OC2: European Explorers Flashcards
1
Q
What tribe primarily fished off the Atlantic?
A
The tribe primarily fishing off the Atlantic was the Miˋkmaq.
2
Q
What European culture first landed in Newfoundland?
A
The first European culture to land in Newfoundland was the Vikings in 1000 AD.
This refers to the Norse exploration led by Leif Erikson around 1000 AD.
3
Q
What French explorer first went down the St. Lawrence River?
A
The French explorer who first went down the St. Lawrence River was Jacques Cartier.
This explorer is known for his mapping and claiming of the region for France.
4
Q
What First Nations tribe first made contact with British explorers?
A
The First Nations tribe that first made contact with British explorers was the Beothuk.
This highlights the early interactions between Indigenous peoples and European explorers.
5
Q
Who was Donnaconna?
A
Donnaconna was a leader of the Haudenosaunee that helped interactions with Europeans.
He was a leader of the St. Lawrence ˋIroquoisˋ tribe who interacted with European explorers.
6
Q
What happened to Donnaconna and what explorer did this to him?
A
Donnaconna was kidnapped by Jacques Cartier along with nine othre Haudenosaunee captives.
This event marks significant moments in the interactions between Indigenous leaders and European explorers.
7
Q
What is scurvy?
A
Scurvy is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C.
8
Q
What was John Cabot’s real name?
A
John Cabot’s real name was Giovanni Caboto.
His Italian name reflects his origins before he explored for England.
9
Q
What area did Cabot explore?
A
North America
John Cabot is credited with exploring parts of North America in 1497.
10
Q
What area did Samuel de Champlain explore?
A
Canada
Samuel de Champlain is known for his exploration of Canada, particularly the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes.
11
Q
What were the main reasons for Champlain’s exploration of North America?
A
Trade, mapping, and establishing French colonies
Champlain aimed to expand French influence and trade in North America.
12
Q
What area did Henry Hudson explore?
A
Hudson River and Hudson Bay
Henry Hudson explored parts of present-day New York and Canada.
13
Q
What area did Jacques Cartier explore?
A
St. Lawrence River
Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River and claimed Canada for France.
14
Q
In what specific area did Cartier raise a cross for France and the Catholic Church?
A
Gaspé Peninsula
Cartier raised a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1534.
15
Q
What did Alexander Mackenzie explore?
A
Northwest Canada
Alexander Mackenzie was the first to reach the Pacific Ocean overland from North America.
16
Q
What is tuberculosis?
A
A contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
17
Q
Who was the Father of New France?
A
Samuel de Champlain
Champlain is often referred to as the Father of New France for his role in establishing the French presence in North America.
18
Q
What European explorer called the natives ‘savages’?
A
Christopher Columbus
Columbus referred to indigenous peoples he encountered in the Americas as ‘savages.’
19
Q
What is an epidemic?
A
An outbreak of a disease that spreads rapidly and affects many individuals in a population
Epidemics can occur in specific geographic areas or can be more widespread.
20
Q
List the chronological order from first to last that the explorers came to North America.
A
Cabot, Cartier, Champlain, Hudson, Mackenzie
This order reflects the timeline of their explorations in North America.
21
Q
Who was John Franklin?
A
A British explorer known for his Arctic expeditions
John Franklin is noted for leading expeditions to the Arctic in search of the Northwest Passage.
22
Q
What happened on John Franklin’s mission?
A
His expedition became trapped in ice and was lost
Franklin’s last expedition in 1845 aimed to find the Northwest Passage but ended in tragedy.
23
Q
How many of Franklin’s crew survived this mission?
A
Only one crew member survived.
24
Q
What First Nations tribe first made contact with British explorers not including the Vikings from 1000 AD who found the Inuit?
A
In 1498, Caboto was the first European to land in this region of North America since the Vikings, but historians do not know exactly where he landed. Caboto likely found what is now Newfoundland (where the Beothuk people were) on his second voyage.
25
What happened to overland trade routes between Europe and Asia in the 1300s?
They became disrupted.
26
Which empire supported and protected the trade routes before their decline?
The Mongol Empire.
27
What empires gained power as the Mongol Empire started to decline?
The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty.
28
What effect did the disruption of trade with Asia have on the prices of Asian silk and spices in Europe?
Prices went up.
29
Why did the prices of Asian goods increase in Europe?
Due to supply and demand.
