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1. Social 7 > 2: The French in North America > Flashcards

2: The French in North America Flashcards

1
Q

Which countries were involved in imperialism alongside France?

A

British, Spanish, Portuguese, and many others

These countries also established empires around the world.

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2
Q

What was the first imperial power to have a lasting impact on the identity of Canada?

A

France

This chapter focuses on the French due to their significant influence.

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3
Q

What is a colony?

A

A territory of land controlled by another country

Colonies were established by European powers in North America.

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4
Q

Up until when did many countries claim colonies around the globe?

A

The mid-1900s

This period saw extensive colonial claims by various nations.

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5
Q

Who were the earliest colonists in Canada?

A

The French

They are the ancestors of most Francophone Canadians today.

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6
Q

What are empires in the context of imperialism?

A

Networks of colonies controlled by a single country

The controlling country is sometimes referred to as the home country.

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7
Q

What does it mean that colonies had no independence?

A

People in colonies did not control their political or economic affairs

Decisions about their future were typically made by the home country.

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8
Q

What is the term for the system of countries extending their control over other nations?

A

Imperialism

This system dominated global politics for centuries.

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9
Q

True or False: Canada became a country outside the framework of imperialism.

A

False

Canada’s formation was influenced by imperial powers.

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10
Q

What resources did the colony ship to the home country?

A

Fish, furs, lumber, and metal ores

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11
Q

What did the home country ship to the colony?

A

Settlers and soldiers

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12
Q

Who controlled the economy of the colony?

A

The home country

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13
Q

Who controlled the government of the colony?

A

The home country

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14
Q

Which countries were in control of most of North America?

A

Britain and Spain

This reflects the colonial powers during the era of exploration and colonization.

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15
Q

Which countries controlled South America?

A

France, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands

This indicates the major European powers involved in the colonization of South America.

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16
Q

What empire primarily controlled the Middle East and Northern Africa?

A

Turkish empire

The Turkish empire, also known as the Ottoman Empire, had significant influence in these regions.

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17
Q

Which countries were dominant in Asia?

A

China and Russia

This highlights the significant presence of these two nations in Asian territories.

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18
Q

What was the main interest of the Dutch in the Southern Hemisphere?

A

Coastal colonies

The Dutch focused on establishing trade routes and settlements along coastlines.

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19
Q

Which country controlled the largest area of land?

A

Russia

Russia’s vast territory spanned across multiple continents.

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20
Q

Which country had the largest number of colonies spread around the globe?

A

Spain

Spain’s colonial empire was extensive, with colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

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21
Q

Sumarize this map using the information studied in the previous few cards.

A
  • Britain and Spain control most of North America
  • France, Spain, Portugal, and Netherlands controlled South America
  • Middle East and Northern Africa were under the control of the Turkish empire
  • Asia was controlled by China and Russia
  • The coastal colonies in the Southern Hemisphere were controlled by the Dutch
  • Russia controlled the most land
  • Spain had the most colonies and most spread around the globe
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22
Q

Sumarize this map using the information studied in the previous few cards.

A
  • Britain and Spain control most of North America
  • France, Spain, Portugal, and Netherlands controlled South America
  • Middle East and Northern Africa were under the control of the Turkish empire
  • Asia was controlled by China and Russia
  • The coastal colonies in the Southern Hemisphere were controlled by the Dutch
  • Russia controlled the most land
  • Spain had the most colonies and most spread around the globe
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23
Q

Who were the first Europeans to arrive in North America?

A

The Norse

The Norse were Scandinavian explorers who arrived around 1000 years ago.

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24
Q

In which century did sailors from Spain, Portugal, and possibly England begin crossing the Atlantic to North America?

A

The 1400s

This was long after the Norse had left North America.

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25
Q

What was one of the main activities that attracted European sailors to the shores of present-day Newfoundland and Labrador?

A

Fishing

European sailors came primarily to catch fish.

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26
Q

What will be examined in the section regarding European imperial countries?

A

Different reasons for crossing the ocean to North America

This includes motivations for claiming colonies.

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27
Q

Fill in the blank: Europeans began arriving in the land we call Canada ______ years ago.

A

1000

This refers to the arrival of the Norse.

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28
Q

True or False: The Norse were the only Europeans to arrive in North America before the 1400s.

A

True

The text indicates that the Norse were the first and that other Europeans followed later.

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29
Q

What were the reasons for European explorers and colonists to come to North America?

A

To explore and establish colonies

These motivations included economic opportunities and territorial claims.

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30
Q

What years are included in the twenty-first century?

A

2001 to 2100

The twenty-first century starts from the year 2001 and ends in 2100.

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31
Q

When we refer to the 1400s, what range of years are we talking about?

A

1400 to 1499

The term ‘1400s’ or ‘fifteenth century’ encompasses all years from 1400 through 1499.

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32
Q

What was the primary purpose of the Silk Road?

A

To facilitate trade between Europe and Asia

The Silk Road enabled the exchange of goods such as spices, tea, silk, porcelain, and precious gems.

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33
Q

Which European countries were involved in trade with Asia?

A

France, England, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands

These countries sought goods from India, China, Japan, and Indonesia.

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34
Q

What types of goods did Europeans seek from Asia?

A
  • Spices
  • Tea
  • Silk
  • Porcelain
  • Precious gems

These goods were highly valued in Europe.

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35
Q

What was a significant characteristic of the Silk Road?

A

It was a long overland route

The Silk Road connected various regions across Asia and Eastern Europe.

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36
Q

What dangers did traders face on the Silk Road?

A

Ambush parties that could steal cargo or charge a tax

These dangers made the journey perilous for traders.

