2: The French in North America Flashcards
1
Q
Which countries were involved in imperialism alongside France?
A
British, Spanish, Portuguese, and many others
These countries also established empires around the world.
2
Q
What was the first imperial power to have a lasting impact on the identity of Canada?
A
France
This chapter focuses on the French due to their significant influence.
3
Q
What is a colony?
A
A territory of land controlled by another country
Colonies were established by European powers in North America.
4
Q
Up until when did many countries claim colonies around the globe?
A
The mid-1900s
This period saw extensive colonial claims by various nations.
5
Q
Who were the earliest colonists in Canada?
A
The French
They are the ancestors of most Francophone Canadians today.
6
Q
What are empires in the context of imperialism?
A
Networks of colonies controlled by a single country
The controlling country is sometimes referred to as the home country.
7
Q
What does it mean that colonies had no independence?
A
People in colonies did not control their political or economic affairs
Decisions about their future were typically made by the home country.
8
Q
What is the term for the system of countries extending their control over other nations?
A
Imperialism
This system dominated global politics for centuries.
9
Q
True or False: Canada became a country outside the framework of imperialism.
A
False
Canada’s formation was influenced by imperial powers.
10
Q
What resources did the colony ship to the home country?
A
Fish, furs, lumber, and metal ores
11
Q
What did the home country ship to the colony?
A
Settlers and soldiers
12
Q
Who controlled the economy of the colony?
A
The home country
13
Q
Who controlled the government of the colony?
A
The home country
14
Q
Which countries were in control of most of North America?
A
Britain and Spain
This reflects the colonial powers during the era of exploration and colonization.
15
Q
Which countries controlled South America?
A
France, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands
This indicates the major European powers involved in the colonization of South America.
16
Q
What empire primarily controlled the Middle East and Northern Africa?
A
Turkish empire
The Turkish empire, also known as the Ottoman Empire, had significant influence in these regions.
17
Q
Which countries were dominant in Asia?
A
China and Russia
This highlights the significant presence of these two nations in Asian territories.
18
Q
What was the main interest of the Dutch in the Southern Hemisphere?
A
Coastal colonies
The Dutch focused on establishing trade routes and settlements along coastlines.
19
Q
Which country controlled the largest area of land?
A
Russia
Russia’s vast territory spanned across multiple continents.
20
Q
Which country had the largest number of colonies spread around the globe?
A
Spain
Spain’s colonial empire was extensive, with colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
21
Q
Sumarize this map using the information studied in the previous few cards.
A
- Britain and Spain control most of North America
- France, Spain, Portugal, and Netherlands controlled South America
- Middle East and Northern Africa were under the control of the Turkish empire
- Asia was controlled by China and Russia
- The coastal colonies in the Southern Hemisphere were controlled by the Dutch
- Russia controlled the most land
- Spain had the most colonies and most spread around the globe
22
Q
Sumarize this map using the information studied in the previous few cards.
A
- Britain and Spain control most of North America
- France, Spain, Portugal, and Netherlands controlled South America
- Middle East and Northern Africa were under the control of the Turkish empire
- Asia was controlled by China and Russia
- The coastal colonies in the Southern Hemisphere were controlled by the Dutch
- Russia controlled the most land
- Spain had the most colonies and most spread around the globe
23
Q
Who were the first Europeans to arrive in North America?
A
The Norse
The Norse were Scandinavian explorers who arrived around 1000 years ago.
24
Q
In which century did sailors from Spain, Portugal, and possibly England begin crossing the Atlantic to North America?
A
The 1400s
This was long after the Norse had left North America.
25
What was one of the main activities that attracted European sailors to the shores of present-day Newfoundland and Labrador?
Fishing
## Footnote
European sailors came primarily to catch fish.
26
What will be examined in the section regarding European imperial countries?
Different reasons for crossing the ocean to North America
## Footnote
This includes motivations for claiming colonies.
27
Fill in the blank: Europeans began arriving in the land we call Canada ______ years ago.
