What did Cartier advocate for within Confederation?
Que préconise Cartier au sein de la Confédération ?
Powers for provinces to ensure the continuation of the French language and Catholic religion.
Pouvoirs aux provinces pour assurer le maintien de la langue française et de la religion catholique.
What role did the Catholic Church play in the politics of Canada East?
Quel rôle l’Église catholique a-t-elle joué dans la politique du Canada-Est ?
An influential role supported by Cartier.
Un rôle influent soutenu par Cartier.
When did George-Étienne Cartier die?
Quand George-Étienne Cartier est-il décédé ?
1872
How did John A. Macdonald react to the news of Cartier’s death?
Comment John A. Macdonald a-t-il réagi à l’annonce de la mort de Cartier ?
He broke down in tears.
Il a fondu en larmes.
Fill in the blank: George-Étienne Cartier lived in _______ for a while after the rebellions.
Remplissez le vide : George-Étienne Cartier a vécu en ______ pendant un certain temps après les rébellions.
exile in Vermont
exil dans le Vermont
True or False: George-Étienne Cartier wanted Canada to become a republic like the U.S.
Vrai ou faux : George-Étienne Cartier voulait que le Canada devienne une république comme les États-Unis.
False
Faux
Where did George Brown come from?
Canada West
George Brown immigrated to North America from Scotland during the Great Migration.
What newspaper did George Brown found?
Globe newspaper
The Globe newspaper later became known as the Globe and Mail.
What was George Brown’s initial stance on Confederation?
He did not support it
Brown believed that the Province of Canada needed representation by population instead.
What did ‘rep by pop’ mean in the context of George Brown’s beliefs?
Representation by population
This would have given English-speaking Canadians a majority in the assembly of the Canadas.
Who did George Brown often criticize in the Globe?
John A. Macdonald
Brown was known for his harsh criticism, often targeting Macdonald.
How did John A. Macdonald describe the experience of being criticized by George Brown?
Like being hunted by a fiend
This illustrates the intensity of Brown’s criticisms.
What prompted George Brown to change his mind about Confederation in 1864?
Desire for control over Rupert’s Land
Brown believed that uniting would help secure Rupert’s Land against the United States.
What ultimately caused George Brown’s death?
Infected leg wound
The wound was inflicted by a former employee, leading to fatal complications.
What role did Étienne-Paschal Taché play during the Rebellions of 1837 and 1838?
He was a patriote
Taché later became a strong advocate for Confederation.
What did Étienne-Paschal Taché believe about Canadiens and Confederation?
They could safeguard their heritage as a province of Canada
He believed strong local control was important.
What was the ‘Great Coalition’?
An alliance led by Taché and Macdonald
This coalition was crucial to the success of Confederation.
What was Taché’s contribution to Confederation?
Shaping and promoting many articles of Confederation
He was actively involved in the discussions and agreements.
When did Étienne-Paschal Taché die?
1865
He passed away before the final deal of Confederation was struck.
What is a political deadlock?
The inability to decide on a course of action because of disagreement among equally powerful decision makers.
This often occurs when two or more parties cannot reach an agreement.
What are the two main regions mentioned in the context of Canada?
- Canada East
- Canada West
Canada East is associated with Francophone Canadians, while Canada West is associated with Anglophone Canadians.
How many seats does Canada East have in the province’s assembly?
42 seats
Canada West also has 42 seats, leading to equal representation.
What is the significance of equal numbers of seats in the assembly?
It encourages the development of political deadlocks.
This is due to the equal representation of Francophone and Anglophone Canadians with differing priorities.
True or False: A political deadlock can occur in a situation where there is a clear majority opinion.
False
A political deadlock occurs when there is no majority agreement among decision makers.
Fill in the blank: The political structure of the province of Canada under the Act of Union encouraged the development of _______.
[political deadlocks]
What were the concerns of the parents regarding school uniforms in the example provided?
- Promoting equality
- Personal freedom of choice
Parents were divided on the issue, leading to a hypothetical political deadlock.
What did Canadiens protect despite the Act of Union?