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37
Q

By the 1400s, what were Europeans eager to find?

A

Another route to Asia, preferably a water route

This desire was driven by the dangers associated with overland travel.

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: The Silk Road crossed through Asia and _______.

A

Eastern Europe

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39
Q

What was the primary purpose of the Silk Road?

A

To facilitate trade between Europe and Asia

The Silk Road enabled the exchange of goods such as spices, tea, silk, porcelain, and precious gems.

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40
Q

Which European countries were involved in trade with Asia?

A

France, England, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands

These countries sought goods from India, China, Japan, and Indonesia.

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41
Q

What types of goods did Europeans seek from Asia?

A
  • Spices
  • Tea
  • Silk
  • Porcelain
  • Precious gems

These goods were highly valued in Europe.

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42
Q

What was a significant characteristic of the Silk Road?

A

It was a long overland route

The Silk Road connected various regions across Asia and Eastern Europe.

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43
Q

What dangers did traders face on the Silk Road?

A

Ambush parties that could steal cargo or charge a tax

These dangers made the journey perilous for traders.

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44
Q

By the 1400s, what were Europeans eager to find?

A

Another route to Asia, preferably a water route

This desire was driven by the dangers associated with overland travel.

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45
Q

Fill in the blank: The Silk Road crossed through Asia and _______.

A

Eastern Europe

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46
Q

What were European explorers seeking through trade routes?

A

Access to Asia for spices, silk, and other goods

European explorers aimed to find alternative routes to Asia to enhance trade opportunities.

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47
Q

What is a key challenge faced by explorers seeking new trade routes?

A

Navigating uncharted waters and overcoming geographical obstacles

Explorers often dealt with unknown territories and natural barriers.

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48
Q

Fill in the blank: European explorers were looking for a water route to _______.

A

Asia

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49
Q

What geographical areas were involved in the trade routes mentioned?

A

Europe, Asia, and the surrounding oceans

The trade routes connected Europe with Asia through various maritime paths.

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50
Q

True or False: Columbus’s route was primarily focused on finding a land route to Asia.

A

False

Columbus sought a westward sea route to reach Asia.

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51
Q

What was one of the main motivations for Columbus’s voyages?

A

To establish a direct trade route to Asia

Columbus aimed to facilitate trade by finding a faster route to Asian markets.

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52
Q

List three goods that European explorers were interested in trading with Asia.

A
  • Spices
  • Silk
  • Precious metals

These goods were highly sought after in Europe during the Age of Exploration.

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53
Q

Which country led the search for a water route to the Far East?

A

Portugal

Portugal sent ships south around the tip of Africa as far as India.

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54
Q

What was the significant action taken by Spain in 1492 regarding exploration?

A

Queen Isabella sent Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic.

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55
Q

What was the effect of Columbus’s voyages on European knowledge?

A

Increased European knowledge of and interest in the land across the ocean.

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56
Q

Fill in the blank: Portugal sent ships south around the tip of Africa as far as _______.

A

India

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57
Q

True or False: Columbus was the first explorer to sail across the Atlantic.

A

False

More explorers followed in the wake of Columbus.

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58
Q

Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?

A
  • Economics
  • Competition
  • Religion
  • Curiosity
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59
Q

Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?

A
  • Economics
  • Competition
  • Religion
  • Curiosity
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60
Q

What was one primary reason European countries wanted to expand their empires?

A

Economics

Europeans set up colonies to claim resources for themselves.

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61
Q

What resource was most valued by Europeans in the territory now known as Canada?

A

Fur

The fashion craze for beaver hats and fur coats drove demand for beaver fur.

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62
Q

What led Europeans to look to North America for beaver fur?

A

Beavers had been hunted to extinction in Europe.

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63
Q

What was a significant factor in the competition among European countries during imperial expansion?

A

War for land and resources.

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64
Q

How did the number of colonies impact a European country’s power and prestige?

A

More colonies equated to more power and prestige.

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65
Q

What resources did colonies supply to their home countries?

A

Timber and iron ore

These resources were used to build European armies and navies.

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66
Q

What was a religious motivation for European expansion?

A

To spread Christianity.

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67
Q

Which two factions of Christianity were in competition during the period of European expansion?

A

Catholics and Protestants.

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68
Q

What was the predominant religion in France during the era of expansion?

A

Catholicism.

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69
Q

What was the predominant religion in England during the era of expansion?

A

Protestantism.

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70
Q

Fill in the blank: Europeans believed that their religion was the one true _______.

A

faith.

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71
Q

True or False: Most Europeans were non-Christian during the age of imperial expansion.

A

False.

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72
Q

In which period did France enter the race to find an ocean passage to Asia?

A

Mid-1500s

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73
Q

Who was the king of France determined to find a route to Asia?

A

François I

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74
Q

What was the main goal of François I regarding exploration?

A

To find a route to Asia before other European countries

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75
Q

Where did the French decide to start their exploration?

A

North America

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76
Q

What did the French eventually do in North America?

A

Built colonies

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77
Q

True or False: The French were the only European country exploring North America in the mid-1500s.

A

False

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78
Q

Fill in the blank: The French entered the race for an ocean passage to Asia in the _______.

A

Mid-1500s

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79
Q

What motivated the French to return to North America multiple times?

A

Various reasons including economic and strategic interests

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80
Q

In which period did France enter the race to find an ocean passage to Asia?

A

Mid-1500s

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81
Q

Who was the king of France determined to find a route to Asia?

A

François I

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82
Q

What was the main goal of François I regarding exploration?

A

To find a route to Asia before other European countries

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83
Q

Where did the French decide to start their exploration?

A

North America

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84
Q

What did the French eventually do in North America?

