8: The Métis Flashcards
1
Q
What is the concept of identity?
A
The set of characteristics and values used to express who you are.
Identity can vary among individuals and groups within a country.
2
Q
What are some ways people express their identity?
A
Through dress, religion, language, and perspectives.
These expressions can differ significantly between individuals and cultural groups.
3
Q
What was one important result of contact between First Nations and Europeans?
A
The emergence of the Métis.
The Métis population grew quickly and spread across the land.
4
Q
By the mid-1800s, where was the largest number of Métis located?
A
In Red River, Manitoba.
This location became a central community for the Métis population.
5
Q
How did the different groups of Métis in Red River come together?
A
As a solid community with a shared identity.
They considered themselves citizens of a Métis Nation.
6
Q
What distinguishes the Métis from other groups?
A
Their unique identity as citizens of a Métis Nation, distinct from Europeans, Canadiens, and First Nations.
This distinction is important in understanding their historical and cultural context.
7
Q
What will this chapter explore regarding the Red River Métis?
A
Their unique identity and the role they played in the development of the West.
It will also examine the Métis struggle to protect their identity and way of life.
8
Q
What is the primary focus of the section on the Metis culture in Red River?
A
The unique culture and identity of the Francophone Metis of Red River
Red River is located where Winnipeg is today.
9
Q
What is meant by demographics in the context of a place?
A
Information such as the number of people who live in a town and the ratio of male to female residents
10
Q
In 1840, how many Francophone Métis were in the Red River region?
A
About 4000
11
Q
What religious background did the Francophone Métis primarily follow?
A
Mainly Catholic
12
Q
What spiritual beliefs did the Francophone Métis retain?
A
Some of their First Nations spiritual beliefs
13
Q
Who were the Country Born Metis?
A
Children of First Nations women and British traders from the Hudson’s Bay Company
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The largest Metis community grew in _______.
A
Manitoba
15
Q
True or False: The Francophone Métis were the only people living in Red River.
A
False
16
Q
What does the term ‘Metis’ refer to in the context of North America?
A
A group of people with mixed Indigenous and European ancestry
17
Q
What are the origins of the Metis culture in Red River?
A
Derived from the interactions between Indigenous peoples and European settlers
18
Q
What demographic information might be included when discussing a particular place?
A
Population size, gender ratio, ethnic composition
19
Q
What role did the Hudson’s Bay Company play in the formation of the Country Born Metis?
A
Provided British traders who had relationships with First Nations women
20
Q
Who were the people living near Red River around 1840?
A
The people living near Red River around 1840 included:
* 4000 Francophone Metis
* Country Born Metis
* Cree and Anishinabe First Nations
* Roman Catholic missionaries
* Canadiens
* British employees of the Hudson’s Bay Company
The Red River area was a diverse community with various ethnic and cultural groups.
21
Q
What religious group primarily influenced early missionary work in the West starting in 1818?
A
Roman Catholic missionaries
They built churches and schools, which became centers of Francophone Métis communities.
22
Q
Which two First Nations groups are mentioned in the context of the Métis?
A
Cree and Anishinabe
These groups had distinct beliefs and cultural practices.
23
Q
What was the significance of St. Boniface to the Canadiens?
A
It was a place where they lived and developed their community
St. Boniface became a cultural center for the Francophone Métis.
24
Q
What unique culture did the Red River Métis develop in the 1800s?
A
A culture that shaped their identity through a mix of First Nations and European traditions
This included their own language, traditions, and social practices.
25
What language did the Métis at Red River primarily speak?
Michif
## Footnote
Michif combines elements of French, English, Cree, and Anishinabe languages.
26
Fill in the blank: The Red River Métis were raised by parents of both _______ and European descent.
First Nations
## Footnote
This mixed heritage influenced their cultural identity.
27
True or False: Fewer than a thousand people still speak Michif in Canada today.
True
## Footnote
Michif is a language that links Métis identities but is now spoken by a small number of people.
28
What role did the Hudson's Bay Company play in the context of the Red River Métis?