Their language and religion
The Act of Union aimed to assimilate Canadiens, but they maintained their cultural identities.
What did Canadiens need from any new political arrangement?
A guarantee that their rights would be recognized and respected
This was crucial for maintaining their distinct identity.
Who were some Canadien leaders that believed Confederation offered the best guarantee?
George-Étienne Cartier and Étienne-Paschal Taché
They viewed Confederation as a means to secure rights under a new constitution.
What opportunity did Confederation provide for Canadiens according to some leaders?
To secure the rights needed to retain their distinct identity
This included making those rights law under a new constitution.
Who was the leader of the Parti Rouge in Canada East?
Antoine-Aimé Dorion
He expressed concerns about the implications of Confederation.
What was Antoine-Aimé Dorion’s concern regarding Confederation?
It would give the federal government too much power
He feared this could override the rights of Canadiens in Canada East.
What did Dorion warn Canadiens about in relation to Confederation?
“We shall be at its mercy.”
This statement reflects his fears of losing autonomy.
What minority group in Canada East sought to affirm its rights?
An English-speaking, Protestant minority
They sought to ensure schools for their community.
What did both the Francophone, Catholic majority and the English-speaking minority want?
Schools to serve their communities
Both groups aimed to protect their educational rights.
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a promise with legal backing.
guarantee
Fill in the blank: To _______ means to get or make sure of something.
secure
Fill in the blank: A _______ is the official set of rules about how a country is governed.
constitution
What is represented in the 1866 cartoon from Québec newspaper La Scie?
The cartoonist’s view on Confederation
Analysis of the cartoon can reveal support or opposition to Confederation.
Which British colonies were concerned about joining Canada?
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island
What was the main concern of these colonies regarding joining Canada East and Canada West?
They worried about losing their independent character
How did the populations of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island compare to the Canadas?
They had small populations compared to the Canadas
What did the colonies fear regarding their power in a partnership with the Canadas?
They feared the Canadas would dominate them and take away their decision-making powers
What financial concern did the colonies have about becoming part of a new country?
It would be expensive to create and pay for a new ‘general government’ established by Confederation
What expenses would the colonies incur under Confederation?
- Payment for a lieutenant governor
- Share of costs for a new general government
- New governor general
- New foreign diplomatic service
What would happen to the revenue currently collected by the colonies under Confederation?
It would be placed at the disposal of the general government
True or False: The colonies already paid for a local legislature before Confederation.
True
Fill in the blank: The people of the colonies worried about the costs associated with establishing a new _______.
general government
What is annexation?
Takeover of a territory by another country
This term specifically refers to the process where one state or entity claims sovereignty over territory previously under the jurisdiction of another.
What concern did British North America have regarding the United States?
Worried about American annexation
This concern stemmed from the fear of being absorbed into the United States, losing their identity and governance.
How can Canadian cartoons be utilized in a classroom setting?
To discuss the reasons behind the fear of American annexation
Cartoons often reflect societal attitudes and can serve as a visual aid in understanding historical fears and perspectives.
What is annexation?
Takeover of a territory by another country
This term specifically refers to the process where one state or entity claims sovereignty over territory previously under the jurisdiction of another.
What concern did British North America have regarding the United States?
Worried about American annexation
This concern stemmed from the fear of being absorbed into the United States, losing their identity and governance.
How can Canadian cartoons be utilized in a classroom setting?
To discuss the reasons behind the fear of American annexation
Cartoons often reflect societal attitudes and can serve as a visual aid in understanding historical fears and perspectives.
What region did George Brown advocate for expanding into?
Rupert’s Land
George Brown was concerned about American ambitions regarding Rupert’s Land.
By the 1860s, what had immigrants to Canada West developed?
Nearly all the good farmland
This development was significant in the context of western expansion.
What economic policy did Britain implement until 1846 regarding British North America?
Regulated the economy
This regulation was part of the broader mercantilist system.
What is mercantilism?
An economic policy where colonies supply raw resources to the mother country at set prices
Under mercantilism, Britain used these resources to manufacture goods.
How did mercantilism affect the prices paid for resources by Britain?