A

Built colonies

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85
Q

True or False: The French were the only European country exploring North America in the mid-1500s.

A

False

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86
Q

Fill in the blank: The French entered the race for an ocean passage to Asia in the _______.

A

Mid-1500s

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87
Q

What motivated the French to return to North America multiple times?

A

Various reasons including economic and strategic interests

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88
Q

What body of water did Cartier enter?

A

The Gulf of St. Lawrence

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89
Q

Who did Cartier and his men encounter while exploring?

A

A group of Mi kmaq paddling in their canoes

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90
Q

How did the Mi kmaq likely react upon encountering Cartier’s crew?

A

They would have been surprised and unfamiliar with the larger boat, clothing, and language

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91
Q

What did Cartier document in his journal?

A

His perspective on the encounter with the Mi kmaq

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92
Q

Fill in the blank: Cartier’s boat would have been larger than any the _______ had seen before.

A

Mi kmaq

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93
Q

True or False: The Mi kmaq were familiar with Cartier’s style of clothing.

A

False

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94
Q

What did Cartier’s journal reflect about the Mi kmaq?

A

Their unfamiliarity with the crew’s clothing and language

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95
Q

What is the significance of the account described?

A

It is the first known written account of trade between Europeans and First Nations peoples.

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96
Q

What did the Europeans offer to the Mi’kmaq during the trade?

A

They offered knives, other iron goods, and a red hat.

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97
Q

What actions did the Mi’kmaq take during the trade?

A

They bared all they had and returned naked.

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98
Q

What does the account suggest about the Mi’kmaq’s previous trading experience?

A

The Mi’kmaq had likely traded before, as indicated by their willingness to barter and the goods they offered.

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99
Q

True or False: The account indicates that the Mi’kmaq were unfamiliar with trade.

A

False

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100
Q

What might the Mi’kmaq have used to signal their intentions to the Europeans?

A

They made frequent signs and gestures.

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101
Q

Fill in the blank: The Mi’kmaq made signs to the Europeans that they wished them no _______.

A

[harm]

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102
Q

What items did the Mi’kmaq provide to the Europeans in exchange for goods?

A

Skins on sticks.

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103
Q

What does the return of the Mi’kmaq without skins suggest about the trade?

A

It suggests that they were willing to trade all their goods.

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104
Q

With whom might the Mi’kmaq have traded prior to this encounter?

A

Other Indigenous groups or earlier European explorers.

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105
Q

Who was the leader of the Haudenosaunee that Cartier met in 1534?

A

Donnacona

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106
Q

In which region did Cartier first meet the Haudenosaunee?

A

Gaspé Peninsula

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107
Q

What did Cartier take back to France to prove his findings?

A

Two of Donnacona’s sons, Taignoagny and Domagaya

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108
Q

How many ships and men did Cartier return to North America with in 1535?

A

Three ships and 110 men

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109
Q

What did Cartier and his crew build near Stadacona during the winter?

A

A small log fort

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110
Q

What disease did many of Cartier’s crew suffer from due to a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables?

A

Scurvy

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111
Q

What vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

A

Vitamin C

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112
Q

How did the Haudenosaunee help Cartier and his crew survive the winter?

A

They taught them how to make cedar tea

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113
Q

True or False: The Haudenosaunee had no remedies for scurvy.

A

False

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114
Q

Fill in the blank: Cartier’s journey took him as far as _______ where Donnacona and his people lived.

A

Stadacona

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115
Q

What did the Haudenosaunee tell Cartier about?

A

They told him about a land northeast of their village with fruit trees, metals, and gems.

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116
Q

In what year did Cartier forcibly take Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe?

A

1556

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117
Q

What was Cartier’s hope for taking the villagers to Europe?

A

To convince the king to pay for another cross-Atlantic trip.

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118
Q

When did Cartier return to North America to set up a colony?

A

1542

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119
Q

What river did Cartier plan to establish a colony along?

A

St. Lawrence River

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120
Q

What happened to all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier took across the ocean?

A

They died in Europe.

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121
Q

What did Cartier claim about the villagers he took to Europe upon his return?

A

He told the Haudenosaunee that they were well and living in Europe.

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122
Q

How did the Haudenosaunee react to Cartier’s claims about the villagers?

A

They did not believe him and were hostile toward the French.

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123
Q

What was the outcome for the French colonists after another terrible winter?

A

They decided to return to Europe.

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124
Q

What samples did Cartier take with him from North America?

A

Samples he believed were gold and diamonds.

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125
Q

What were the samples Cartier took actually made of?

A

Worthless pyrite (fool’s gold) and quartz.

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126
Q

What was one of Cartier’s successes despite not establishing a permanent colony?

A

He gathered a great deal of important information about the land.

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127
Q

True or False: Cartier established a permanent colony in North America.

A

False

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128
Q

Fill in the blank: Cartier’s journeys were through the _______.

A

Gulf of St. Lawrence

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129
Q

What did the Haudenosaunee tell Cartier about?

A

They told him about a land northeast of their village with fruit trees, metals, and gems.

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130
Q

In what year did Cartier forcibly take Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe?

A

1556

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131
Q

What was Cartier’s hope for taking the villagers to Europe?

A

To convince the king to pay for another cross-Atlantic trip.

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132
Q

When did Cartier return to North America to set up a colony?

A

1542

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133
Q

What river did Cartier plan to establish a colony along?

A

St. Lawrence River

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134
Q

What happened to all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier took across the ocean?

A

They died in Europe.

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135
Q

What did Cartier claim about the villagers he took to Europe upon his return?

A

He told the Haudenosaunee that they were well and living in Europe.

