1: Aboriginal Societies, Haudenosaunee and Anishinabe Flashcards
1
Q
What group includes six different First Nations?
A
Haudenosaunee
The six nations are Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.
2
Q
Name three of the six First Nations that make up the Haudenosaunee.
A
- Mohawk
- Oneida
- Onondaga
The other nations are Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.
3
Q
What language did the Haudenosaunee share?
A
Algonquin
The Haudenosaunee nations shared a similar language despite cultural distinctions.
4
Q
True or False: Each Haudenosaunee nation had a distinct culture.
A
True
While they shared language and some traditions, each nation maintained its own culture.
5
Q
Where did the Haudenosaunee live in relation to the St. Lawrence River?
A
North or south of the St. Lawrence River
Their geographical location varied throughout different periods in history.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: The Haudenosaunee are also known as the _______.
A
Iroquois
This term is often used interchangeably with Haudenosaunee.
7
Q
What is one key aspect of Haudenosaunee governance?
A
Role of women
Women played a significant role in the governance and social structure of the Haudenosaunee.
8
Q
What is a key focus of the study of Haudenosaunee way of life?
A
Commonalities among nations
The study examines both the shared aspects and the distinct cultures of the Haudenosaunee.
9
Q
What is the Haudenosaunee World View?
A
A set of values that affects all aspects of their way of life.
10
Q
Name a key value of the Haudenosaunee.
A
Collective thinking and considering future generations.
11
Q
How do the Haudenosaunee make decisions?
A
By consensus, considering all points of view.
12
Q
What is a significant practice of the Haudenosaunee regarding labor?
A
Sharing labor and the benefits of that labor.
13
Q
What is the Haudenosaunee’s duty towards their community?
A
Duty to family, clan, nation, and the Iroquois Confederacy.
14
Q
What principle of equality do the Haudenosaunee uphold?
A
Everyone is equal and a full partner in society, regardless of age or gender.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: The Haudenosaunee value _______ thinking and considering future generations.
A
[Collective]
16
Q
True or False: The Haudenosaunee make decisions unilaterally without considering different viewpoints.
A
False
17
Q
What were the main activities of the Haudenosaunee?
A
Hunted, shed, and gathered nuts, roots, and berries
The Haudenosaunee utilized the resources available in their fertile environment.
18
Q
What geographical features contributed to the Haudenosaunee’s way of life?
A
Fertile soil and mild climate
These features allowed the Haudenosaunee to become one of Canada’s first farming peoples.
19
Q
What are the Three Sisters?
A
Corn, beans, and squash
These crops were vital to the Haudenosaunee’s agriculture.
20
Q
How were the Three Sisters planted?
A
They were always planted together to help each other grow
This method of planting promoted mutual growth and reduced competition.
21
Q
What role did corn play in the planting of the Three Sisters?
A
Corn stalks supported the climbing beans
This relationship exemplifies the interdependence of the crops.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The Three Sisters were planted together to _______.
A
[help each other grow]
23
Q
True or False: The Haudenosaunee primarily relied on hunting and gathering for their food sources.
A
False
They transitioned to farming due to favorable environmental conditions.
24
Q
What was one benefit of planting corn, beans, and squash together?
A
It discouraged weeds
This agricultural technique helped maintain crop health and yield.
25
What type of societal structure did the Haudenosaunee have?
Matrilineal
## Footnote
This means that lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother's side.
26
Who was the head of each longhouse in Haudenosaunee society?
Clan Mother
## Footnote
The Clan Mother was responsible for the management of the longhouse.
27
In Haudenosaunee culture, where did the husband go after marriage?
He went to live in his wife's longhouse
## Footnote
This reflects the matrilineal aspect of their society.
28
What was the relationship of women and children living in a longhouse?
They were of the same clan or extended family
## Footnote
This emphasizes the importance of clan connections.
29
Who owned all the possessions in a Haudenosaunee longhouse?
Women of the clan
## Footnote
This highlights the economic power of women in this society.
30
What did each clan in Haudenosaunee society have as a symbol?
An animal symbol
## Footnote
Examples include bear, wolf, turtle, snipe, deer, eel, or hawk.
31
What role did First Nations women have regarding hides?
They tanned hides
## Footnote
This was one of the traditional roles of women in these communities.
32
Fill in the blank: The society of the Haudenosaunee was _______.
matrilineal
33
True or False: In Haudenosaunee society, men owned the possessions in the longhouse.
False
## Footnote
Women owned all possessions in the longhouse.
34
What term describes the women of the Haudenosaunee who were respected for their ability to create life?
Life Givers
## Footnote
This term reflects the important role women played in both childbirth and agriculture.
35
What was one of the responsibilities of Haudenosaunee women regarding village decisions?
Deciding on the location of a new village
## Footnote
This reflects the significant influence women had in community planning.
36
Haudenosaunee women were responsible for deciding what crops to plant and where they should be planted. True or False?