Britain paid as low a price as possible
This was to maximize profit from colonial resources.
What could colonies count on under the rules of mercantilism?
Selling their resources to Britain
This created a stable market for colonial goods.
Did George Brown’s desire to control Rupert’s Land make him more or less interested in building partnerships among the colonies?
More interested
The control of Rupert’s Land was likely a strategic priority for Brown.
What economic system did Britain begin to end during the 1840s?
mercantilism
Mercantilism is a regulated economic system that made a country rich from its colonies.
What was the impact of Britain opening its market during the 1840s?
It gradually opened its market to resources from all suppliers.
By what year did Britain only buy resources from British North America if they were the cheapest?
1846
What risk did the changes in Britain’s market pose for grain and timber producers in British North America?
Increased competition for cheaper resources
What was the special trading relationship called that existed between British North America and the United States until 1865?
Reciprocity Treaty
In what year was the Reciprocity Treaty signed?
1854
What advantage did the Reciprocity Treaty provide to British North America?
It could sell its resources in the United States at competitive prices.
What happened to the relationship between British North America and the United States after the end of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1865?
The United States added a tariff to goods from British North America.
Why would farmers and merchants in British North America see the end of the Reciprocity Treaty as a problem?
Increased costs due to tariffs on their goods
What is a tariff?
an extra charge
What was one of the important factors in negotiating Confederation?
Railroads
Railroads were crucial because they provided year-round transportation, unlike waterways that froze in winter.
Why were railroads preferred over the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes for transportation?
They were ‘open’ all year
The St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes were not usable in winter due to freezing.
What time period does the map depict regarding railroad development?
Early 1860s
This was the period at the start of the negotiations for Confederation.
What geographic area is shown in the map related to railroad development?
British North America
This includes regions that were part of Canada before Confederation.
Fill in the blank: Railroads became one of the factors important in negotiating _______.
Confederation
What was a consequence of Confederation on the railroad system?
Additions to this system
Confederation likely led to increased infrastructure development to connect provinces.
True or False: The St. Lawrence River was a reliable transportation method during winter.
False
The river froze in winter, making it unreliable for transport.
What does the map illustrate about the infrastructure in the United Province of Canada in the 1860s?
Concentration of infrastructure
The map shows the extent of railroad development prior to and during Confederation.
What was the purpose of the Charlottetown Conference?
To discuss uniting the three Maritime provinces into one colony with one legislature.
The three provinces were New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
What concept emerged from the Charlottetown Conference?
Confederation, the proposed union of all British North America into a single political unit.
Newfoundland had no representatives at the conference but plans to attend future meetings.
Which provinces were originally intended to be united at the Charlottetown Conference?
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
The Province of Canada was included last minute, expanding the scope of discussions.
What was the atmosphere like during the evenings of the Charlottetown Conference?
Relaxation and socializing, contributing to a mood of warmth and camaraderie.
Many believe the success of the conference was enhanced by these gatherings.
What type of transportation brought delegates to the Charlottetown Conference?
A luxury steamer named Queen Victoria.
It brought delegates from Canada East and Canada West to Charlottetown.
True or False: Newfoundland was represented at the Charlottetown Conference.
False.
Sources indicate that Newfoundland plans to attend future meetings.
Fill in the blank: The concept of confederation involves the union of all ________ North America into a single political unit.
British
Confederation was proposed as a means to unify the various colonies.
Who were two notable political figures mentioned as having differences but recognizing each other’s strengths?
Mr. Brown and Mr. Macdonald.
They were described as cozy traveling companions despite their past rivalry.
What activities did the delegates engage in during their journey to Charlottetown?
Playing chess and backgammon, reading, and visiting.
This was part of the camaraderie that developed among the delegates.
What was noted about the food on the steamer that brought delegates to the conference?
The food was fabulous.
This contributed to the enjoyable experience of the journey.
What did the crew member of the Queen Victoria say about the trip?
They had a great time since leaving the dock at Québec.
The trip fostered a positive environment among the delegates.
What event took place on the final night of the Charlottetown Conference?
A glittery grand dance.
What date did the Charlottetown Conference begin?