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136
Q

How did the Haudenosaunee react to Cartier’s claims about the villagers?

A

They did not believe him and were hostile toward the French.

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137
Q

What was the outcome for the French colonists after another terrible winter?

A

They decided to return to Europe.

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138
Q

What samples did Cartier take with him from North America?

A

Samples he believed were gold and diamonds.

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139
Q

What were the samples Cartier took actually made of?

A

Worthless pyrite (fool’s gold) and quartz.

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140
Q

What was one of Cartier’s successes despite not establishing a permanent colony?

A

He gathered a great deal of important information about the land.

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141
Q

True or False: Cartier established a permanent colony in North America.

A

False

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142
Q

Fill in the blank: Cartier’s journeys were through the _______.

A

Gulf of St. Lawrence

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143
Q

What failure did Jacques Cartier experience?

A

His settlement on the St. Lawrence River had failed

Cartier’s attempts to establish a permanent French presence in North America were unsuccessful.

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144
Q

What continued despite Cartier’s failed settlement?

A

Fishing fleets and fur traders continued to come to North America

Fishing fleets arrived annually in the North Atlantic, and fur traders engaged with First Nations trappers.

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145
Q

What were the names of the first French colonies in North America?

A

Acadia and Ouébec

These colonies were established as part of France’s efforts to build a presence in North America.

146
Q

Why did the French king Louis XIII decide to build a colony in North America?

A

To access the abundant supply of furs

The demand for furs in Europe was growing, prompting the establishment of a colony.

147
Q

What was another reason for the French return to North America?

A

Louis XIII wanted to establish a stronger French presence

This was part of a broader strategy to increase France’s influence and resource access in the region.

148
Q

Who was an important explorer that formed alliances with First Nations?

A

Champlain

Samuel de Champlain played a crucial role in building relations with indigenous tribes.

149
Q

What impact did the alliances with First Nations have on the colonies?

A

They influenced the establishment and success of the colonies

These alliances provided the French with critical support in trade and defense.

150
Q

Fill in the blank: The demand for _______ in Europe was growing by the early 1600s.

A

furs

This increase in demand was a driving force behind French colonization efforts.

151
Q

What failure did Jacques Cartier experience?

A

His settlement on the St. Lawrence River had failed

Cartier’s attempts to establish a permanent French presence in North America were unsuccessful.

152
Q

What continued despite Cartier’s failed settlement?

A

Fishing fleets and fur traders continued to come to North America

Fishing fleets arrived annually in the North Atlantic, and fur traders engaged with First Nations trappers.

153
Q

What were the names of the first French colonies in North America?

A

Acadia and Ouébec

These colonies were established as part of France’s efforts to build a presence in North America.

154
Q

Why did the French king Louis XIII decide to build a colony in North America?

A

To access the abundant supply of furs

The demand for furs in Europe was growing, prompting the establishment of a colony.

155
Q

What was another reason for the French return to North America?

A

Louis XIII wanted to establish a stronger French presence

This was part of a broader strategy to increase France’s influence and resource access in the region.

156
Q

Who was an important explorer that formed alliances with First Nations?

A

Champlain

Samuel de Champlain played a crucial role in building relations with indigenous tribes.

157
Q

What impact did the alliances with First Nations have on the colonies?

A

They influenced the establishment and success of the colonies

These alliances provided the French with critical support in trade and defense.

158
Q

Fill in the blank: The demand for _______ in Europe was growing by the early 1600s.

A

furs

This increase in demand was a driving force behind French colonization efforts.

159
Q

What was the king’s goal in expanding France’s colonial empire?

A

To be the most powerful ruler in Europe.

160
Q

What advantage did the king believe resources from colonies would provide?

A

A military advantage over its imperial rivals.

161
Q

Why did the king decide to let someone else pay for the colony?

A

Building and supporting a colony far from home would be expensive.

162
Q

What did the king grant to a group of merchants?

A

A trade monopoly.

163
Q

What did the trade monopoly allow the merchants to do?

A

Only the merchants within the group would be allowed to trade for furs in the colony.

164
Q

What were the merchants required to do in return for the trade monopoly?

A

Build settlements in North America and find French citizens to live there.

165
Q

Fill in the blank: The king granted a _______ to a group of merchants.

A

[trade monopoly]

166
Q

True or False: The king believed that expanding the colonial empire would weaken France’s military.

A

False

167
Q

Who received a monopoly to set up a colony in North America in 1604?

A

Pierre de Monts

Pierre de Monts was a French noble who played a key role in the establishment of Acadia.

168
Q

What map-maker and explorer accompanied Pierre de Monts to North America?

A

Samuel de Champlain

Samuel de Champlain is known for his significant contributions to the exploration and settlement of Canada.

169
Q

In what year did de Monts establish a settlement at Port Royal?

A

1605

Port Royal was one of the first permanent European settlements in North America.

170
Q

What name did the French give to the area where they settled?

A

Acadia

The name Acadia derives from the Greek word ‘Arcadia’, which means an earthly paradise.

171
Q

What was the initial reaction of the Mikmaq to the French settlers?

A

They did not object to the newcomers

The Mikmaq were initially open to trade and shared the land with the French settlers.

172
Q

What did the Mikmaq trade with the French settlers?

A

Furs for metal goods and blankets

This trade relationship benefited both the Mikmaq and the French settlers.

173
Q

What was one of the main reasons the Mikmaq were willing to share their land?

A

Access to fishing and hunting activities

The Mikmaq valued their traditional activities and welcomed the opportunity to trade.

174
Q

Fill in the blank: The French called the area Acadia, which comes from the Greek word _______.