1000
## Footnote
This refers to the arrival of the Norse.
28
True or False: The Norse were the only Europeans to arrive in North America before the 1400s.
True
## Footnote
The text indicates that the Norse were the first and that other Europeans followed later.
29
What were the reasons for European explorers and colonists to come to North America?
To explore and establish colonies
## Footnote
These motivations included economic opportunities and territorial claims.
30
What years are included in the twenty-first century?
2001 to 2100
## Footnote
The twenty-first century starts from the year 2001 and ends in 2100.
31
When we refer to the 1400s, what range of years are we talking about?
1400 to 1499
## Footnote
The term '1400s' or 'fifteenth century' encompasses all years from 1400 through 1499.
32
What was the primary purpose of the Silk Road?
To facilitate trade between Europe and Asia
## Footnote
The Silk Road enabled the exchange of goods such as spices, tea, silk, porcelain, and precious gems.
33
Which European countries were involved in trade with Asia?
France, England, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands
## Footnote
These countries sought goods from India, China, Japan, and Indonesia.
34
What types of goods did Europeans seek from Asia?
* Spices
* Tea
* Silk
* Porcelain
* Precious gems
## Footnote
These goods were highly valued in Europe.
35
What was a significant characteristic of the Silk Road?
It was a long overland route
## Footnote
The Silk Road connected various regions across Asia and Eastern Europe.
36
What dangers did traders face on the Silk Road?
Ambush parties that could steal cargo or charge a tax
## Footnote
These dangers made the journey perilous for traders.
37
By the 1400s, what were Europeans eager to find?
Another route to Asia, preferably a water route
## Footnote
This desire was driven by the dangers associated with overland travel.
38
Fill in the blank: The Silk Road crossed through Asia and _______.
Eastern Europe
39
What was the primary purpose of the Silk Road?
To facilitate trade between Europe and Asia
## Footnote
The Silk Road enabled the exchange of goods such as spices, tea, silk, porcelain, and precious gems.
40
Which European countries were involved in trade with Asia?
France, England, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands
## Footnote
These countries sought goods from India, China, Japan, and Indonesia.
41
What types of goods did Europeans seek from Asia?
* Spices
* Tea
* Silk
* Porcelain
* Precious gems
## Footnote
These goods were highly valued in Europe.
42
What was a significant characteristic of the Silk Road?
It was a long overland route
## Footnote
The Silk Road connected various regions across Asia and Eastern Europe.
43
What dangers did traders face on the Silk Road?
Ambush parties that could steal cargo or charge a tax
## Footnote
These dangers made the journey perilous for traders.
44
By the 1400s, what were Europeans eager to find?
Another route to Asia, preferably a water route
## Footnote
This desire was driven by the dangers associated with overland travel.
45
Fill in the blank: The Silk Road crossed through Asia and _______.
Eastern Europe
46
What were European explorers seeking through trade routes?
Access to Asia for spices, silk, and other goods
## Footnote
European explorers aimed to find alternative routes to Asia to enhance trade opportunities.
47
What is a key challenge faced by explorers seeking new trade routes?
Navigating uncharted waters and overcoming geographical obstacles
## Footnote
Explorers often dealt with unknown territories and natural barriers.
48
Fill in the blank: European explorers were looking for a water route to _______.
Asia
49
What geographical areas were involved in the trade routes mentioned?
Europe, Asia, and the surrounding oceans
## Footnote
The trade routes connected Europe with Asia through various maritime paths.
50
True or False: Columbus's route was primarily focused on finding a land route to Asia.
False
## Footnote
Columbus sought a westward sea route to reach Asia.
51
What was one of the main motivations for Columbus's voyages?
To establish a direct trade route to Asia
## Footnote
Columbus aimed to facilitate trade by finding a faster route to Asian markets.
52
List three goods that European explorers were interested in trading with Asia.
* Spices
* Silk
* Precious metals
## Footnote
These goods were highly sought after in Europe during the Age of Exploration.