British employees of the Hudson's Bay Company interacted with and influenced the Métis culture
## Footnote
Their presence contributed to the cultural exchange in the region.
29
What cultural aspects did the Red River Métis share with First Nations and Canadiens?
Distinct ways of life, language, and traditions
## Footnote
Each group had unique cultural expressions that contributed to the overall identity.
30
What types of languages were mixed in the Michif language?
French, English, Cree, and Anishinabe
## Footnote
This mixture reflects the Métis' dual heritage.
31
What form of artistic expression is mentioned as part of the Métis culture?
Dance
## Footnote
Dance is part of the cultural traditions that helped shape their identity.
32
What was the unique economy developed by the Metis based on?
The climate of their territory and the resources found in it
## Footnote
The Metis adapted their economy to the specific environmental conditions and resources available in their region.
33
What types of jobs did the Metis take on?
Jobs in the fur trade and hunting buffalo
## Footnote
The Metis utilized their skills in both the fur trade and hunting to sustain their livelihoods.
34
How did the Metis engage in agriculture?
They grew crops on narrow river lots, similar to the seigneurial system used in Québec
## Footnote
This agricultural practice allowed the Metis to cultivate land effectively within their environment.
35
What identities did the Metis express through their economy?
Both their First Nations and European or Canadien identities
## Footnote
The blending of cultural practices was reflected in their economic activities.
36
Why were the Metis important to the success of the fur trade?
They were employed at every trading post and supplied buffalo meat
## Footnote
Their involvement was crucial for the sustenance and operation of the fur trade.
37
What role did the Metis often take on due to their diverse skills?
Interpreters
## Footnote
Many Metis knew two or more languages, which made them valuable in communication.
38
Fill in the blank: The Metis expressed their identities through a mix of _______.
fur trading, hunting, and farming
## Footnote
This combination allowed them to thrive in their environment.
39
True or False: The Metis only focused on hunting as their primary economic activity.
False
## Footnote
The Metis engaged in multiple economic activities including farming and trading.
40
What were the main means of transportation used by the Metis to deliver furs?
Large York boats
## Footnote
These boats replaced canoes on western rivers and lakes.
41
What term did the Cree use to refer to the Metis?
Otipemisiwakoh-tee-puh-MIH soo-ak
## Footnote
This term means 'the people who see themselves as independent.'
42
What was the focus of the Metis' way of life from Red River?
The buffalo hunt
## Footnote
The hunt was central to their lifestyle.
43
What did the Metis do before setting out for the buffalo hunt?
Chose a council and a set of captains
## Footnote
This organization was crucial for leading the hunt.
44
What was pemmican and how was it made?
A food made from shredded meat mixed with fat
## Footnote
The women cut up the meat, dried it, pounded it into shreds, and then combined it with fat.
45
What role did pemmican play for explorers and fur traders?
Essential food item
## Footnote
No explorer or fur trader would venture onto the plains without it.
46
Who was Lord Selkirk?
A Scottish nobleman who bought land from the Hudson's Bay Company in the early 1800s
47
What did Lord Selkirk hope to achieve with the land at Red River?
He hoped to turn it into a great farming colony
48
From where did Lord Selkirk bring families to Red River?
From the Highlands of Scotland
49
Why were families forced off their farms in Scotland?
To make room for sheep pastures
50
What was the status of the land at Red River before colonization?
It was already inhabited by a large Métis community
51
What was the reaction of the Métis to the arrival of colonists?
They feared being pushed off their farms and losing their way of life
52
Did the Métis have legal papers for the land they farmed?
No, they had no legal papers
53
What two rivers meet at the location of the Assiniboia (Red River Colony)?
The Red and Assiniboine Rivers
54
Which company was in competition with the North West Company?
The Hudson's Bay Company
55
What was the concern of the North West Company employees regarding the colonists?
They believed the Hudson's Bay Company sent the colonists to disrupt their trade
56
True or False: The Métis were concerned that British culture would overrun their way of life.
True
57
Fill in the blank: The North West Company employees were called _______.
Nor Westers
58
What was the primary fear of the Métis regarding the land they had farmed for over 100 years?