A

Arcadia

175
Q

True or False: Life in Acadia was significantly better than life back in France for the settlers.

A

False

Life in Acadia was hard, and settlers faced many challenges.

176
Q

Who were the primary inhabitants of the area before the arrival of the French settlers?

A

The Mikmaq

The Mikmaq were an Indigenous people who lived in the region known as Acadia.

177
Q

What type of people did Acadia attract from France?

A

Poor farmers

Acadia offered opportunities for those seeking a better life away from poverty in France.

178
Q

What was the original plan for Quebec influenced by?

A

Security issues

The original plan for Quebec was influenced by the need for security as colonists spread out along the shores.

179
Q

Who were the first Acadians?

A

French pioneers

The French pioneers who settled along the Bay of Fundy formed a unique community and culture known as the Acadians.

180
Q

Why did de Monts and Champlain decide to move from Port Royal?

A

Far from fur trade center

Port Royal was distant from the center of the fur trade, prompting the decision to relocate to the St. Lawrence River.

181
Q

What was the name of the settlement established by the French colonists?

A

Québec

The French colonists named their settlement Québec, derived from an Algonquin word.

182
Q

What does the name ‘Québec’ mean?

A

The place where the river narrows

The name ‘Québec’ comes from an Algonquin term meaning ‘the place where the river narrows.’

183
Q

What difficulties did the newcomers face during their first winter in Québec?

A

Weather and lack of food

During the first winter, 200 out of 28 newcomers died due to harsh weather conditions and insufficient food.

184
Q

What two factors are compared in the graphs shown in the text?

A

Annual temperatures and precipitation

The graphs compare the annual temperatures and precipitation of Paris, France, and Quebec.

185
Q

Fill in the blank: The French colonists called their settlement _______.

A

Québec

186
Q

True or False: The site near Stadacona was chosen because it was close to the fur trade.

A

False

The site near Stadacona was chosen despite being far from the fur trade center.

187
Q

What was the original plan for Quebec influenced by?

A

Security issues

The original plan for Quebec was influenced by the need for security as colonists spread out along the shores.

188
Q

Who were the first Acadians?

A

French pioneers

The French pioneers who settled along the Bay of Fundy formed a unique community and culture known as the Acadians.

189
Q

Why did de Monts and Champlain decide to move from Port Royal?

A

Far from fur trade center

Port Royal was distant from the center of the fur trade, prompting the decision to relocate to the St. Lawrence River.

190
Q

What was the name of the settlement established by the French colonists?

A

Québec

The French colonists named their settlement Québec, derived from an Algonquin word.

191
Q

What does the name ‘Québec’ mean?

A

The place where the river narrows

The name ‘Québec’ comes from an Algonquin term meaning ‘the place where the river narrows.’

192
Q

What difficulties did the newcomers face during their first winter in Québec?

A

Weather and lack of food

During the first winter, 200 out of 28 newcomers died due to harsh weather conditions and insufficient food.

193
Q

What two factors are compared in the graphs shown in the text?

A

Annual temperatures and precipitation

The graphs compare the annual temperatures and precipitation of Paris, France, and Quebec.

194
Q

Fill in the blank: The French colonists called their settlement _______.

A

Québec

195
Q

True or False: The site near Stadacona was chosen because it was close to the fur trade.

A

False

The site near Stadacona was chosen despite being far from the fur trade center.

196
Q

Who were the coureurs de bois?

A

The coureurs de bois were the first people to leave the settlements of New France and begin roaming the countryside.

‘Coureurs de bois’ translates to ‘runners of the woods’ in English.

197
Q

What role did the coureurs de bois play in New France?

A

They built the fur trade alongside the First Nations.

The coureurs de bois were essential in establishing trade relationships with Indigenous peoples.

198
Q

What motivated the coureurs de bois to explore farther west and south?

A

They sought to expand their trade routes and opportunities.

Exploration was driven by the demand for fur and resources.

199
Q

What conflict arose from European ideas of land ownership?

A

Conflict occurred between European settlers and First Nations peoples.

Different concepts of land ownership led to misunderstandings and disputes.

200
Q

Fill in the blank: The coureurs de bois were known as ‘_______’ in English.

A

runners of the woods

201
Q

True or False: The coureurs de bois only traded with other European settlers.

A

False

They primarily engaged in trade with the First Nations peoples.

202
Q

What was a significant consequence of the explorations by the coureurs de bois?

A

The expansion of the fur trade and territorial conflicts.

Their explorations contributed to both economic growth and tensions in the region.

203
Q

Who was one of the first coureurs de bois?

A

Étienne Brülė

204
Q

In what year did the French and the Wendat agree to a cultural exchange?

A

1610

205
Q

Fill in the blank: A young French colonist named Étienne Brülė was one of the first _______.

A

coureurs de bois

206
Q

What was the purpose of Brülé living with the Wendat?

A

To learn about their culture and way of life

Brülé wanted to gain an appreciation for the Wendat customs and language.

207
Q

Who was Savignon?

A

A young Wendat man who went to live in France

Savignon learned to speak French but was eager to return to North America.

208
Q

What did Brülé learn during his time with the Wendat?

A

He learned their language and customs

Brülé also traveled with Wendat hunters and learned about their territory.

209
Q

What significant geographical achievement is attributed to Brülé?

A

He was the first European to travel up the Ottawa River and into Georgian Bay

This journey helped expand European knowledge of North American geography.

210
Q

What was Savignon’s impression of France?

A

He described it as a place where children were treated badly and beggars lived in the streets

Savignon’s eagerness to return to North America highlighted his negative experiences in France.

211
Q

Fill in the blank: Brülé practised the _______ of the Wendat.