53
Which country led the search for a water route to the Far East?
Portugal
## Footnote
Portugal sent ships south around the tip of Africa as far as India.
54
What was the significant action taken by Spain in 1492 regarding exploration?
Queen Isabella sent Christopher Columbus west across the Atlantic.
55
What was the effect of Columbus's voyages on European knowledge?
Increased European knowledge of and interest in the land across the ocean.
56
Fill in the blank: Portugal sent ships south around the tip of Africa as far as _______.
India
57
True or False: Columbus was the first explorer to sail across the Atlantic.
False
## Footnote
More explorers followed in the wake of Columbus.
58
Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?
- Economics
- Competition
- Religion
- Curiosity
59
Why did the imperial countries of Europe want to expand their empires?
- Economics
- Competition
- Religion
- Curiosity
60
What was one primary reason European countries wanted to expand their empires?
Economics
## Footnote
Europeans set up colonies to claim resources for themselves.
61
What resource was most valued by Europeans in the territory now known as Canada?
Fur
## Footnote
The fashion craze for beaver hats and fur coats drove demand for beaver fur.
62
What led Europeans to look to North America for beaver fur?
Beavers had been hunted to extinction in Europe.
63
What was a significant factor in the competition among European countries during imperial expansion?
War for land and resources.
64
How did the number of colonies impact a European country's power and prestige?
More colonies equated to more power and prestige.
65
What resources did colonies supply to their home countries?
Timber and iron ore
## Footnote
These resources were used to build European armies and navies.
66
What was a religious motivation for European expansion?
To spread Christianity.
67
Which two factions of Christianity were in competition during the period of European expansion?
Catholics and Protestants.
68
What was the predominant religion in France during the era of expansion?
Catholicism.
69
What was the predominant religion in England during the era of expansion?
Protestantism.
70
Fill in the blank: Europeans believed that their religion was the one true _______.
faith.
71
True or False: Most Europeans were non-Christian during the age of imperial expansion.
False.
72
In which period did France enter the race to find an ocean passage to Asia?
Mid-1500s
73
Who was the king of France determined to find a route to Asia?
François I
74
What was the main goal of François I regarding exploration?
To find a route to Asia before other European countries
75
Where did the French decide to start their exploration?
North America
76
What did the French eventually do in North America?
Built colonies
77
True or False: The French were the only European country exploring North America in the mid-1500s.
False
78
Fill in the blank: The French entered the race for an ocean passage to Asia in the _______.
Mid-1500s
79
What motivated the French to return to North America multiple times?
Various reasons including economic and strategic interests
80
In which period did France enter the race to find an ocean passage to Asia?
Mid-1500s
81
Who was the king of France determined to find a route to Asia?
François I
82
What was the main goal of François I regarding exploration?
To find a route to Asia before other European countries
83
Where did the French decide to start their exploration?
North America
84
What did the French eventually do in North America?
Built colonies
85
True or False: The French were the only European country exploring North America in the mid-1500s.
False
86
Fill in the blank: The French entered the race for an ocean passage to Asia in the _______.
Mid-1500s
87
What motivated the French to return to North America multiple times?
Various reasons including economic and strategic interests
88
What body of water did Cartier enter?
The Gulf of St. Lawrence
89
Who did Cartier and his men encounter while exploring?
A group of Mi kmaq paddling in their canoes
90
How did the Mi kmaq likely react upon encountering Cartier's crew?
They would have been surprised and unfamiliar with the larger boat, clothing, and language
91
What did Cartier document in his journal?
His perspective on the encounter with the Mi kmaq
92
Fill in the blank: Cartier's boat would have been larger than any the _______ had seen before.
Mi kmaq
93
True or False: The Mi kmaq were familiar with Cartier's style of clothing.
False
94
What did Cartier's journal reflect about the Mi kmaq?
Their unfamiliarity with the crew's clothing and language
95
What is the significance of the account described?
It is the first known written account of trade between Europeans and First Nations peoples.
96
What did the Europeans offer to the Mi'kmaq during the trade?