True
## Footnote
Their agricultural decisions were crucial for the community's sustenance.
37
Fill in the blank: Haudenosaunee women decided whether the men would go to war, as well as when to make _______.
peace
## Footnote
This highlights their role in conflict resolution and community safety.
38
What role did Haudenosaunee women play in immigration matters?
Controlling immigration and deciding whether their community would accept refugees or orphans
## Footnote
This shows their authority in community membership and support.
39
One of the responsibilities of Haudenosaunee women included playing a central role in ceremonies. What did they ensure?
Making sure rituals were performed correctly
## Footnote
This emphasizes their spiritual and cultural significance within the community.
40
What was one of the supportive roles of Haudenosaunee women in their community?
Helping troubled people and teaching the children
## Footnote
This reflects their nurturing role in society.
41
How were women's roles in the Haudenosaunee community viewed in relation to men's roles?
Equal
## Footnote
Women's contributions were valued alongside men's, reflecting a balanced social structure.
42
What is an alliance?
A union in which groups agree to trade and help each other resolve disputes.
43
What was the Iroquois Confederacy?
An alliance of the five Haudenosaunee nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk.
44
According to oral tradition, what was the situation among the five nations before the arrival of Europeans?
The five nations were at war with one another.
45
Who brought a message of peace to the Haudenosaunee?
A Peacemaker who arrived in a stone canoe.
46
What did the Peacemaker do?
He united the five nations under the Iroquois Confederacy.
47
What is the Great Law of Peace?
A set of laws that dictated how the government would work and how people should behave in society.
48
What role did Haudenosaunee women play in government?
They chose the leaders and could veto any law passed by men.
49
What could women do if they thought a leader was not doing a good job?
They could remove him from leadership and appoint a new leader.
50
How many leaders did each of the six nations in the Confederacy send to the central council?
Each nation sent leaders to make part of a central council consisting of 50 leaders.
51
How often did the council meet?
At least once a year.
52
What topics were discussed in the council meetings?
Important issues such as trade and treaties.
53
True or False: The council consisted solely of male leaders.
False.
54
Fill in the blank: The Iroquois Confederacy is also known as the _______.
Haudenosaunee.
55
What was the role of Clan Mothers in the Iroquois Confederacy?
They chose the leaders and monitored their actions.
56
What did the Haudenosaunee believe regarding their responsibility?
They believed they were responsible for the health of their environment.
## Footnote
This belief emphasizes the interconnectedness of people and nature.
57
What was the consequence of not taking care of Mother Earth according to the Haudenosaunee?
There would be no resources left for their future grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
## Footnote
This reflects a long-term view of environmental stewardship.
58
What did the Haudenosaunee consider before making important decisions?
They considered the impacts of their actions seven generations into the future.
## Footnote
This principle is often referred to as the 'Seventh Generation' philosophy.
59
What would the Haudenosaunee do if an action could harm their descendants?
They would reconsider it.
## Footnote
This highlights their commitment to sustainable practices.
60
Fill in the blank: The Haudenosaunee made decisions with the potential impacts on _______.
seven generations into the future.
61
Where did the Anishinabe live?
In the wooded country of northern and central Ontario and southern Manitoba
62
What name did Europeans use to refer to the Anishinabe?
Ojibway or Saulteaux
63
What does the term Anishinabe mean?
The people
64
What was a significant migration pattern of the Anishinabe?
Some moved westward onto the Plains
65
True or False: The Anishinabe still live in the Plains today.
True
66
What does this section describe about the Anishinabe?
The society of the Anishinabe and the way they governed themselves
67
What food source set the Anishinabe apart from other First Nations?
Wild rice
## Footnote
The Anishinabe called wild rice 'mamomin' and it played a central role in their way of life.
68
What were the Anishinabe and Mi'kmaq people primarily?
Hunter-gatherers
## Footnote
Both groups relied on hunting and gathering for their subsistence.
69
Fill in the blank: The Anishinabe called wild rice _______.
mamomin
70
What role did wild rice play in the Anishinabe culture?
Central role in their way of life
## Footnote
Wild rice was a significant food source and cultural element for the Anishinabe.
71
True or False: The Anishinabe had no unique food sources compared to other First Nations.
False
## Footnote
The Anishinabe had wild rice, which was unique compared to other First Nations.
72
What belief system guided the roles of men and women in Anishinabe culture?
Equality and balance
## Footnote
Men and women were seen as equal partners in their community's work.
73
What were the specific jobs of women in the Anishinabe community?
Looked after children, maintained the lodge, gathered food
## Footnote
Women hunted smaller animals and were responsible for gathering wild foods.
74
What types of food did Anishinabe women gather?
Fruits, berries, nuts, roots, wild rice
## Footnote
They dried and stored these foods for winter.
75
Fill in the blank: Without the work of gathering and storing food, the community would _______.
suffer
## Footnote
Food storage was crucial for survival during winter.