A

customs

212
Q

True or False: Savignon adapted well to life in France.

A

False

Savignon was eager to return to North America and had a negative view of French society.

213
Q

What was the purpose of Brülé living with the Wendat?

A

To learn about their culture and way of life

Brülé wanted to gain an appreciation for the Wendat customs and language.

214
Q

Who was Savignon?

A

A young Wendat man who went to live in France

Savignon learned to speak French but was eager to return to North America.

215
Q

What did Brülé learn during his time with the Wendat?

A

He learned their language and customs

Brülé also traveled with Wendat hunters and learned about their territory.

216
Q

What significant geographical achievement is attributed to Brülé?

A

He was the first European to travel up the Ottawa River and into Georgian Bay

This journey helped expand European knowledge of North American geography.

217
Q

What was Savignon’s impression of France?

A

He described it as a place where children were treated badly and beggars lived in the streets

Savignon’s eagerness to return to North America highlighted his negative experiences in France.

218
Q

Fill in the blank: Brülé practised the _______ of the Wendat.

A

customs

219
Q

True or False: Savignon adapted well to life in France.

A

False

Savignon was eager to return to North America and had a negative view of French society.

220
Q

Who were the two adventurous coureurs de bois mentioned?

A

Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groselliers

221
Q

In what year did Pierre Radisson come to New France?

A

1650

222
Q

What happened to Radisson after he was captured by the Mohawk?

A

He was adopted into their family for two years

223
Q

What skills did Radisson learn while living with the Mohawk?

A

He learned to speak their language and survive in the woods

224
Q

In what year did Radisson join des Groselliers on a trading trip?

A

1659

225
Q

Where did Radisson and des Groselliers travel during their trading trip?

A

Deep inland to the far end of Lake Superior

226
Q

How did Radisson and des Groselliers claim lands for France?

A

By giving French names to the settlements, lakes, rivers, mountains, and other landforms they encountered

227
Q

What significant location did Radisson and des Groselliers travel to in 1670?

A

Hudson Bay

228
Q

What was the purpose of Radisson and des Groselliers’ trip to Hudson Bay?

A

To explore land rich in fur-bearing animals

229
Q

What was founded later in 1670 as a result of Radisson and des Groselliers’ accomplishments?

A

Hudson’s Bay Company

230
Q

Fill in the blank: Radisson lived among the Mohawk for _______ years.

A

two

231
Q

True or False: Radisson and des Groselliers were the first Europeans to explore the far end of Lake Superior.

A

True

232
Q

Who were the two adventurous coureurs de bois mentioned?

A

Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groselliers

233
Q

In what year did Pierre Radisson come to New France?

A

1650

234
Q

What happened to Radisson after he was captured by the Mohawk?

A

He was adopted into their family for two years

235
Q

What skills did Radisson learn while living with the Mohawk?

A

He learned to speak their language and survive in the woods

236
Q

In what year did Radisson join des Groselliers on a trading trip?

A

1659

237
Q

Where did Radisson and des Groselliers travel during their trading trip?

A

Deep inland to the far end of Lake Superior

238
Q

How did Radisson and des Groselliers claim lands for France?

A

By giving French names to the settlements, lakes, rivers, mountains, and other landforms they encountered

239
Q

What significant location did Radisson and des Groselliers travel to in 1670?

A

Hudson Bay

240
Q

What was the purpose of Radisson and des Groselliers’ trip to Hudson Bay?

A

To explore land rich in fur-bearing animals

241
Q

What was founded later in 1670 as a result of Radisson and des Groselliers’ accomplishments?

A

Hudson’s Bay Company

242
Q

Fill in the blank: Radisson lived among the Mohawk for _______ years.

A

two

243
Q

True or False: Radisson and des Groselliers were the first Europeans to explore the far end of Lake Superior.

A

True

244
Q

What did the Cree call the Mississippi River?

A

The ‘big river’

In the Cree (Nehiyawak) language, the Mississippi River is referred to as ‘Mississippithe’.

245
Q

Who were the explorers sent by the king of France to find the Mississippi River?

A

Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette

246
Q

What was the purpose of Jolliet and Marquette’s expedition?

A

To discover the course of the Mississippi River

247
Q

In what year did Jolliet and Marquette begin their expedition?

A

1672

248
Q

What did Jolliet and Marquette learn about the Mississippi River?

A

It emptied into the Gulf of Mexico

249
Q

Who reached the mouth of the Mississippi River in 1682?

A

René Robert Cavelier de la Salle

250
Q

What territory did the French claim ownership of during their explorations?

A

The territories they explored

251
Q

How did the French view land ownership compared to the First Nations?

A

The French claimed ownership, while First Nations believed land was to be shared

252
Q

Fill in the blank: The French named the region they claimed after the king _______.

A

Louis XIV

253
Q

Why was it difficult for France to gain colonists in New France?

A

The climate was much colder than in France

254
Q

True or False: The population of the French colony grew quickly.

A

False

255
Q

What was the primary reason for the slow growth of the French colony?

A

The harsh climate and lack of people willing to migrate

256
Q

What was the main waterway that most colonists in New France clustered around?

A

The St. Lawrence River

257
Q

What was the primary resource that made New France wealthier?

A

Furs

Furs were a significant trade commodity that contributed to the wealth of New France.

258
Q

What was the main aim of imperialism in the early days of New France?

A

To make France richer and more powerful

259
Q

What was the attitude of merchants towards New France?

A

They viewed it as a place to trade for furs with little interest in building settlements

260
Q

What was the result of merchants’ lack of interest in settlement in New France?

A

Few people wanted to move there, leading to the colony failing to prosper

261
Q

What was the governing body of the colony known as?

