OC2: European Explorers Flashcards
What tribe primarily fished off the Atlantic?
The tribe primarily fishing off the Atlantic was the Miˋkmaq.
What European culture first landed in Newfoundland?
The first European culture to land in Newfoundland was the Vikings in 1000 AD.
This refers to the Norse exploration led by Leif Erikson around 1000 AD.
What French explorer first went down the St. Lawrence River?
The French explorer who first went down the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier.
This explorer is known for his mapping and claiming of the region for France.
What First Nations tribe first made contact with British explorers?
The First Nations tribe that first made contact with British explorers was the Beothuk.
This highlights the early interactions between Indigenous peoples and European explorers.
Who was Donnaconna?
Donnaconna was a leader of the Haudenosaunee that helped interactions with Europeans.
He was a leader of the St. Lawrence ˋIroquoisˋ tribe who interacted with European explorers.
What happened to Donnaconna and what explorer did this to him?
Donnaconna was kidnapped by Jacques Cartier along with nine othre Haudenosaunee captives.
This event marks significant moments in the interactions between Indigenous leaders and European explorers.
What is scurvy?
Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C.
What was John Cabot’s real name?
John Cabot’s real name was Giovanni Caboto.
His Italian name reflects his origins before he explored for England.
What area did Cabot explore?
North America
John Cabot is credited with exploring parts of North America in 1497.
What area did Samuel de Champlain explore?
Canada
Samuel de Champlain is known for his exploration of Canada, particularly the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes.
What were the main reasons for Champlain’s exploration of North America?
Trade, mapping, and establishing French colonies
Champlain aimed to expand French influence and trade in North America.
What area did Henry Hudson explore?
Hudson River and Hudson Bay
Henry Hudson explored parts of present-day New York and Canada.
What area did Jacques Cartier explore?
St. Lawrence River
Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River and claimed Canada for France.
In what specific area did Cartier raise a cross for France and the Catholic Church?
Gaspé Peninsula
Cartier raised a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1534.
What did Alexander Mackenzie explore?
Northwest Canada
Alexander Mackenzie was the first to reach the Pacific Ocean overland from North America.
What is tuberculosis?
A contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Who was the Father of New France?
Samuel de Champlain
Champlain is often referred to as the Father of New France for his role in establishing the French presence in North America.
What European explorer called the natives ‘savages’?
Christopher Columbus
Columbus referred to indigenous peoples he encountered in the Americas as ‘savages.’
What is an epidemic?
An outbreak of a disease that spreads rapidly and affects many individuals in a population
Epidemics can occur in specific geographic areas or can be more widespread.
List the chronological order from first to last that the explorers came to North America.
Cabot, Cartier, Champlain, Hudson, Mackenzie
This order reflects the timeline of their explorations in North America.
Who was John Franklin?
A British explorer known for his Arctic expeditions
John Franklin is noted for leading expeditions to the Arctic in search of the Northwest Passage.
What happened on John Franklin’s mission?
His expedition became trapped in ice and was lost
Franklin’s last expedition in 1845 aimed to find the Northwest Passage but ended in tragedy.
How many of Franklin’s crew survived this mission?
Only one crew member survived.
What First Nations tribe first made contact with British explorers not including the Vikings from 1000 AD who found the Inuit?
In 1498, Caboto was the first European to land in this region of North America since the Vikings, but historians do not know exactly where he landed. Caboto likely found what is now Newfoundland (where the Beothuk people were) on his second voyage.
What happened to overland trade routes between Europe and Asia in the 1300s?
They became disrupted.
Which empire supported and protected the trade routes before their decline?
The Mongol Empire.
What empires gained power as the Mongol Empire started to decline?
The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty.
What effect did the disruption of trade with Asia have on the prices of Asian silk and spices in Europe?
Prices went up.
Why did the prices of Asian goods increase in Europe?
Due to supply and demand.
What is the definition of ‘disruption’?
Breaking an established way of doing things.
What does ‘diminish’ mean?
To become less.
What opportunity did some Europeans see in the disruption of trade?
If they could secure a supply of trade goods from Asia, they would make a fortune.
What happened to overland trade routes between Europe and Asia in the 1300s?
They became disrupted.
Which empire supported and protected the trade routes before their decline?
The Mongol Empire.
What empires gained power as the Mongol Empire started to decline?
The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty.
What effect did the disruption of trade with Asia have on the prices of Asian silk and spices in Europe?
Prices went up.
Why did the prices of Asian goods increase in Europe?
Due to supply and demand.
What is the definition of ‘disruption’?
Breaking an established way of doing things.
What does ‘diminish’ mean?
To become less.
What opportunity did some Europeans see in the disruption of trade?
If they could secure a supply of trade goods from Asia, they would make a fortune.
What does the term ‘manoeuvre’ mean?
to steer
What economic opportunity challenged Europeans in reaching Asia?
Disrupted land routes
What was one alternative to traveling by land to reach Asia?
Travel by sea
What were some risks associated with sea travel in the 1300s?
Ships were slow, difficult to steer, getting lost, bad weather
What misconception did people have about the world during the 1300s?
The world was flat
What hindered Europeans from establishing new trade routes to Asia for almost a century?