That colonists would try to push them off their farms
59
Who was Lord Selkirk?
A Scottish nobleman who bought land from the Hudson's Bay Company in the early 1800s
60
What did Lord Selkirk hope to achieve with the land at Red River?
He hoped to turn it into a great farming colony
61
From where did Lord Selkirk bring families to Red River?
From the Highlands of Scotland
62
Why were families forced off their farms in Scotland?
To make room for sheep pastures
63
What was the status of the land at Red River before colonization?
It was already inhabited by a large Métis community
64
What was the reaction of the Métis to the arrival of colonists?
They feared being pushed off their farms and losing their way of life
65
Did the Métis have legal papers for the land they farmed?
No, they had no legal papers
66
What two rivers meet at the location of the Assiniboia (Red River Colony)?
The Red and Assiniboine Rivers
67
Which company was in competition with the North West Company?
The Hudson's Bay Company
68
What was the concern of the North West Company employees regarding the colonists?
They believed the Hudson's Bay Company sent the colonists to disrupt their trade
69
True or False: The Métis were concerned that British culture would overrun their way of life.
True
70
Fill in the blank: The North West Company employees were called _______.
Nor Westers
71
What was the primary fear of the Métis regarding the land they had farmed for over 100 years?
That colonists would try to push them off their farms
72
What was the official name of the Red River Colony?
Assinibola
## Footnote
The name 'Assinibola' is pronounced [uh-sih-nih-80Y-uh].
73
What territory was known as Rupert's Land?
Hudson's Bay Company territory in Western Canada
## Footnote
This territory was significant during the colonial period.
74
Why was the location and size of the Assinibola colony a concern for the Métis?
It could disrupt their trade
## Footnote
The Métis relied on trade for their livelihood.
75
What did the governor of the colony ban in 1814?
The export of any meat, fish, or vegetables from Red River
## Footnote
This ban was part of the Pemmican Proclamation.
76
What was the Pemmican Proclamation?
An order banning the Métis from exporting food from Red River
## Footnote
This proclamation was aimed at preventing starvation among colonists.
77
Who were outraged by the Pemmican Proclamation?
The Nor Westers and the Red River Métis
## Footnote
The proclamation affected the Métis economy and identity.
78
What role did buffalo meat play in Métis culture?
It was an important part of their identity and economy
## Footnote
Buffalo meat was a staple in the Métis diet and trade.
79
What actions did the Nor Westers and the Métis take in response to the colonists?
They set about driving the Selkirk colonists from the area
## Footnote
This was a direct response to the disruption of their trade and livelihood.
80
What actions did the Scottish colonists face from the local group?
Stole farm equipment and horses, shot guns to frighten settlers
## Footnote
These actions contributed to heightened tensions in the area.
81
What natural disaster affected the Scottish colonists in 1815?
Locust infestation
## Footnote
This disaster worsened the already difficult conditions for the colonists.
82
What significant event occurred in the summer of 1815 involving many Scottish colonists?
Many loaded their belongings into canoes and left
## Footnote
This mass departure was a response to the challenges they faced.
83
Who led the armed group that challenged Gran?
Governor Robert Semple
## Footnote
His leadership was pivotal in the conflict that erupted.
84
What was the outcome of the confrontation between the Scottish colonists and the Métis?
A fierce fight ensued, resulting in the deaths of a Métis and 21 colonists
## Footnote
This marked a significant escalation in the conflict.
85
What was the name of the battle where the first organized Métis resistance occurred?
Battle of Seven Oaks
## Footnote
This battle was crucial in establishing Métis unity against the colonists.
86
What group joined the Métis to defend their common interests in June 1816?
Francophone Métis
## Footnote
This alliance was important for collective defense against external pressures.
87
What marked the beginning of the Métis nation?
The events surrounding the Battle of Seven Oaks
## Footnote
The battle united the Métis and led to a stronger identity.
88
What happened to many key individuals involved in the incidents following the Battle of Seven Oaks?
They were arrested and put on trial
## Footnote
This legal action highlighted the tensions and conflicts in the region.