September 1.
Who held a large dinner party for the visiting delegates?
PEI’s Lieutenant-Governor Dundas.
Which two leaders spoke about the possible benefits of Confederation on September 2?
Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier.
What role did W.H. Pope have during the conference?
PEI’s provincial secretary.
How many full days of meetings and parties did the delegates participate in?
Nine.
Where were the delegates expected to gather again after the Charlottetown Conference?
Quebec.
What was the purpose of the gathering in Quebec?
To iron out the specific details of Confederation.
Where would the new constitutional package be presented for final approval?
At a conference in London.
How long may it take for the deal to be finalized after the conference?
Two or three years.
Fill in the blank: The delegates are well on the way to a new, united _______.
British North America.
What did the colonies involved in the Confederation negotiations want to protect?
Regional rights
What was the main concern of the colonies regarding central government?
They did not want to create a central government that took away the power of each region
What provinces were created as a result of Confederation in 1867?
- Ontario (formerly Canada West)
- Québec (formerly Canada East)
- Nova Scotia
- New Brunswick
In what year did Canada achieve Confederation?
1867
Fill in the blank: Confederation created the provinces of Ontario, Québec, ________, and New Brunswick.
[Nova Scotia]
True or False: The colonies wanted a strong central government at the time of Confederation negotiations.
False
Canada in 1867 map
What does the term ‘jeopardize’ mean?
To threaten
This term indicates putting something at risk or in danger.
In 1865, what concerns did the people of Canada East have about Confederation?
They feared their individuality, institutions, and laws might be threatened
Canada East had a different language, nationality, and religion compared to the majority.
What was the reaction of Canada East to proposals that jeopardized their individuality?
Such proposals would not be received with favour
This indicates a strong desire to maintain their distinct identity.
How did the Maritime provinces feel about losing their individuality in the context of Confederation?
They were as disinclined as Canada East to lose their individuality
Despite being English-speaking and having British laws.
What conclusion did John A. Macdonald reach regarding Confederation?
They must either abandon Confederation or devise a way to preserve provinces as separate political organizations
This highlights the need for compromise to maintain regional identities.
Who were the primary authors of the British North America Act (BNA Act)?
John A. Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier
They played a crucial role in establishing Confederation.
What did the British North America Act (BNA Act) accomplish?
It created the Dominion of Canada
Formed from the former colonies of Canada East, Canada West, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
Which provinces declined to join Confederation in 1867?
Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland
Both feared disadvantages, particularly from increased taxation.
Fill in the blank: The British North America Act was passed in _______.
1867
This act was crucial for the establishment of Canada as a nation.
What power did the BNA Act give to the federal government?
The power to make laws for the ‘peace, order and good government’ of Canada.
What division of powers was established by the BNA Act?
A division of powers between the federal government and the provincial governments.
Which languages were established as the languages of Canada’s parliament by the BNA Act?
French and English.
What type of schools did the BNA Act guarantee for religious minorities?
Public schools for the Protestant minority in Québec and for the Catholic minorities in the rest of Canada.
How did the BNA Act correlate religion-based rights with language divisions in Canada?
Most Protestants spoke English and most Catholics spoke French.
What future power was granted to the federal government regarding religious minorities?
The power to protect the rights of Catholic or Protestant minorities in any province.
List some of the powers established for the federal government by the BNA Act.
- Public property
- Defence
- Regulation of trade
- Post office
- Aboriginal peoples
- Criminal law
- Fisheries
- Navigation
- Banks
- Agriculture
- Immigration
- Taxation
What system of representation was established for Canada’s House of Commons?
Representation by population.
Which province received the most seats in the House of Commons due to representation by population?
Ontario.
What type of school is defined as a public school?
A school whose funds come from ‘public money’ (taxes paid to a government).
What infrastructure project did the BNA Act guarantee funding for?
A railway linking the Maritimes with central Canada.
List some of the powers established for provincial governments by the BNA Act.
- Local affairs
- Civil law
- Health and welfare
- Education
- Natural resources
What was the effect of the division of powers established by the BNA Act?