They offered knives, other iron goods, and a red hat.
97
What actions did the Mi'kmaq take during the trade?
They bared all they had and returned naked.
98
What does the account suggest about the Mi'kmaq's previous trading experience?
The Mi'kmaq had likely traded before, as indicated by their willingness to barter and the goods they offered.
99
True or False: The account indicates that the Mi'kmaq were unfamiliar with trade.
False
100
What might the Mi'kmaq have used to signal their intentions to the Europeans?
They made frequent signs and gestures.
101
Fill in the blank: The Mi'kmaq made signs to the Europeans that they wished them no _______.
[harm]
102
What items did the Mi'kmaq provide to the Europeans in exchange for goods?
Skins on sticks.
103
What does the return of the Mi'kmaq without skins suggest about the trade?
It suggests that they were willing to trade all their goods.
104
With whom might the Mi'kmaq have traded prior to this encounter?
Other Indigenous groups or earlier European explorers.
105
Who was the leader of the Haudenosaunee that Cartier met in 1534?
Donnacona
106
In which region did Cartier first meet the Haudenosaunee?
Gaspé Peninsula
107
What did Cartier take back to France to prove his findings?
Two of Donnacona's sons, Taignoagny and Domagaya
108
How many ships and men did Cartier return to North America with in 1535?
Three ships and 110 men
109
What did Cartier and his crew build near Stadacona during the winter?
A small log fort
110
What disease did many of Cartier's crew suffer from due to a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables?
Scurvy
111
What vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?
Vitamin C
112
How did the Haudenosaunee help Cartier and his crew survive the winter?
They taught them how to make cedar tea
113
True or False: The Haudenosaunee had no remedies for scurvy.
False
114
Fill in the blank: Cartier's journey took him as far as _______ where Donnacona and his people lived.
Stadacona
115
What did the Haudenosaunee tell Cartier about?
They told him about a land northeast of their village with fruit trees, metals, and gems.
116
In what year did Cartier forcibly take Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe?
1556
117
What was Cartier's hope for taking the villagers to Europe?
To convince the king to pay for another cross-Atlantic trip.
118
When did Cartier return to North America to set up a colony?
1542
119
What river did Cartier plan to establish a colony along?
St. Lawrence River
120
What happened to all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier took across the ocean?
They died in Europe.
121
What did Cartier claim about the villagers he took to Europe upon his return?
He told the Haudenosaunee that they were well and living in Europe.
122
How did the Haudenosaunee react to Cartier's claims about the villagers?
They did not believe him and were hostile toward the French.
123
What was the outcome for the French colonists after another terrible winter?
They decided to return to Europe.
124
What samples did Cartier take with him from North America?
Samples he believed were gold and diamonds.
125
What were the samples Cartier took actually made of?
Worthless pyrite (fool's gold) and quartz.
126
What was one of Cartier's successes despite not establishing a permanent colony?
He gathered a great deal of important information about the land.
127
True or False: Cartier established a permanent colony in North America.
False
128
Fill in the blank: Cartier's journeys were through the _______.
Gulf of St. Lawrence
129
What did the Haudenosaunee tell Cartier about?
They told him about a land northeast of their village with fruit trees, metals, and gems.
130
In what year did Cartier forcibly take Donnacona and nine other villagers back to Europe?
1556
131
What was Cartier's hope for taking the villagers to Europe?
To convince the king to pay for another cross-Atlantic trip.
132
When did Cartier return to North America to set up a colony?
1542
133
What river did Cartier plan to establish a colony along?
St. Lawrence River
134
What happened to all but one of the Haudenosaunee Cartier took across the ocean?
They died in Europe.
135
What did Cartier claim about the villagers he took to Europe upon his return?
He told the Haudenosaunee that they were well and living in Europe.
136
How did the Haudenosaunee react to Cartier's claims about the villagers?
They did not believe him and were hostile toward the French.
137
What was the outcome for the French colonists after another terrible winter?
They decided to return to Europe.