89
Who was found to have opened fire first at the Battle of Seven Oaks?
One of the settlers
## Footnote
This finding shifted some blame and highlighted the chaotic nature of the conflict.
90
What were the primary issues dividing the colonists and the Métis?
Land rights and fur-trading interests
## Footnote
These issues fueled ongoing tensions in the Red River Colony.
91
Which company was prominent in the fur trade during this period?
Hudson's Bay Company
## Footnote
This company played a significant role in the economic and social dynamics of the Red River Colony.
92
Fill in the blank: The tensions between the Scottish colonists and the Metis remained _______.
high
## Footnote
This tension was a precursor to further conflicts in the region.
93
What important business for the Red River Metis involved buffalo?
The buffalo robe trade
## Footnote
The Metis had long hunted buffalo, and during the 1840s, there was increased demand for buffalo hides, which were made into blankets and coats.
94
During which decade did the demand for buffalo hides increase?
The 1840s
## Footnote
This period marked a significant rise in the demand for buffalo fur, particularly during the coldest months.
95
What factor made buffalo fur thickest?
The coldest months
## Footnote
The Metis hunters targeted this time for hunting to obtain the best quality fur.
96
How did the decline of buffalo affect the Metis hunters?
Hunters had to travel very far from the Red River Colony
## Footnote
This resulted in many Metis being away from their homes for most of the year.
97
What did some Metis give up in favor of hunting buffalo?
Farming
## Footnote
As buffalo became scarce, some Metis chose to prioritize hunting over agricultural activities.
98
Name two communities that the Metis established as they migrated west.
* Batoche (near Duck Lake, Saskatchewan)
* St. Albert (in Alberta)
## Footnote
These communities were formed as the Metis moved away from the Red River Colony.
99
In which region did the Metis settle besides Batoche and St. Albert?
The Cypress Hills in southern Saskatchewan
## Footnote
This area became another significant location for Metis settlement.
100
What role did missionaries play in the new Metis communities?
They joined the Metis and established schools
## Footnote
Missionaries contributed to the education and development of these Francophone communities.
101
True or False: The Red River Metis were uniformly content to stay in their original settlement.
False
## Footnote
Not all Metis were content to remain in the Red River Colony.
102
Fill in the blank: The Red River Metis became involved in the _______ trade.
buffalo robe
## Footnote
This trade was significant for their economy and cultural practices.
103
What did the Red River Metis believe about Rupert's Land?
They believed it belonged to them and had been living there for over 100 years.
## Footnote
The Red River Metis' connection to the land was based on their long-standing presence and reliance on its resources.
104
What were the primary livelihoods of the Red River Metis?
Farming, trapping animals, and hunting buffalo.
## Footnote
These activities were essential for their survival and cultural identity.
105
How did the Canadian government view Rupert's Land?
As a good place to send more European colonists.
## Footnote
This perspective created a conflict between the government and the Metis.
106
What significant change occurred in the 1850s regarding perceptions of the prairies?
The Canadian government sent scientific teams to study the area.
## Footnote
These studies highlighted the land's potential for farming and natural resources.
107
What did scientists report about parts of Rupert's Land?
They reported that it was well suited to farming and had a wealth of natural resources.
## Footnote
This changed the perception of the land from barren to valuable.
108
What prompted outsiders to take notice of Rupert's Land?
The scarcity of good farmland in Ontario.
## Footnote
As farmland became scarce, many looked for new areas to colonize.
109
What did many Ontarians feel about Rupert's Land during this period?
They felt it was time for Rupert's Land to join Canada.
## Footnote
This sentiment was fueled by the discovery of the land's agricultural potential.
110
How did conflicting views between the Metis and the government affect the Metis identity?
The conflicting views impacted their identity and the future of Rupert's Land.
## Footnote
The resistance highlighted the struggle between maintaining their cultural identity and the pressures of colonization.
111
Fill in the blank: The Red River Metis depended on the land for _______.
farming, trapping animals, and hunting buffalo.
112
True or False: The Canadian government initially saw the prairies as suitable for farming.