Problems posed by sea travel
In the 1400s, what advancements did Europeans make to improve sea travel?
Designed faster ships and used navigational instruments
What navigational instruments did Europeans adopt in the 1400s?
Compass and astrolabe
What does a compass do?
Tells you your direction of travel
What is the function of an astrolabe?
Estimates location using the sun or stars
Fill in the blank: During the 1400s, Europeans began to design ships that were faster and easier to _______.
manoeuvre
True or False: The astrolabe helps sailors determine their direction.
False
What were ancient civilizations that contributed to the development of navigational instruments?
Greeks, Arabs, Chinese
Who were the first Europeans to utilize new ships and instruments for exploration?
The Portuguese
They aimed to find an eastern sea route to Asia.
What was the Portuguese strategy for finding a route to Asia?
Sail east around Africa
The Mediterranean Sea was well known and well mapped.
What significant milestone did Bartolomeu Dias achieve in 1488?
Rounded Africa’s southern tip, the Cape of Good Hope
This led to Portuguese ships arriving in India.
What was the Portuguese intention regarding the eastern sea route to Asia?
Control the route and prevent other Europeans from sharing trade
They wanted to monopolize trade in Asian goods.
What alternative route to Asia did Christopher Columbus propose?
Sailing west to find the east
Columbus believed this would lead him to Asia.
True or False: The Portuguese believed that the eastern sea route to Asia lay through the Mediterranean Sea.
False
They understood that the Mediterranean was well known and did not offer an eastern route.
What was the primary goal of the Portuguese in their exploration efforts?
To find a direct sea route to Asia for trade
This was motivated by the desire for access to Asian goods.
Fill in the blank: Bartolomeu Dias rounded Africa’s southern tip known as the _______.
Cape of Good Hope
This event was crucial for future explorations to India.
What geographical challenge did the Portuguese face in their quest for a route to Asia?
The known limitations of the Mediterranean Sea
They had to seek alternative routes around Africa.
What period did the disruption of overland trade routes between Europe and Asia occur?
1300s-1400s
This disruption prompted exploration for new trade routes.
What is a sponsor?
A person or organization that contributes to a project or activity by paying for it
Sponsors provide financial support to enable projects or activities to take place.
Who was Columbus?
An Italian sailor, businessman, and adventurer
Columbus is known for his 1492 voyage that led to the European awareness of the American continents.
What did Columbus seek in his expedition?
To find Asia
Columbus believed that by sailing west, he could reach Asia more directly.
Who sponsored Columbus’s expedition?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
They provided the funding for Columbus’s journey in 1492.
What was the deal between Columbus and the Spanish monarchy?
Spain would take ninety percent of the profits, and Columbus would keep the rest
This deal was contingent upon Columbus successfully finding Asia.
Where did Columbus actually land in 1492?
The Caribbean
Columbus did not reach Asia but instead encountered the islands of the Caribbean.
What did Spanish explorers find in Central and South America?
The gold of the Aztec and Incan empires
These empires were rich in gold, which attracted Spanish explorers and led to further expeditions.
What actions did the Spanish take regarding the gold they found?
They plundered the gold and enslaved the people to work in the mines
This led to significant wealth for Spain and devastating impacts on indigenous populations.
What was the impact of gold from the Americas on Spain?
Made Spain the most powerful country in Europe at that time
The influx of wealth from the Americas contributed to Spain’s dominance in Europe.
Fill in the blank: Columbus was an Italian sailor, but he was also a _______.
[businessman and adventurer]
True or False: Columbus successfully found Asia during his expedition.
False
Columbus instead landed in the Caribbean, marking the beginning of European exploration in the Americas.
What year did Caboto undertake his first voyage?
1497
What was Caboto’s nationality?
Italian
What was significant about Caboto’s landing in North America?
He was the first European to land in this region since the Vikings.
Where is it believed that Caboto landed?
The exact location is unknown.
In what year did Caboto undertake his second voyage?
1498
What happened during Caboto’s second voyage?
He was lost at sea, probably off the coast of Newfoundland.
Fill in the blank: Caboto was the first European to land in North America since the _______.
Vikings
What ocean did Caboto navigate during his voyages?
Atlantic Ocean
Approximately how far did Caboto travel into the Atlantic Ocean?
500 km
Which countries became interested in western exploration after Columbus’s voyages?
Britain, France, and the Netherlands
Why did Britain, France, and the Netherlands focus on northern routes for exploration?
Because Spain controlled the route to the Caribbean
Who did these countries often choose to lead their exploratory ventures?
Italian navigators
What was the significance of Italian navigators during this period?
They had become the most experienced sailors in Europe
In what year did Giovanni Caboto lead an English expedition to Newfoundland?
1497
What did Caboto report about the seas off Newfoundland?
They were full of cod, allowing fish to be scooped up by the basketful
What pattern did European ships follow when fishing off the east coast of Canada?
They arrived in summer and returned home in winter
What activities did the ships engage in while onshore?
Drying their catch and replenishing their supplies of fresh water
Which indigenous peoples did European ships encounter on the east coast?
The Mi’kmaq and the Beothuk