It applied to all the provinces of Canada.
Fill in the blank: The BNA Act established the federal government’s power to make laws for _______.
[peace, order and good government]
What were the economic connections of the Maritimes?
Strong economic connections with Britain and British colonies in the Caribbean based on trade by sea.
What kind of connection did the Maritimes have with Canada East and West?
Almost no connection with Canada East and West, in the interior of North America.
What economic benefits were offered to the Maritimes to join Confederation?
Economic benefits included a railway to link the Maritimes with the interior and funding for roads, bridges, and other development.
How did the voters of Nova Scotia feel about joining Confederation?
The decision to join Confederation was unpopular with the voters of Nova Scotia.
Who was the leader of Nova Scotia’s assembly that decided to join Canada?
Charles Tupper.
What did Joseph Howe predict about Nova Scotia’s identity?
Predicted that Nova Scotia would ‘lose its identity’ as part of Canada.
What was the outcome of the elections following Confederation in Nova Scotia?
Anti-Confederation candidates won 36 of the 38 seats in the Nova Scotia legislature and 18 of Nova Scotia’s 19 seats in Canada’s parliament.
Fill in the blank: The end of _______ affected global trade patterns.
[mercantilism]
True or False: The Maritimes had strong connections with Canada East and West.
False
What year did Thomas Moore enter the Regina Residential School?
1897
Why do many First Nations people prefer not to use the word ‘Indian’?
They prefer not to use it except to identify those recognized by Canada’s Indian Act
What was the purpose of the Gradual Civilization Act passed in 1857?
To require First Nations peoples to give up their ways of life to become citizens with the right to vote
What was the outcome for First Nations people under the Gradual Civilization Act?
Very few chose to become citizens under those terms
What did the British North America Act of 1867 establish regarding First Nations?
It made First Nations peoples a responsibility of Canada’s federal government
Did the Confederation negotiations consult First Nations for their views?
No
Until what year did Canada’s government not allow people with legal status as Indians to vote?
1960
What was required for First Nations people to vote before 1960?
They had to give up their legal status as Indians
Fill in the blank: The Gradual Civilization Act was passed in _______.
1857
True or False: First Nations were consulted during the Confederation negotiations.
False
List two items that became the responsibility of Canada’s federal government along with First Nations peoples after Confederation.
- Postal service
- First Nations peoples
What year did Canada’s Aboriginal peoples successfully lobby for recognition of their rights in the constitution?
1982
This recognition was significant for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.
What does Section 35 of the Canadian Constitution state?
The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed
This includes First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.
Who was the Cree politician that helped defeat the Meech Lake Accord?
Elijah Harper
Harper’s actions were pivotal in the fight for First Nations’ inclusion.
What was the main reason Elijah Harper opposed the Meech Lake Accord?
It had been negotiated without consulting First Nations
This mirrored the lack of consultation during the BNA Act.
What was the consequence of Elijah Harper’s action against the Meech Lake Accord?
The accord was guaranteed to be dead
His action prevented Manitoba’s legislature from ratifying the accord.
What two approvals were necessary for the Meech Lake Accord to change Canada’s constitution?
Manitoba’s legislature and Newfoundland’s approval
Both jurisdictions ultimately rejected the accord.
Define ‘constitution’ in the context of Canada.
The official set of rules about how a country is governed
This framework outlines the governance structure and rights within Canada.
Fill in the blank: The Aboriginal peoples of Canada include _______.
First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples
These groups have distinct rights and identities recognized in the constitution.
True or False: The Meech Lake Accord was successfully ratified by Manitoba’s legislature.
False
Elijah Harper’s actions ensured it was not ratified.
Map of British North America in 1867
What four provinces were included in Canada in 1867?
Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
These provinces were the original members of the Canadian Confederation.
What was the difference between colonies and territories in Canada?
Colonies had well-established British settlements; territories had very few British settlers.
Colonies had governments advised or elected by colonists, while territories were governed by appointed British officials.
How did British Columbia, PEl, and Newfoundland join Confederation?
Through agreements among the colonists, Britain, and Canada.
They joined as provinces with elected provincial governments.