A

Sovereign Council

262
Q

Who was the most powerful member of the Sovereign Council?

A

Governor

263
Q

Fill in the blank: The colony was reliant on home protection in exchange for _______.

A

[resources like furs and fish]

264
Q

True or False: The Royal Takeover was beneficial for the prosperity of New France.

A

False

265
Q

What was the primary reason for the failure of New France to prosper?

A

Lack of interest from merchants in building settlements

266
Q

Who took control of the colony in 1663?

A

King Louis XIV

267
Q

What governing body did King Louis XIV establish for the colony?

A

Sovereign Council

268
Q

Who were the three key officials in the Sovereign Council?

A
  • Governor
  • Intendant
  • Councillors
269
Q

Who was the most powerful member of the Sovereign Council?

A

Governor

270
Q

What was the role of the governor in the colony?

A

He was the King’s personal representative, in charge of defense and relations.

271
Q

What type of official was usually appointed as the governor?

A

An army officer and a noble

272
Q

What was the second-most important official in the Sovereign Council?

A

Intendant

273
Q

What responsibilities did the intendant have in the colony?

A
  • Supervised the courts
  • Oversaw road construction
  • Managed settlers’ welfare
  • Managed the economy
274
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the colony.

A

Intendant

275
Q

True or False: The governor was responsible for the economy of the colony.

A

False

276
Q

Who took control of the colony in 1663?

A

King Louis XIV

277
Q

What governing body did King Louis XIV establish for the colony?

A

Sovereign Council

278
Q

Who were the three key officials in the Sovereign Council?

A
  • Governor
  • Intendant
  • Councillors
279
Q

Who was the most powerful member of the Sovereign Council?

A

Governor

280
Q

What was the role of the governor in the colony?

A

He was the King’s personal representative, in charge of defense and relations.

281
Q

What type of official was usually appointed as the governor?

A

An army officer and a noble

282
Q

What was the second-most important official in the Sovereign Council?

A

Intendant

283
Q

What responsibilities did the intendant have in the colony?

A
  • Supervised the courts
  • Oversaw road construction
  • Managed settlers’ welfare
  • Managed the economy
284
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the colony.

A

Intendant

285
Q

True or False: The governor was responsible for the economy of the colony.

A

False

286
Q

Who was the first intendant in New France?

A

Jean Talon

Jean Talon was responsible for bringing newcomers from France to the colony.

287
Q

What industries did Jean Talon start in New France?

A

Shipbuilding and fishing industries

He also built factories and roads.

288
Q

Who was the head of the church in New France?

A

The bishop

The first bishop was François de Laval.

289
Q

What significant institution did François de Laval open?

A

A seminary in Quebec

This seminary later became Laval University.

290
Q

What was the financial situation of New France compared to France?

A

Taxes were lower in New France

The royal government paid the colony’s expenses.

291
Q

Who held the governing power in New France?

A

The Sovereign Council

The colonists had to follow the rules established by this council.

292
Q

Did the colonists have any means to express grievances?

A

Yes, the courts heard complaints filed by the colonists

This allowed for some level of justice and feedback.

293
Q

How did the freedom of colonists in New France compare to that in France?

A

Greater freedom in New France

Overall, the people enjoyed more liberties than they had back in France.

294
Q

What type of society developed in New France?

A

A distinctive Francophone society

Colonists were expected to be responsible, contributing members.

295
Q

Fill in the blank: The first bishop of New France was _______.

A

François de Laval

296
Q

Who was the first intendant in New France?

A

Jean Talon

Jean Talon was responsible for bringing newcomers from France to the colony.

297
Q

What industries did Jean Talon start in New France?

A

Shipbuilding and fishing industries

He also built factories and roads.

298
Q

Who was the head of the church in New France?

A

The bishop

The first bishop was François de Laval.

299
Q

What significant institution did François de Laval open?

A

A seminary in Quebec

This seminary later became Laval University.

300
Q

What was the financial situation of New France compared to France?

A

Taxes were lower in New France

The royal government paid the colony’s expenses.

301
Q

Who held the governing power in New France?

A

The Sovereign Council

The colonists had to follow the rules established by this council.

302
Q

Did the colonists have any means to express grievances?

A

Yes, the courts heard complaints filed by the colonists

This allowed for some level of justice and feedback.

303
Q

How did the freedom of colonists in New France compare to that in France?

A

Greater freedom in New France

Overall, the people enjoyed more liberties than they had back in France.

304
Q

What type of society developed in New France?

A

A distinctive Francophone society

Colonists were expected to be responsible, contributing members.

305
Q

Fill in the blank: The first bishop of New France was _______.

A

François de Laval

306
Q

Chart of Government of New France

A
307
Q

Chart of Government of New France

A
308
Q

What was the primary religion of the colonists in New France?

A

Catholicism

Almost all colonists in New France were Catholic, reflecting the predominant religion in France.

309
Q

What roles did priests, nuns, and missionaries play in New France?

A

They held religious services, taught school, ran hospitals, and cared for the poor

These religious figures were integral to the community and the development of the colony.

310
Q

What is a tithe?

A

A portion of income donated to the Church

Tithing was a common practice among the colonists to support the Church’s activities.

311
Q

What was the most important goal of the Catholic Church in New France?

A

To spread the Catholic faith

This goal motivated many missionary activities in the region.

312
Q

What was the village of Ville-Marie founded for?

A

As a place for missionaries to convert First Nations peoples

Today, Ville-Marie is known as Montréal.

313
Q

What did many missionaries do as they traveled into the interior of the continent?