30
What is the definition of 'disruption'?
Breaking an established way of doing things.
31
What does 'diminish' mean?
To become less.
32
What opportunity did some Europeans see in the disruption of trade?
If they could secure a supply of trade goods from Asia, they would make a fortune.
33
What happened to overland trade routes between Europe and Asia in the 1300s?
They became disrupted.
34
Which empire supported and protected the trade routes before their decline?
The Mongol Empire.
35
What empires gained power as the Mongol Empire started to decline?
The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty.
36
What effect did the disruption of trade with Asia have on the prices of Asian silk and spices in Europe?
Prices went up.
37
Why did the prices of Asian goods increase in Europe?
Due to supply and demand.
38
What is the definition of 'disruption'?
Breaking an established way of doing things.
39
What does 'diminish' mean?
To become less.
40
What opportunity did some Europeans see in the disruption of trade?
If they could secure a supply of trade goods from Asia, they would make a fortune.
41
What does the term 'manoeuvre' mean?
to steer
42
What economic opportunity challenged Europeans in reaching Asia?
Disrupted land routes
43
What was one alternative to traveling by land to reach Asia?
Travel by sea
44
What were some risks associated with sea travel in the 1300s?
Ships were slow, difficult to steer, getting lost, bad weather
45
What misconception did people have about the world during the 1300s?
The world was flat
46
What hindered Europeans from establishing new trade routes to Asia for almost a century?
Problems posed by sea travel
47
In the 1400s, what advancements did Europeans make to improve sea travel?
Designed faster ships and used navigational instruments
48
What navigational instruments did Europeans adopt in the 1400s?
Compass and astrolabe
49
What does a compass do?
Tells you your direction of travel
50
What is the function of an astrolabe?
Estimates location using the sun or stars
51
Fill in the blank: During the 1400s, Europeans began to design ships that were faster and easier to _______.
manoeuvre
52
True or False: The astrolabe helps sailors determine their direction.
False
53
What were ancient civilizations that contributed to the development of navigational instruments?
Greeks, Arabs, Chinese
54
Who were the first Europeans to utilize new ships and instruments for exploration?
The Portuguese
## Footnote
They aimed to find an eastern sea route to Asia.
55
What was the Portuguese strategy for finding a route to Asia?
Sail east around Africa
## Footnote
The Mediterranean Sea was well known and well mapped.
56
What significant milestone did Bartolomeu Dias achieve in 1488?
Rounded Africa's southern tip, the Cape of Good Hope
## Footnote
This led to Portuguese ships arriving in India.
57
What was the Portuguese intention regarding the eastern sea route to Asia?
Control the route and prevent other Europeans from sharing trade
## Footnote
They wanted to monopolize trade in Asian goods.
58
What alternative route to Asia did Christopher Columbus propose?
Sailing west to find the east
## Footnote
Columbus believed this would lead him to Asia.
59
True or False: The Portuguese believed that the eastern sea route to Asia lay through the Mediterranean Sea.
False
## Footnote
They understood that the Mediterranean was well known and did not offer an eastern route.
60
What was the primary goal of the Portuguese in their exploration efforts?
To find a direct sea route to Asia for trade
## Footnote
This was motivated by the desire for access to Asian goods.
61
Fill in the blank: Bartolomeu Dias rounded Africa's southern tip known as the _______.
Cape of Good Hope
## Footnote
This event was crucial for future explorations to India.
62
What geographical challenge did the Portuguese face in their quest for a route to Asia?
The known limitations of the Mediterranean Sea
## Footnote
They had to seek alternative routes around Africa.
63
What period did the disruption of overland trade routes between Europe and Asia occur?
1300s-1400s
## Footnote
This disruption prompted exploration for new trade routes.
64
What is a sponsor?
A person or organization that contributes to a project or activity by paying for it
## Footnote
Sponsors provide financial support to enable projects or activities to take place.
65
Who was Columbus?
An Italian sailor, businessman, and adventurer
## Footnote
Columbus is known for his 1492 voyage that led to the European awareness of the American continents.
66
What did Columbus seek in his expedition?
To find Asia
## Footnote
Columbus believed that by sailing west, he could reach Asia more directly.
67
Who sponsored Columbus's expedition?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
## Footnote
They provided the funding for Columbus's journey in 1492.
68
What was the deal between Columbus and the Spanish monarchy?