False. They believed the prairies were barren lands.
113
What did the Red River Metis believe about Rupert's Land?
They believed it belonged to them and had been living there for over 100 years.
## Footnote
The Red River Metis' connection to the land was based on their long-standing presence and reliance on its resources.
114
What were the primary livelihoods of the Red River Metis?
Farming, trapping animals, and hunting buffalo.
## Footnote
These activities were essential for their survival and cultural identity.
115
How did the Canadian government view Rupert's Land?
As a good place to send more European colonists.
## Footnote
This perspective created a conflict between the government and the Metis.
116
What significant change occurred in the 1850s regarding perceptions of the prairies?
The Canadian government sent scientific teams to study the area.
## Footnote
These studies highlighted the land's potential for farming and natural resources.
117
What did scientists report about parts of Rupert's Land?
They reported that it was well suited to farming and had a wealth of natural resources.
## Footnote
This changed the perception of the land from barren to valuable.
118
What prompted outsiders to take notice of Rupert's Land?
The scarcity of good farmland in Ontario.
## Footnote
As farmland became scarce, many looked for new areas to colonize.
119
What did many Ontarians feel about Rupert's Land during this period?
They felt it was time for Rupert's Land to join Canada.
## Footnote
This sentiment was fueled by the discovery of the land's agricultural potential.
120
How did conflicting views between the Metis and the government affect the Metis identity?
The conflicting views impacted their identity and the future of Rupert's Land.
## Footnote
The resistance highlighted the struggle between maintaining their cultural identity and the pressures of colonization.
121
Fill in the blank: The Red River Metis depended on the land for _______.
farming, trapping animals, and hunting buffalo.
122
True or False: The Canadian government initially saw the prairies as suitable for farming.
False. They believed the prairies were barren lands.
123
What was Canada ready to take control of on 1 December 1869?
Rupert's Land
## Footnote
Rupert's Land was a vast territory in North America that was under the control of the Hudson's Bay Company.
124
What action did the federal government take before taking control of Rupert's Land?
Sent surveyors to Red River
## Footnote
This action was part of the preparation for the transition of governance in the region.
125
In what year did the Red River Resistance occur?
1869
## Footnote
The Red River Resistance was a pivotal event in Canadian history, involving the Métis people and their fight for rights.
126
Fill in the blank: The Red River Resistance took place in _______.
1869
127
What event prompted the Métis to confront surveyors in October 1869?
The arrival of surveyors measuring lots along the river without informing the local First Nations and Métis
## Footnote
The surveyors were preparing for an influx of farming colonists.
128
Who did the Métis send for to communicate with the English-speaking surveyors?
Louis Riel
## Footnote
Riel was fluent in French, English, and Cree.
129
What action did Louis Riel take against the surveyors?
He stopped them and ordered them to leave Red River immediately.
130
What was the main concern of the Métis regarding the surveyors?
They were concerned about how to protect their land from being taken over.
131
What position did Louis Riel hold in the Métis Provisional Government?
President
## Footnote
He was passionate about his people's rights.
132
What was established by the Métis in December after taking control of Fort Garry?
A Métis Provisional Government.
133
What was the purpose of the Métis Bill of Rights?
To negotiate the terms of joining Canada and protect the interests of the peoples living in the territory.
134
Fill in the blank: The provisional government wanted to negotiate a Bill of Rights to protect the interests of the _______.
Métis and other peoples living in the territory.
135
True or False: The Métis Bill of Rights demanded provincial powers, including the right to elect a legislature.
True.
136
What was Louis Riel studying to become before the events at Red River?
A priest.
137
What group was made up of English-speakers originally from Ontario or Britain who supported the Canadian takeover in Red River?
Canada Party
## Footnote
The Canada Party members were opposed to the Métis resistance.
138
What action did the Métis take against members of the Canada Party?
They put them in jail
## Footnote
This included Thomas Scott, who threatened Louis Riel.
139
Who was Thomas Scott?
A 28-year-old labourer from Ontario
## Footnote
Scott was executed by a firing squad after threatening Riel and insulting his guards.