What was the expected governance model for the territories when they became part of Canada?
Canada’s government expected to control the territories directly without establishing elected assemblies.
This was in contrast to the governance model of the colonies.
What pivotal moment occurred in Manitoba regarding Confederation?
People in Manitoba objected to Canada’s plans and won the right to join Confederation as a province.
This event is explored in detail in Chapter 9.
What led to Alberta and Saskatchewan becoming provinces?
The growth of the settler population in the territories.
The history of western Canada’s settlement and the creation of these provinces is discussed in Chapter 10.
What is the focus of this chapter regarding British Columbia, PEl, and Newfoundland?
The factors that led to their joining Confederation.
This chapter details the negotiations and motivations behind their inclusion.
What provinces joined Canada in 1867?
Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
These provinces negotiated the original Confederation agreement.
Which province demanded to join Canada as a province rather than a territory?
Manitoba
Manitoba refused to be transferred to Canada as a territory.
In what year did British Columbia join Canada as a province?
1871
British Columbia’s entry into Confederation occurred in 1871.
What year did Prince Edward Island join Canada as a province?
1873
Prince Edward Island became a province in 1873.
Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from territory transferred to Canada in which chapter?
Chapter 10
This chapter discusses the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
When did Newfoundland join Canada as a province?
1949
Newfoundland became a province in 1949.
What significant change occurred in Canada in 1965?
This became Canada’s flag
The flag was adopted well after Confederation and sparked controversy.
True or False: The Canadian flag includes symbols representing its two founding nations.
False
The flag remains neutral regarding the symbols of the Canadiens and the British.
Fill in the blank: The original Confederation agreement was negotiated by _____, _____, _____, and _____ in 1867.
Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
These provinces were the first to join Canada.
What was the reason for British Columbia becoming a colony?
British settlerment along the west coast following the voyages of British explorer George Vancouver from 1792 to 1795.
The first colonists primarily engaged in the fur trade, supported by forts established by the Hudson’s Bay Company.
What economic change occurred in British Columbia in 1857?
A gold rush began.
The colony borrowed money to build roads and railways to mining centers, relying on gold to repay the debt.
What happened to the economy of British Columbia by 1867?
British Columbia was in economic trouble.
Many people felt it had no future as a British colony.
In what year did the U.S. purchase Alaska from Russia?
1867.
What geographic relationship did British Columbia have with Alaska after the U.S. purchased it?
BC seemed like a natural geographic bridge between Alaska and the rest of the U.S.
This geographic fact placed pressure on BC regarding its future as a British colony.
What were the two main options considered by colonists for British Columbia’s future?
Joining Canada or joining the United States.
What geographic concern did some colonists have about joining Canada?
The geographic divide between BC and the four provinces of Canada was considered too great.
Who was largely overlooked in the decision-making about BC’s future?
The First Nations.
What did Canada’s government encourage BC to do?
Join Confederation.
What was the vision of the fathers of Confederation regarding the nation?
A nation that stretched from ‘sea to sea.’
What financial commitment did the fathers of Confederation make to BC?
To pay off the colony’s loans.
What infrastructure project was promised to link BC to Canada?
A railway linking BC to the four provinces of Canada in the east.
Fill in the blank: Few colonists thought about consulting the _______ whose lives and lands the decision would affect.
First Nations
What significant event did the Nisga’a conclude in 1998?
They concluded a treaty with the governments of BC and Canada
This was BC’s first treaty with a First Nation.
Who was a prominent leader advocating for Nisga’a rights?
Dr. Joseph Gosnell
He was a key figure in the Nisga’a campaign for recognition.
What was the stance of the BC government towards First Nations land rights?
The BC government refused to recognize their rights
This refusal directly affected First Nations after BC joined Canada.
What did Dr. Joseph Gosnell claim the Nisga’a Treaty represented?
A triumph for all British Columbians
He emphasized the importance of the Treaty for social, economic, and political participation.
In what year did the Nisga’a ancestors journey to Victoria to address land rights?
1887
This journey was significant in their long campaign for rights.
Who was the premier that barred the Nisga’a from the legislature in 1887?