Spain would take ninety percent of the profits, and Columbus would keep the rest
## Footnote
This deal was contingent upon Columbus successfully finding Asia.
69
Where did Columbus actually land in 1492?
The Caribbean
## Footnote
Columbus did not reach Asia but instead encountered the islands of the Caribbean.
70
What did Spanish explorers find in Central and South America?
The gold of the Aztec and Incan empires
## Footnote
These empires were rich in gold, which attracted Spanish explorers and led to further expeditions.
71
What actions did the Spanish take regarding the gold they found?
They plundered the gold and enslaved the people to work in the mines
## Footnote
This led to significant wealth for Spain and devastating impacts on indigenous populations.
72
What was the impact of gold from the Americas on Spain?
Made Spain the most powerful country in Europe at that time
## Footnote
The influx of wealth from the Americas contributed to Spain's dominance in Europe.
73
Fill in the blank: Columbus was an Italian sailor, but he was also a _______.
[businessman and adventurer]
74
True or False: Columbus successfully found Asia during his expedition.
False
## Footnote
Columbus instead landed in the Caribbean, marking the beginning of European exploration in the Americas.
75
What year did Caboto undertake his first voyage?
1497
76
What was Caboto's nationality?
Italian
77
What was significant about Caboto's landing in North America?
He was the first European to land in this region since the Vikings.
78
Where is it believed that Caboto landed?
The exact location is unknown.
79
In what year did Caboto undertake his second voyage?
1498
80
What happened during Caboto's second voyage?
He was lost at sea, probably off the coast of Newfoundland.
81
Fill in the blank: Caboto was the first European to land in North America since the _______.
Vikings
82
What ocean did Caboto navigate during his voyages?
Atlantic Ocean
83
Approximately how far did Caboto travel into the Atlantic Ocean?
500 km
84
Which countries became interested in western exploration after Columbus's voyages?
Britain, France, and the Netherlands
85
Why did Britain, France, and the Netherlands focus on northern routes for exploration?
Because Spain controlled the route to the Caribbean
86
Who did these countries often choose to lead their exploratory ventures?
Italian navigators
87
What was the significance of Italian navigators during this period?
They had become the most experienced sailors in Europe
88
In what year did Giovanni Caboto lead an English expedition to Newfoundland?
1497
89
What did Caboto report about the seas off Newfoundland?
They were full of cod, allowing fish to be scooped up by the basketful
90
What pattern did European ships follow when fishing off the east coast of Canada?
They arrived in summer and returned home in winter
91
What activities did the ships engage in while onshore?
Drying their catch and replenishing their supplies of fresh water
92
Which indigenous peoples did European ships encounter on the east coast?
The Mi'kmaq and the Beothuk
93
What type of results did the encounters with indigenous peoples yield?
Both positive and negative results
94
Fill in the blank: After Columbus's voyages, Britain, France, and the Netherlands became interested in _______.
western exploration
95
True or False: Giovanni Caboto was an English sailor.
False
96
Fill in the blank: Italian navigators were chosen for exploration because Italy dominated _______.
Europe's trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea
97
What was a major resource found by Caboto in Newfoundland?
Cod
98
What time of year did European ships fish off the Canadian coast?
Summer
99
What did the ships do during winter?
Returned home
100
What is the primary goal of exploration as noted in the context of European exploration?
To build an empire and dominate other lands and peoples
## Footnote
This goal is known as imperialism.
101
What does the term 'imperialism' refer to?
A policy on the part of a ruler or government of one territory to dominate other territories
## Footnote
Imperialism involves political, economic, and cultural domination.
102
In what year did Giovanni Caboto sail with a commission from England's king?
1497
## Footnote
Caboto's voyage was part of England's imperial ambitions.
103
What authority was granted to Giovanni Caboto by his commission?
Full authority to conquer, occupy and possess lands newly found by them for England
## Footnote
This reflects the aggressive nature of European exploration.
104
Fill in the blank: The goal of exploration was to build an _______.
[empire]
105
True or False: The exploration by European monarchs and merchants was solely for trade purposes.
False
## Footnote
The exploration aimed primarily at imperial expansion.
106
What did the commission given to Caboto signify about the intentions of European powers?
It signified a desire to claim and control new territories
## Footnote
This reflects the competitive nature of European nations during the Age of Exploration.
107
What is the primary goal of exploration as noted in the context of European exploration?