76
What was the purpose of tying sections of wild rice stocks with different-colored twine?
To claim portions of the harvest
## Footnote
This was a way for each family to identify their share.
77
How did the Anishinabe divide the maple trees for sap harvesting?
Each family made a special mark on the trees
## Footnote
This indicated which trees they planned to tap for sap.
78
Who participated in the wild rice harvest?
Only women and children
## Footnote
Men were typically engaged in hunting and trapping game during this time.
79
What was required during the communal harvest of wild rice?
Use of traditional techniques
## Footnote
This ensured the sustainability of the harvest for future seasons.
80
True or False: Men and women had the same roles in the Anishinabe community.
False
## Footnote
Men and women had different responsibilities, though both were essential.
81
What was a significant aspect of the Anishinabe belief about gender roles?
Men and women were equal partners
## Footnote
This belief influenced their communal work and responsibilities.
82
What type of family structure did the Anishinabe live in?
Extended family clans in lodges made of birchbark
83
How did Anishinabe villages manage their affairs?
Each village usually looked after its own affairs but had contact with each other
84
What system did the Anishinabe people create to meet their needs?
A clan system
85
How many clans were there in the Anishinabe clan system?
Seven clans
86
What were the clans named after in the Anishinabe society?
Animals
87
What were the responsibilities of the Anishinabe clans?
Duties to care for the good of the entire nation
88
Who was chosen as a leader of the clans in Anishinabe society?
A person who displayed courage, good character, or skill in hunting
89
What was the role of the Crane clan in Anishinabe governance?
Leaders in matters outside the community
90
What was the role of the Loon clan in Anishinabe governance?
Leaders in matters within the community
91
What was the role of the Fish clan during conflicts between clans?
To help settle disputes
92
Fill in the blank: The Anishinabe organized themselves into _______ clans.
seven
93
True or False: The Anishinabe clans worked together to create a balanced government.
True
94
What is the primary focus of economies in cultures?
The way in which people meet their basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter
95
How did First Nations economies differ based on available resources?
They relied on the natural environment in which they lived
96
What were hunter-gatherer economies based on?
The food supply
97
What happened when resources were scarce in hunter-gatherer economies?
People spent most of their time gathering food
98
What was the effect of plentiful resources on hunter-gatherer lifestyles?
People had more time to spend on other activities
99
What did hunter-gatherers do to prepare for winter?
They gathered and stored food
100
What knowledge was essential for the success of hunter-gatherer economies?
Knowledge of the land, climate, and cycles of nature
101
How did hunter-gatherers manage their camps?
They moved their camps as the seasons and food supply changed
102
Did hunter-gatherers gather many extra goods for trading? Why or why not?
No, because they would have to abandon them each time they moved
103
What was the primary focus of hunter-gatherers rather than trading?
Being in sync with the seasons and nature
104
What do the terms 'ilkani', 'Kainai', and 'Siksika' refer to?
Names of nations who lived on the plains and practiced hunting and gathering
105
What does the term 'Plains' refer to in this context?
The prairie region in North America
106
Fill in the blank: Hunter-gatherers _______ plants, hunted, and fished.
gathered
107
True or False: Hunter-gatherers had a permanent settlement.
False
108
What developed in regions with ideal soil and weather for growing crops?
Farming economies
## Footnote
Farming economies developed in areas where conditions were suitable for agriculture.
109
How did farming societies differ from hunter-gatherer societies in terms of mobility?
They stayed in the same village year-round
## Footnote
Farming societies remained in one location until the soil was depleted.
110
What occurred when the soil in a farming village was depleted?
The village was moved to a new location
## Footnote
The new location was usually not very far away.
111
What was a significant advantage of farming societies regarding food production?
They could grow more food than needed
## Footnote
This surplus allowed for extra food production and storage.
112
What activities could people engage in due to less time spent hunting and gathering?
Creating art, performing ceremonies, and recreation
## Footnote
The surplus of food provided more leisure time.
113
What could farming societies use their extra goods for?
Trade with other groups
## Footnote
They traded for resources not available in their region.
114
What did farming nations engage in with other First Nations peoples?
A great deal of trade
## Footnote
Trade occurred before European traders arrived.
115
What facilitated trade among the First Nations?
Well-established trade routes
## Footnote
These routes stretched over long distances.
116
Fill in the blank: The Iroquois traded corn, tobacco, and other crops with neighboring nations that were unable to grow crops, and in return, they received _______.
Copper
## Footnote
Copper was obtained from the Anishinabe around Lake Superior.
117
What materials did the Iroquois obtain from the Nuu-chah-nulth for making canoes?
Seashells and birchbark
## Footnote
These materials were essential for canoe construction.
118
True or False: Farming societies moved frequently in search of new resources.
False
## Footnote
They remained in one place until the soil was depleted.
119
What was a result of the increased food production in farming societies?
Increased trade and specialization of goods
## Footnote
Surplus food enabled trade for various other resources.