138
What samples did Cartier take with him from North America?
Samples he believed were gold and diamonds.
139
What were the samples Cartier took actually made of?
Worthless pyrite (fool's gold) and quartz.
140
What was one of Cartier's successes despite not establishing a permanent colony?
He gathered a great deal of important information about the land.
141
True or False: Cartier established a permanent colony in North America.
False
142
Fill in the blank: Cartier's journeys were through the _______.
Gulf of St. Lawrence
143
What failure did Jacques Cartier experience?
His settlement on the St. Lawrence River had failed
## Footnote
Cartier's attempts to establish a permanent French presence in North America were unsuccessful.
144
What continued despite Cartier's failed settlement?
Fishing fleets and fur traders continued to come to North America
## Footnote
Fishing fleets arrived annually in the North Atlantic, and fur traders engaged with First Nations trappers.
145
What were the names of the first French colonies in North America?
Acadia and Ouébec
## Footnote
These colonies were established as part of France's efforts to build a presence in North America.
146
Why did the French king Louis XIII decide to build a colony in North America?
To access the abundant supply of furs
## Footnote
The demand for furs in Europe was growing, prompting the establishment of a colony.
147
What was another reason for the French return to North America?
Louis XIII wanted to establish a stronger French presence
## Footnote
This was part of a broader strategy to increase France's influence and resource access in the region.
148
Who was an important explorer that formed alliances with First Nations?
Champlain
## Footnote
Samuel de Champlain played a crucial role in building relations with indigenous tribes.
149
What impact did the alliances with First Nations have on the colonies?
They influenced the establishment and success of the colonies
## Footnote
These alliances provided the French with critical support in trade and defense.
150
Fill in the blank: The demand for _______ in Europe was growing by the early 1600s.
furs
## Footnote
This increase in demand was a driving force behind French colonization efforts.
151
What failure did Jacques Cartier experience?
His settlement on the St. Lawrence River had failed
## Footnote
Cartier's attempts to establish a permanent French presence in North America were unsuccessful.
152
What continued despite Cartier's failed settlement?
Fishing fleets and fur traders continued to come to North America
## Footnote
Fishing fleets arrived annually in the North Atlantic, and fur traders engaged with First Nations trappers.
153
What were the names of the first French colonies in North America?
Acadia and Ouébec
## Footnote
These colonies were established as part of France's efforts to build a presence in North America.
154
Why did the French king Louis XIII decide to build a colony in North America?
To access the abundant supply of furs
## Footnote
The demand for furs in Europe was growing, prompting the establishment of a colony.
155
What was another reason for the French return to North America?
Louis XIII wanted to establish a stronger French presence
## Footnote
This was part of a broader strategy to increase France's influence and resource access in the region.
156
Who was an important explorer that formed alliances with First Nations?
Champlain
## Footnote
Samuel de Champlain played a crucial role in building relations with indigenous tribes.
157
What impact did the alliances with First Nations have on the colonies?
They influenced the establishment and success of the colonies
## Footnote
These alliances provided the French with critical support in trade and defense.
158
Fill in the blank: The demand for _______ in Europe was growing by the early 1600s.
furs
## Footnote
This increase in demand was a driving force behind French colonization efforts.
159
What was the king's goal in expanding France's colonial empire?
To be the most powerful ruler in Europe.
160
What advantage did the king believe resources from colonies would provide?
A military advantage over its imperial rivals.
161
Why did the king decide to let someone else pay for the colony?
Building and supporting a colony far from home would be expensive.
162
What did the king grant to a group of merchants?
A trade monopoly.
163
What did the trade monopoly allow the merchants to do?
Only the merchants within the group would be allowed to trade for furs in the colony.
164
What were the merchants required to do in return for the trade monopoly?
Build settlements in North America and find French citizens to live there.
165
Fill in the blank: The king granted a _______ to a group of merchants.
[trade monopoly]
166
True or False: The king believed that expanding the colonial empire would weaken France's military.