To build an empire and dominate other lands and peoples
## Footnote
This goal is known as imperialism.
108
What does the term 'imperialism' refer to?
A policy on the part of a ruler or government of one territory to dominate other territories
## Footnote
Imperialism involves political, economic, and cultural domination.
109
In what year did Giovanni Caboto sail with a commission from England's king?
1497
## Footnote
Caboto's voyage was part of England's imperial ambitions.
110
What authority was granted to Giovanni Caboto by his commission?
Full authority to conquer, occupy and possess lands newly found by them for England
## Footnote
This reflects the aggressive nature of European exploration.
111
Fill in the blank: The goal of exploration was to build an _______.
[empire]
112
True or False: The exploration by European monarchs and merchants was solely for trade purposes.
False
## Footnote
The exploration aimed primarily at imperial expansion.
113
What did the commission given to Caboto signify about the intentions of European powers?
It signified a desire to claim and control new territories
## Footnote
This reflects the competitive nature of European nations during the Age of Exploration.
114
When did the Mi'kmaq begin regular contact with Europeans?
In the late 1400s
115
Who was the explorer associated with the British expedition that initiated contact with the Mi'kmaq?
Giovanni Caboto
116
What type of activity were Europeans engaged in off the east coast of Canada when they encountered the Mi'kmaq?
Fishing
117
What did the Mi'kmaq and Europeans weigh when they began to encounter each other?
The advantages of trading
118
Fill in the blank: The Mi'kmaq came into regular contact with Europeans starting in the _______.
late 1400s
119
True or False: The Mi'kmaq only engaged in fishing with Europeans.
False
120
When did the Mi'kmaq begin regular contact with Europeans?
In the late 1400s
121
Who was the explorer associated with the British expedition that initiated contact with the Mi'kmaq?
Giovanni Caboto
122
What type of activity were Europeans engaged in off the east coast of Canada when they encountered the Mi'kmaq?
Fishing
123
What did the Mi'kmaq and Europeans weigh when they began to encounter each other?
The advantages of trading
124
Fill in the blank: The Mi'kmaq came into regular contact with Europeans starting in the _______.
late 1400s
125
True or False: The Mi'kmaq only engaged in fishing with Europeans.
False
126
What is a settlement?
A place where people live permanently, such as a village.
127
Define a colony.
A region claimed and governed by a country from another part of the world.
128
What was the relationship between the Beothuk and Europeans in the 1500s?
They did not establish a friendly trading relationship.
129
Why is it difficult for historians to answer questions about the Beothuk?
No Beothuk people survive today.
130
What do the oral histories of the Mi'kmaq provide regarding the Beothuk?
Some information about the Beothuk culture.
131
What was the imperialist attitude of the French and British towards Newfoundland?
They did not question whether they had the right to set up fishing camps and settlements.
132
What did the French and British fishing camps interfere with?
Traditional fishing areas that the Beothuk needed for survival.
133
What action did the Beothuk take against French and British fishing camps?
They took equipment from the camps.
134
What was the outcome of the Beothuk taking equipment from fishing camps?
It led to conflict between the Beothuk and the Europeans.
135
In what year did Newfoundland become a British colony?
1713.
136
What resulted from the arrival of more British settlers in Newfoundland?
Increased conflict with the Beothuk.
137
What factors contributed to the extinction of the Beothuk?
Loss of food supply and European diseases.
138
Fill in the blank: The Beothuk people lived in _______.
Newfoundland.
139
True or False: The Beothuk and Europeans established a friendly trading relationship.
False.
140
What is a settlement?
A place where people live permanently, such as a village.
141
Define a colony.
A region claimed and governed by a country from another part of the world.
142
What was the relationship between the Beothuk and Europeans in the 1500s?
They did not establish a friendly trading relationship.
143
Why is it difficult for historians to answer questions about the Beothuk?
No Beothuk people survive today.
144
What do the oral histories of the Mi'kmaq provide regarding the Beothuk?
Some information about the Beothuk culture.
145
What was the imperialist attitude of the French and British towards Newfoundland?
They did not question whether they had the right to set up fishing camps and settlements.
146
What did the French and British fishing camps interfere with?
Traditional fishing areas that the Beothuk needed for survival.
147
What action did the Beothuk take against French and British fishing camps?
They took equipment from the camps.