140
What was the Anglophone perspective on Thomas Scott's death?
It set the British population of Ontario against the Métis Provisional Government
## Footnote
Newspapers in Ontario called for revenge against Métis leaders.
141
What was the Francophone perspective on the Métis in Red River?
They saw the Métis as defenders of the Francophone Catholic way of life in the West
## Footnote
Many Canadiens took up the cause of the Métis.
142
What was the religious affiliation of the Red River Métis?
Francophone Roman Catholics
## Footnote
This contrasted with the Anglophone Protestant population in Ontario.
143
What historical conflict was revived in the West between colonists?
The conflict between Francophone and English-speaking colonists
## Footnote
This conflict echoed old tensions between Protestants and Catholics.
144
What did the situation at Red River become?
A national crisis
## Footnote
The events were significant enough to affect the entire nation.
145
Who was the Prime Minister involved in the creation of Manitoba?
John A. Macdonald
146
What did the Metis Provisional Government send to Ottawa?
Bill of Rights
147
What significant legislation was passed in July 1870?
The Manitoba Act
148
What was created by the Manitoba Act?
Canada's fifth province
149
What languages would be used in the government and courts of Manitoba?
Both French and English
150
How many elected members could Manitoba send to the House of Commons?
Four
151
How many members could Manitoba send to the Senate?
Two
152
What type of school systems would be established in Manitoba?
Two publicly funded school systems: one for Protestants and one for Catholics
153
What area of land was set aside for the Metis?
560,000 hectares
154
Who retained control over the natural resources of Manitoba?
The federal government
155
True or False: The Manitoba Act included a provision for a pardon for the Metis involved in the Resistance at Red River.
False
156
Fill in the blank: The compromise necessary to bring Manitoba into Canada involved _______.
various terms and agreements
157
How many soldiers were sent to Red River by the prime minister?
1200 soldiers
158
What was the stated purpose of sending soldiers to Red River?
To keep the peace and defend the territory
159
What did many Ontario volunteers believe their job was in Red River?
To punish the Métis and capture Louis Riel
160
What did the commander of the troops say about Louis Riel?
I should like to hang him from the highest tree
161
Why did Louis Riel escape to the United States?
He was in danger
162
What did the federal government agree to do regarding Riel after he escaped?
Put him on trial for the death of Thomas Scott
163
What was the consequence for Riel after his trial?
He was banished from Canada for five years
164
What did the people of Manitoba do to show support for Riel while he was in exile?
Elected him to Parliament in Ottawa
165
What happened to the Métis when the soldiers arrived at Red River?
Several Métis were killed and others were injured and beaten
166
True or False: The soldiers' arrival at Red River marked a peaceful beginning for the new province.
False
167
How many soldiers were sent to Red River by the prime minister?
1200 soldiers
168
What was the stated purpose of sending soldiers to Red River?
To keep the peace and defend the territory
169
What did many Ontario volunteers believe their job was in Red River?
To punish the Métis and capture Louis Riel
170
What did the commander of the troops say about Louis Riel?
I should like to hang him from the highest tree
171
Why did Louis Riel escape to the United States?
He was in danger
172
What did the federal government agree to do regarding Riel after he escaped?
Put him on trial for the death of Thomas Scott
173
What was the consequence for Riel after his trial?
He was banished from Canada for five years
174
What did the people of Manitoba do to show support for Riel while he was in exile?
Elected him to Parliament in Ottawa
175
What happened to the Métis when the soldiers arrived at Red River?
Several Métis were killed and others were injured and beaten
176
True or False: The soldiers' arrival at Red River marked a peaceful beginning for the new province.
False
177
What is a scrip?
A scrip is like a coupon.
178
How many acres was the Fach family supposed to receive?
240 acres (97 hectares).
179
What issues did the Métis face regarding land ownership?
Many Métis did not receive their land.
180
What was the attitude of newcomers from the East towards the Métis identity?
They did not show respect for the Métis identity and way of life.
181
What did newcomers from the East want to establish in Manitoba?
They wanted to build a society similar to Ontario.
182
True or False: The system for distributing land to the Métis worked effectively.