Premier Smithe
His rejection highlighted the colonial mindset of the time.
What historical perspective did Dr. Joseph Gosnell provide regarding the Nisga’a nation?
The Nisga’a is an old nation, as old as any in Europe
This statement emphasizes the long-standing history and rights of the Nisga’a people.
Fill in the blank: The Nisga’a Treaty allowed the Nisga’a people to join Canada and British Columbia as _______.
[free citizens]
This marked a significant change in their status and rights.
True or False: The Nisga’a Treaty was the first treaty signed between a First Nation and the government of British Columbia.
True
This treaty set a precedent for future agreements.
What emotions did the sound of Nisga’a drumming and singing evoke during the legislative event?
Joy and freedom
This was a significant cultural expression marking the occasion.
What economic trouble did Prince Edward Island face in the early 1870s?
The colony’s government had borrowed money to build a railway, but the economy became weaker as Britain and the U.S. ended their special trading relationships with British North America.
The railway was intended to strengthen the island’s economy.
Why did many farmers in Prince Edward Island struggle economically?
Many island farmers did not own the land they farmed and had to pay rent to British landowners, which took part of the island’s earnings every year.
This created a burden on local farmers, affecting their financial stability.
What did Prince Edward Island hope to achieve by joining Confederation in 1873?
PEI hoped that Confederation would solve its economic problems.
Canada also wanted PEI to join to prevent it from joining the United States.
What financial agreements did Canada make with Prince Edward Island during Confederation?
Canada agreed to pay for the colony’s railway and to provide money to buy the island’s farmland from its British owners.
This was part of the effort to improve PEI’s economic situation.
What transportation service did Canada agree to provide for Prince Edward Island?
A year-round ferry service between the island and the mainland.
This was crucial for trade and connectivity.
Fill in the blank: Many farmers in PEI paid _______ to landowners in Britain.
[rent]
True or False: The railway built in PEI in the early 1870s successfully strengthened the economy.
False
The economy weakened despite the investment in the railway.
What year did Newfoundland first reject Confederation?
1867
What year did Newfoundland reject Confederation for the second time?
1869
What was Newfoundland’s government status for almost sixty years after rejecting Confederation?
Colony of Britain with an elected government
What were the main economic activities of Newfoundland’s economy?
- Trade in fish
- Trade in timber
What global event in the 1930s significantly impacted Newfoundland’s economy?
Great Depression
What year did Britain take direct control of Newfoundland’s affairs?
1934
Until when did Newfoundland remain under British control?
After World War II
How did World War II affect Newfoundland’s economy?
Boosted its economy due to increased demand for products
What was the main product Newfoundland supplied during World War II?
Products for Britain from North America
What year did some Newfoundlanders want to regain their independence after World War II?
1945
What concern did some Newfoundlanders have regarding independence after World War II?
Return of hard times
What did Britain state about assisting Newfoundland after World War II?
Could no longer assist if Newfoundland faced difficulties
Fill in the blank: The Great Depression was the global economic slowdown that occurred between _______.
[1929 and 1939]
Fill in the blank: World War I was a global war that took place between _______.
[1939 and 1945]
In what way might Newfoundland’s economy, centered on fishing, have shaped the identity of Newfoundlanders?
[Open-ended question for discussion]
What year did Newfoundland put its future to a vote?
1948
What were the two choices on the ballot for Newfoundland’s future?
- Responsible government
- Joining Canada
What decision did Newfoundlanders make in the 1948 vote?
Decided to join Canada
How did Canada’s government respond to Newfoundland’s decision?
Supported the decision
What was Canada concerned about if Newfoundlanders did not choose Confederation?
They might join the U.S.
What did some Newfoundlanders want to keep open by choosing ‘responsible government’?
The option to join the U.S.
What promises did Canada’s government make to build support for Confederation?
- Pay most of the colony’s debts
- Provide money to develop Newfoundland’s economy
- Link Newfoundland to Canada with a ferry service
What role did newspapers in Newfoundland play regarding the issue of Newfoundland’s future?
Took strong stands on the issue