148
What was the outcome of the Beothuk taking equipment from fishing camps?
It led to conflict between the Beothuk and the Europeans.
149
In what year did Newfoundland become a British colony?
1713.
150
What resulted from the arrival of more British settlers in Newfoundland?
Increased conflict with the Beothuk.
151
What factors contributed to the extinction of the Beothuk?
Loss of food supply and European diseases.
152
Fill in the blank: The Beothuk people lived in _______.
Newfoundland.
153
True or False: The Beothuk and Europeans established a friendly trading relationship.
False.
154
What was the initial approach of British settlers towards the Beothuk in Newfoundland?
The British settlers attempted to establish friendly relations with the Beothuk, who avoided contact.
155
What was the outcome of the British attempts to engage with the Beothuk?
The attempts ended violently and failed.
156
Who was Shawnadithit?
A young Beothuk woman captured by British trappers in 1823.
157
What tragic event occurred when Shawnadithit was captured?
Her father drowned trying to rescue her and her family.
158
What happened to Shawnadithit's mother and sister after their capture?
They soon died.
159
What did Shawnadithit do after her family died?
She walked back to St. John's, unable to contact her people.
160
Who was William Cormack?
A British settler who sought to record Beothuk culture and history.
161
What challenge did William Cormack face in documenting Beothuk culture?
He did not speak Shawnadithit's language.
162
What illness was Shawnadithit suffering from when Cormack tried to document her culture?
Tuberculosis.
163
In what year did Shawnadithit die?
1829.
164
Fill in the blank: Shawnadithit was the last of her _______.
people.
165
True or False: The British settlers successfully established lasting relations with the Beothuk.
False.
166
Who sponsored the expedition led by Giovanni da Verrazano in 1524?
Henri II, King of France
## Footnote
This expedition aimed to explore the coast of North America.
167
What was the primary goal of Verrazano's expedition?
To explore the coast of North America and determine if Columbus's and Caboto's claims were connected.
## Footnote
This exploration helped establish geographical connections between claimed lands.
168
In what year did Jacques Cartier embark on his expedition to North America?
1534
## Footnote
This was ten years after Verrazano's expedition.
169
What was the mission given to Jacques Cartier by King Henri II?
To find a passage to Asia and to discover islands and lands with gold and precious resources.
## Footnote
Cartier's mission was distinct from Verrazano's exploration.
170
What was the significance of the exploration by Cartier in relation to the search for gold?
It aimed to discover lands where a great quantity of gold and other precious things were rumored to exist.
## Footnote
This reflects the European interest in exploiting resources in the New World.
171
Fill in the blank: Jacques Cartier's expedition was sponsored by _______.
Henri II, King of France
## Footnote
This sponsorship was part of France's efforts to explore North America.
172
What year did Jacques Cartier embark on his first voyage?
1534
173
What year did Jacques Cartier embark on his second voyage?
1536
174
What were the dates of Cartier's third voyage?
1541-1543
175
Which route did Cartier's third voyage follow?
A similar route to his second voyage
176
What was the name of the area now known as Quebec that Cartier visited?
Stadacona
177
What was the name of the area now known as Montreal that Cartier visited?
Hochelaga
178
Fill in the blank: Cartier's first voyage began in _______.
1534
179
True or False: Cartier's second voyage took place in 1541.
False
180
Fill in the blank: Cartier's third voyage lasted from 1541 to _______.
1543
181
What body of water is associated with Cartier's explorations?
Hudson Bay
182
What disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin C?
Scurvy
## Footnote
Scurvy results in internal bleeding and other health issues.
183
What does immunity refer to?
The ability of the body to fight off infection
## Footnote
Immunity is crucial for health and disease prevention.
184
Where did Cartier spend a difficult winter during his second voyage?
Stadacona
## Footnote
Cartier's crew faced challenges including illness and potential conflict with local people.
185
What was the source of the cure for Cartier's crew's scurvy?
A tea rich in Vitamin C made from the needles of the white cedar tree
## Footnote
The local people of Stadacona provided this remedy.
186
What did Cartier plan to do with Donnacona?
Take him to France
## Footnote
Cartier wanted Donnacona to tell the king about the lands of the west.
187
What did Donnacona assure Cartier about the west?
There are immense quantities of gold, rubies, and other rich things
## Footnote
This claim motivated Cartier's exploration and actions.
188
What happened to the five people Cartier seized from Stadacona?