False
167
Who received a monopoly to set up a colony in North America in 1604?
Pierre de Monts
## Footnote
Pierre de Monts was a French noble who played a key role in the establishment of Acadia.
168
What map-maker and explorer accompanied Pierre de Monts to North America?
Samuel de Champlain
## Footnote
Samuel de Champlain is known for his significant contributions to the exploration and settlement of Canada.
169
In what year did de Monts establish a settlement at Port Royal?
1605
## Footnote
Port Royal was one of the first permanent European settlements in North America.
170
What name did the French give to the area where they settled?
Acadia
## Footnote
The name Acadia derives from the Greek word 'Arcadia', which means an earthly paradise.
171
What was the initial reaction of the Mikmaq to the French settlers?
They did not object to the newcomers
## Footnote
The Mikmaq were initially open to trade and shared the land with the French settlers.
172
What did the Mikmaq trade with the French settlers?
Furs for metal goods and blankets
## Footnote
This trade relationship benefited both the Mikmaq and the French settlers.
173
What was one of the main reasons the Mikmaq were willing to share their land?
Access to fishing and hunting activities
## Footnote
The Mikmaq valued their traditional activities and welcomed the opportunity to trade.
174
Fill in the blank: The French called the area Acadia, which comes from the Greek word _______.
Arcadia
175
True or False: Life in Acadia was significantly better than life back in France for the settlers.
False
## Footnote
Life in Acadia was hard, and settlers faced many challenges.
176
Who were the primary inhabitants of the area before the arrival of the French settlers?
The Mikmaq
## Footnote
The Mikmaq were an Indigenous people who lived in the region known as Acadia.
177
What type of people did Acadia attract from France?
Poor farmers
## Footnote
Acadia offered opportunities for those seeking a better life away from poverty in France.
178
What was the original plan for Quebec influenced by?
Security issues
## Footnote
The original plan for Quebec was influenced by the need for security as colonists spread out along the shores.
179
Who were the first Acadians?
French pioneers
## Footnote
The French pioneers who settled along the Bay of Fundy formed a unique community and culture known as the Acadians.
180
Why did de Monts and Champlain decide to move from Port Royal?
Far from fur trade center
## Footnote
Port Royal was distant from the center of the fur trade, prompting the decision to relocate to the St. Lawrence River.
181
What was the name of the settlement established by the French colonists?
Québec
## Footnote
The French colonists named their settlement Québec, derived from an Algonquin word.
182
What does the name 'Québec' mean?
The place where the river narrows
## Footnote
The name 'Québec' comes from an Algonquin term meaning 'the place where the river narrows.'
183
What difficulties did the newcomers face during their first winter in Québec?
Weather and lack of food
## Footnote
During the first winter, 200 out of 28 newcomers died due to harsh weather conditions and insufficient food.
184
What two factors are compared in the graphs shown in the text?
Annual temperatures and precipitation
## Footnote
The graphs compare the annual temperatures and precipitation of Paris, France, and Quebec.
185
Fill in the blank: The French colonists called their settlement _______.
Québec
186
True or False: The site near Stadacona was chosen because it was close to the fur trade.
False
## Footnote
The site near Stadacona was chosen despite being far from the fur trade center.
187
What was the original plan for Quebec influenced by?
Security issues
## Footnote
The original plan for Quebec was influenced by the need for security as colonists spread out along the shores.
188
Who were the first Acadians?
French pioneers
## Footnote
The French pioneers who settled along the Bay of Fundy formed a unique community and culture known as the Acadians.
189
Why did de Monts and Champlain decide to move from Port Royal?
Far from fur trade center
## Footnote
Port Royal was distant from the center of the fur trade, prompting the decision to relocate to the St. Lawrence River.
190
What was the name of the settlement established by the French colonists?
Québec
## Footnote
The French colonists named their settlement Québec, derived from an Algonquin word.
191
What does the name 'Québec' mean?
The place where the river narrows
## Footnote
The name 'Québec' comes from an Algonquin term meaning 'the place where the river narrows.'