A

Pioneered canoe routes and wrote accounts of their travels

These accounts provided insights into life in the colony and were sent back to France.

314
Q

True or False: Most of the Europeans in France were Protestant.

A

False

The majority were Catholic, influencing the religious landscape of New France.

315
Q

What are the Jesuit Relations?

A

A series of journals written by Jesuit missionaries in New France

They document the missionaries’ work and travels in the early 17th century.

316
Q

When did the Jesuits start arriving in New France?

A

1625

This marks the beginning of their missionary work in the region.

317
Q

What was the main purpose of the Jesuit Relations?

A

To report on their missionary work and travels

These journals were sent back to France for publication.

318
Q

What significant event is described in the Jesuit Relations?

A

The conversion of Wendat children and their parents to the Catholic faith

This reflects the religious impact of the Jesuits on Indigenous peoples.

319
Q

Fill in the blank: The Jesuits were a special order of _______.

A

missionaries

They played a crucial role in the spread of Catholicism in New France.

320
Q

True or False: The Jesuit Relations were published in New France.

A

False

They were published in France after being sent back by the missionaries.

321
Q

What was the primary reason for sending women to New France?

A

To marry male colonists and raise families

322
Q

How many single young women and girls were sent to New France between 1665 and 1673?

A

About 900

323
Q

What were the women sent to New France known as?

A

Les filles du roi - the ‘king’s daughters’

324
Q

What incentives did the king provide to couples who married?

A

An ox, a cow, two pigs, chickens, some salt beef, and a purse of money

325
Q

What was the population growth of New France from 3200 to 10,000 in how many years?

A

14 years

326
Q

True or False: Few newcomers arrived from France after 1680.

A

True

327
Q

What is significant about the 10,000 colonists in New France?

A

They are the ancestors of most Canadians of French descent

328
Q

Fill in the blank: The population of New France grew from _______ to 10,000.

A

3200

329
Q

What were the living conditions like for women in New France?

A

Very harsh

330
Q

Who were some of the women sent to New France?

A

Orphans and poor women

331
Q

What was the central role of the family in New France?

A

The family was the centre of daily life in New France.

332
Q

What types of work did women do in New France?

A

Women worked very hard alongside their husbands in the fields, cared for their homes and children, and helped manage the family finances.

333
Q

How did the education of girls in New France compare to that in France?

A

Girls in New France received a better education than they did in France.

334
Q

Where did the daughters of wealthier families in New France go to school?

A

The daughters of wealthier families went to boarding schools in the towns.

335
Q

What was one educational option for daughters from other families in New France?

A

Other families sent their daughters to schools.

336
Q

Fill in the blank: Women in New France helped manage the family _______.

A

finances

337
Q

Who operated the schools in New France?

A

The nuns

338
Q

What skills did the nuns teach the children?

A

Reading, writing, and domestic chores

339
Q

Which gender often received a better education in New France?

A

Girls

340
Q

Compared to children in France, children in New France had _______.

A

more opportunity to attend school

341
Q

What was a common reason for children in France not attending school?

A

They were sent to learn a trade or helped on the farm

342
Q

In France, most children stayed home to help with _______.

A

farming and harvesting

343
Q

Who operated the schools in New France?

A

The nuns

344
Q

What skills did the nuns teach the children?

A

Reading, writing, and domestic chores

345
Q

Which gender often received a better education in New France?

A

Girls

346
Q

Compared to children in France, children in New France had _______.

A

more opportunity to attend school

347
Q

What was a common reason for children in France not attending school?

A

They were sent to learn a trade or helped on the farm

348
Q

In France, most children stayed home to help with _______.

A

farming and harvesting

349
Q

Who were the nobles that received large tracts of land along the St. Lawrence River?

A

Seigneurs

Seigneurs were granted land by the king and were responsible for settling it.

350
Q

What were the colonists who rented land from the seigneurs called?

A

Habitants

Habitants set up farms on the rented land.

351
Q

What was the primary purpose of the St. Lawrence River for the seigneurs and habitants?

A

Transportation and irrigation

The river facilitated trade and farming.

352
Q

What were the responsibilities of the seigneurs towards the habitants?

A

Build a mill and a church

Seigneurs had specific duties to support the community.

353
Q

Fill in the blank: Each habitant had to give the seigneur a portion of each year’s _______.

A

Crop

This was part of the legal obligations between the seigneurs and habitants.

354
Q

True or False: The relationship between seigneurs and habitants was protected by law.

A

True

Legal protections ensured that both parties fulfilled their duties.

355
Q

What did the seigneurs have to do in return for the land they received?

A

Find colonists to settle the land

This was a key requirement for the seigneurs.

356
Q

Who were the nobles that received large tracts of land along the St. Lawrence River?

A

Seigneurs

Seigneurs were granted land by the king and were responsible for settling it.

357
Q

What were the colonists who rented land from the seigneurs called?

A

Habitants

Habitants set up farms on the rented land.

358
Q

What was the primary purpose of the St. Lawrence River for the seigneurs and habitants?

A

Transportation and irrigation

The river facilitated trade and farming.

359
Q

What were the responsibilities of the seigneurs towards the habitants?

A

Build a mill and a church

Seigneurs had specific duties to support the community.

360
Q

Fill in the blank: Each habitant had to give the seigneur a portion of each year’s _______.

A

Crop

This was part of the legal obligations between the seigneurs and habitants.

361
Q

True or False: The relationship between seigneurs and habitants was protected by law.

A

True

Legal protections ensured that both parties fulfilled their duties.

362
Q

What did the seigneurs have to do in return for the land they received?

A

Find colonists to settle the land

This was a key requirement for the seigneurs.

1. Social 7 (26 decks)

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