False.
183
Fill in the blank: The Fach family was supposed to receive a scrip giving them ownership to about _______ acres.
240
184
What was the primary demographic that Manitoba was becoming a place for?
English-speaking, Protestant farmers
## Footnote
This demographic shift led to feelings of frustration among the Metis.
185
Why did many Metis leave Manitoba?
They felt cheated and frustrated
## Footnote
They moved farther west and north to live as hunters, trappers, and farmers.
186
What alternative livelihoods did the Metis turn to as the buffalo disappeared?
Ranching, logging, and running small businesses
## Footnote
The decline of buffalo herds forced the Metis to adapt to new economic activities.
187
What example is given of a settlement where the Metis set up their own government?
The village of St Laurent
## Footnote
St Laurent was located on the South Saskatchewan River.
188
Who became the president of the Metis government in St Laurent?
Gabriel Dumont
## Footnote
He led an elected council that governed the community.
189
What were the laws in the Metis community of St Laurent based on?
The traditional rules of the buffalo hunt
## Footnote
Additional laws were created for maintaining peace.
190
True or False: The Metis were looking after their own affairs and opposing the Canadian government.
True
## Footnote
This reflects the Metis desire for self-governance.
191
What was the primary demographic that Manitoba was becoming a place for?
English-speaking, Protestant farmers
## Footnote
This demographic shift led to feelings of frustration among the Metis.
192
Why did many Metis leave Manitoba?
They felt cheated and frustrated
## Footnote
They moved farther west and north to live as hunters, trappers, and farmers.
193
What alternative livelihoods did the Metis turn to as the buffalo disappeared?
Ranching, logging, and running small businesses
## Footnote
The decline of buffalo herds forced the Metis to adapt to new economic activities.
194
What example is given of a settlement where the Metis set up their own government?
The village of St Laurent
## Footnote
St Laurent was located on the South Saskatchewan River.
195
Who became the president of the Metis government in St Laurent?
Gabriel Dumont
## Footnote
He led an elected council that governed the community.
196
What were the laws in the Metis community of St Laurent based on?
The traditional rules of the buffalo hunt
## Footnote
Additional laws were created for maintaining peace.
197
True or False: The Metis were looking after their own affairs and opposing the Canadian government.
True
## Footnote
This reflects the Metis desire for self-governance.
198
What challenges did the Métis face by the 1880s?
Starvation and poverty due to drastically reduced buffalo population
## Footnote
The reduction in buffalo affected the traditional way of life for the Métis.
199
What similar threats were faced by First Nations people in the 1880s?
Starvation and poverty
## Footnote
First Nations people were also affected by the decline in buffalo populations.
200
What option did many First Nations people have in response to their challenges?
Make treaties with the Canadian government
## Footnote
Treaties were a means to negotiate rights and resources.
201
Fill in the blank: By the 1880s, the Métis faced challenges such as _______ and poverty.
starvation
202
True or False: The Métis and First Nations faced the same challenges in the 1880s.
True
203
Fill in the blank: Many First Nations people had no other option but to make _______ with the Canadian government.
treaties
204
What did government officials in Saskatchewan warn Ottawa about?
Growing tension in Manitoba and potential Mètis uprising
## Footnote
The warnings were ignored as federal politicians prioritized other issues.
205
What was the federal government's priority regarding the Canadian Pacific Railway?
Westward expansion and encouraging colonization of the prairies
## Footnote
The CPR was seen as crucial for developing the land.
206
What was the purpose of building the Canadian Pacific Railway through the prairies?
To encourage colonists to move into the prairies and develop the land
## Footnote
This was a key strategy for the federal government.
207
True or False: The federal politicians listened to warnings about the Mètis uprising.
False
## Footnote
They were focused on the expansion of the CPR instead.
208
Fill in the blank: Government officials in Saskatchewan were aware of growing tension in _______.
Manitoba
209
What groups sent concerns to the government regarding the situation?
Mètis and First Nations
## Footnote
They were concerned about the implications of government actions.
210
Who led the Métis in setting up their own government at Batoche?