192
What difficulties did the newcomers face during their first winter in Québec?
Weather and lack of food
## Footnote
During the first winter, 200 out of 28 newcomers died due to harsh weather conditions and insufficient food.
193
What two factors are compared in the graphs shown in the text?
Annual temperatures and precipitation
## Footnote
The graphs compare the annual temperatures and precipitation of Paris, France, and Quebec.
194
Fill in the blank: The French colonists called their settlement _______.
Québec
195
True or False: The site near Stadacona was chosen because it was close to the fur trade.
False
## Footnote
The site near Stadacona was chosen despite being far from the fur trade center.
196
Who were the coureurs de bois?
The coureurs de bois were the first people to leave the settlements of New France and begin roaming the countryside.
## Footnote
'Coureurs de bois' translates to 'runners of the woods' in English.
197
What role did the coureurs de bois play in New France?
They built the fur trade alongside the First Nations.
## Footnote
The coureurs de bois were essential in establishing trade relationships with Indigenous peoples.
198
What motivated the coureurs de bois to explore farther west and south?
They sought to expand their trade routes and opportunities.
## Footnote
Exploration was driven by the demand for fur and resources.
199
What conflict arose from European ideas of land ownership?
Conflict occurred between European settlers and First Nations peoples.
## Footnote
Different concepts of land ownership led to misunderstandings and disputes.
200
Fill in the blank: The coureurs de bois were known as '_______' in English.
runners of the woods
201
True or False: The coureurs de bois only traded with other European settlers.
False
## Footnote
They primarily engaged in trade with the First Nations peoples.
202
What was a significant consequence of the explorations by the coureurs de bois?
The expansion of the fur trade and territorial conflicts.
## Footnote
Their explorations contributed to both economic growth and tensions in the region.
203
Who was one of the first coureurs de bois?
Étienne Brülė
204
In what year did the French and the Wendat agree to a cultural exchange?
1610
205
Fill in the blank: A young French colonist named Étienne Brülė was one of the first _______.
coureurs de bois
206
What was the purpose of Brülé living with the Wendat?
To learn about their culture and way of life
## Footnote
Brülé wanted to gain an appreciation for the Wendat customs and language.
207
Who was Savignon?
A young Wendat man who went to live in France
## Footnote
Savignon learned to speak French but was eager to return to North America.
208
What did Brülé learn during his time with the Wendat?
He learned their language and customs
## Footnote
Brülé also traveled with Wendat hunters and learned about their territory.
209
What significant geographical achievement is attributed to Brülé?
He was the first European to travel up the Ottawa River and into Georgian Bay
## Footnote
This journey helped expand European knowledge of North American geography.
210
What was Savignon's impression of France?
He described it as a place where children were treated badly and beggars lived in the streets
## Footnote
Savignon's eagerness to return to North America highlighted his negative experiences in France.
211
Fill in the blank: Brülé practised the _______ of the Wendat.
customs
212
True or False: Savignon adapted well to life in France.
False
## Footnote
Savignon was eager to return to North America and had a negative view of French society.
213
What was the purpose of Brülé living with the Wendat?
To learn about their culture and way of life
## Footnote
Brülé wanted to gain an appreciation for the Wendat customs and language.
214
Who was Savignon?
A young Wendat man who went to live in France
## Footnote
Savignon learned to speak French but was eager to return to North America.
215
What did Brülé learn during his time with the Wendat?
He learned their language and customs
## Footnote
Brülé also traveled with Wendat hunters and learned about their territory.
216
What significant geographical achievement is attributed to Brülé?
He was the first European to travel up the Ottawa River and into Georgian Bay
## Footnote
This journey helped expand European knowledge of North American geography.
217
What was Savignon's impression of France?
He described it as a place where children were treated badly and beggars lived in the streets
## Footnote
Savignon's eagerness to return to North America highlighted his negative experiences in France.
218
Fill in the blank: Brülé practised the _______ of the Wendat.
customs
219
True or False: Savignon adapted well to life in France.