All of them died in France due to lack of immunity to European diseases
## Footnote
This highlights the impact of European diseases on indigenous populations.
189
True or False: Cartier's crew was openly suffering from scurvy.
False
## Footnote
Cartier tried to hide the extent of the illness from the Stadaconans.
190
Fill in the blank: Cartier's crew grew sick with _______.
scurvy
## Footnote
This illness severely impacted their health during the voyage.
191
What is smallpox?
A disease that causes the skin to break out (pox) accompanied by a high fever.
192
Who was Samuel de Champlain?
A French explorer who retraced Cartier's voyages and explored the St. Lawrence River.
193
What significant event occurred in 1603 regarding French interest in North America?
A new phase of French interest began with Samuel de Champlain's exploration.
194
What was the first French colony established in North America?
Port-Royal in Acadia.
195
In what year did Champlain establish a settlement at Quebec?
1608.
196
What happened to Stadacona?
Historians are unsure but believe it may have been eradicated by war or disease.
197
What epidemic may have impacted the Stadaconans?
Smallpox or another European disease.
198
What did Cartier describe about the Stadaconans?
He noted an epidemic among them.
199
What did Champlain do from the French settlement at Quebec?
He traveled deep into the interior of North America.
200
True or False: The French did not sponsor any official expeditions to Canada after Cartier for fifty years.
True.
201
Fill in the blank: Samuel de Champlain established a settlement at _______.
Quebec.
202
What was Tadoussac known for?
An Innu trading center.
203
What First Nations group was mentioned as possibly being in conflict with the Stadaconans?
The Haudenosaunee.
204
What is smallpox?
A disease that causes the skin to break out (pox) accompanied by a high fever.
205
Who was Samuel de Champlain?
A French explorer who retraced Cartier's voyages and explored the St. Lawrence River.
206
What significant event occurred in 1603 regarding French interest in North America?
A new phase of French interest began with Samuel de Champlain's exploration.
207
What was the first French colony established in North America?
Port-Royal in Acadia.
208
In what year did Champlain establish a settlement at Quebec?
1608.
209
What happened to Stadacona?
Historians are unsure but believe it may have been eradicated by war or disease.
210
What epidemic may have impacted the Stadaconans?
Smallpox or another European disease.
211
What did Cartier describe about the Stadaconans?
He noted an epidemic among them.
212
What did Champlain do from the French settlement at Quebec?
He traveled deep into the interior of North America.
213
True or False: The French did not sponsor any official expeditions to Canada after Cartier for fifty years.
True.
214
Fill in the blank: Samuel de Champlain established a settlement at _______.
Quebec.
215
What was Tadoussac known for?
An Innu trading center.
216
What First Nations group was mentioned as possibly being in conflict with the Stadaconans?
The Haudenosaunee.
217
Who created the engraving of Henry Hudson?
John Collier in 1881
218
What was the age of Hudson's son when the crew of the Discovery set them adrift?
20 years old
219
What was the primary goal of Martin Frobisher's expedition in 1576?
To find a northwest passage to Asia
220
List some trade goods that Martin Frobisher took on his expedition.
* Linen
* Silk ribbons
* Laces
* Cloths of gold
* Velvet
* Children's straw hats
* Dog collars
* Mirrors
* Silk purses
* Combs
* Gold and silver rings
* Fake pearls
* Diamonds
* Rubies
* Emeralds
221
What did Frobisher claim to have found that he believed was gold?
A piece of iron pyrite
222
What happened when Frobisher brought the iron pyrite back to Britain?
A British expert declared it fake, but an Italian expert disagreed
223
What did Britain do after Frobisher claimed to have found gold?
Sent him back to the Arctic
224
How much iron pyrite did Frobisher mine in the Arctic?
A thousand tonnes
225
What was Henry Hudson's mission in 1610?
To find a northwest passage between Europe and Asia
226
What happened to Hudson's ship, the Discovery, in Hudson Bay?
It got trapped in ice
227
What challenges did Hudson's crew face during the winter?
Scurvy and starvation
228
What action did Hudson's crew take in the spring after getting trapped?
They rebelled and abandoned Hudson, his son, and seven others
229
According to the oral history of the Cree, what happened to Hudson?
He died
230
What happened to Hudson's son after Hudson's death according to Cree oral history?
He was adopted by members of the Woodland Cree