Louis Riel
211
What did the Métis send to Ottawa as part of their demands?
A Bill of Rights
212
What were two main demands of the Métis in their Bill of Rights?
* Solve the land issue
* Create two new provinces west of Manitoba
213
What did Riel suggest when the government did not respond to Métis complaints?
Take up arms
214
Who was a strong supporter of Riel and was named general of the Métis forces?
Dumont
215
Fill in the blank: The Métis were outnumbered and many did not want to go to _______.
battle
216
What happened on March 26 during the conflict?
The Métis defeated a group of North West Mounted Police
217
What actions did Métis women take during the battle?
* Carried food
* Delivered messages
* Provided supplies
* Melted down lead plates to make bullets
218
What did the Métis resort to firing when they ran out of bullets?
Stones and nails
219
How long did the fighting last before the Métis surrendered?
Three days
220
What was the approximate number of Métis and their allies who surrendered?
200 to 300
221
How many soldiers from Ontario died during the fighting?
53
222
True or False: The resistance of the Métis was ultimately successful.
False
223
How many Indigenous people were killed during the conflict?
35
224
What was the primary strategy used by the Métis during the battle at Batoche?
Firing at government troops from the shelter of their trenches
225
What was the fate of Louis Riel following the resistance?
He surrendered, stood trial for treason, and was sentenced to hang
226
Who delayed the execution of Louis Riel and why?
Macdonald delayed it due to an upcoming federal election and the need to side with Ontario
227
On what date was Louis Riel executed?
16 November 1885
228
What reaction did the news of Riel's execution provoke in Québec?
Flags were dropped to half-mast and Macdonald was burned in effigy in the streets
229
True or False: The Canadiens blamed English Canadians in Ontario for Riel's death.
True
230
Fill in the blank: The execution of Riel confirmed the suspicions of the Canadiens that their Confederation partnership with English Canada was _______.
unequal
231
What was the significance of Louis Riel's trial and execution in the context of Canadian politics?
It highlighted the tensions between French and English Canadians
232
What did Macdonald reportedly say regarding Riel's execution?
"Riel shall hang though every dog in Quebec shall bark."
233
What did the Métis demand in their Bill of Rights?
Two new provinces in the North-West Territories
## Footnote
The Métis sought recognition and rights within the framework of Canada.
234
What did the government begin issuing to the Métis people at Red River?
Scrip (certificates for land)
## Footnote
This was a response to previous grievances regarding land allocation.
235
Why did the Métis sell their scrip at much less than it was worth?
They remembered the difficulty of obtaining land during the last issuance of scrip
## Footnote
This historical context influenced their decision to sell rather than hold onto the scrip.
236
Who were Mistahimaskwa and Pitikwahanapiwiyin?
Leaders who made efforts on behalf of their people
## Footnote
They are notable figures in the history of Indigenous resistance in Canada.
237
What was the consequence for Aboriginal people in the West for their role in the resistance?
They were punished severely, including the halting of government food rations
## Footnote
This punishment was disproportionate, affecting entire communities regardless of individual involvement.
238
How many First Nations men were found guilty of crimes related to the resistance?
44 First Nations men
## Footnote
Eight were hanged, while the rest were imprisoned.
239
What restrictions were placed on First Nations people following the resistance?
They were told to stay on their reserves unless given permission to travel
## Footnote
This aimed to suppress further resistance and allowed for European settlement expansion.
240
What did the restrictions on First Nations open up for European farmers?
Land for more European farmers
## Footnote
The restrictions facilitated European expansion into Indigenous territories.
241
What did the Métis strive for as an independent nation?
Rights equal to those enjoyed by people in other provinces
## Footnote
Their attempts for peaceful negotiations were largely ignored by the government.
242
What was the impact of the resistance on the Métis struggle?
It set back their struggle to be recognized as a distinct people
## Footnote
The government, supported by the army, gained firm control of the West.
243
True or False: The government of Canada addressed all issues that led to the violence of 1885.
False
## Footnote
Many issues remained unresolved and continued to affect relations between the Métis and the government.