False
## Footnote
Savignon was eager to return to North America and had a negative view of French society.
220
Who were the two adventurous coureurs de bois mentioned?
Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groselliers
221
In what year did Pierre Radisson come to New France?
1650
222
What happened to Radisson after he was captured by the Mohawk?
He was adopted into their family for two years
223
What skills did Radisson learn while living with the Mohawk?
He learned to speak their language and survive in the woods
224
In what year did Radisson join des Groselliers on a trading trip?
1659
225
Where did Radisson and des Groselliers travel during their trading trip?
Deep inland to the far end of Lake Superior
226
How did Radisson and des Groselliers claim lands for France?
By giving French names to the settlements, lakes, rivers, mountains, and other landforms they encountered
227
What significant location did Radisson and des Groselliers travel to in 1670?
Hudson Bay
228
What was the purpose of Radisson and des Groselliers' trip to Hudson Bay?
To explore land rich in fur-bearing animals
229
What was founded later in 1670 as a result of Radisson and des Groselliers' accomplishments?
Hudson's Bay Company
230
Fill in the blank: Radisson lived among the Mohawk for _______ years.
two
231
True or False: Radisson and des Groselliers were the first Europeans to explore the far end of Lake Superior.
True
232
Who were the two adventurous coureurs de bois mentioned?
Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groselliers
233
In what year did Pierre Radisson come to New France?
1650
234
What happened to Radisson after he was captured by the Mohawk?
He was adopted into their family for two years
235
What skills did Radisson learn while living with the Mohawk?
He learned to speak their language and survive in the woods
236
In what year did Radisson join des Groselliers on a trading trip?
1659
237
Where did Radisson and des Groselliers travel during their trading trip?
Deep inland to the far end of Lake Superior
238
How did Radisson and des Groselliers claim lands for France?
By giving French names to the settlements, lakes, rivers, mountains, and other landforms they encountered
239
What significant location did Radisson and des Groselliers travel to in 1670?
Hudson Bay
240
What was the purpose of Radisson and des Groselliers' trip to Hudson Bay?
To explore land rich in fur-bearing animals
241
What was founded later in 1670 as a result of Radisson and des Groselliers' accomplishments?
Hudson's Bay Company
242
Fill in the blank: Radisson lived among the Mohawk for _______ years.
two
243
True or False: Radisson and des Groselliers were the first Europeans to explore the far end of Lake Superior.
True
244
What did the Cree call the Mississippi River?
The 'big river'
## Footnote
In the Cree (Nehiyawak) language, the Mississippi River is referred to as 'Mississippithe'.
245
Who were the explorers sent by the king of France to find the Mississippi River?
Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette
246
What was the purpose of Jolliet and Marquette's expedition?
To discover the course of the Mississippi River
247
In what year did Jolliet and Marquette begin their expedition?
1672
248
What did Jolliet and Marquette learn about the Mississippi River?
It emptied into the Gulf of Mexico
249
Who reached the mouth of the Mississippi River in 1682?
René Robert Cavelier de la Salle
250
What territory did the French claim ownership of during their explorations?
The territories they explored
251
How did the French view land ownership compared to the First Nations?
The French claimed ownership, while First Nations believed land was to be shared
252
Fill in the blank: The French named the region they claimed after the king _______.
Louis XIV
253
Why was it difficult for France to gain colonists in New France?
The climate was much colder than in France
254
True or False: The population of the French colony grew quickly.
False
255
What was the primary reason for the slow growth of the French colony?
The harsh climate and lack of people willing to migrate
256
What was the main waterway that most colonists in New France clustered around?
The St. Lawrence River
257
What was the primary resource that made New France wealthier?
Furs
## Footnote
Furs were a significant trade commodity that contributed to the wealth of New France.
258
What was the main aim of imperialism in the early days of New France?
To make France richer and more powerful
259
What was the attitude of merchants towards New France?
They viewed it as a place to trade for furs with little interest in building settlements
260
What was the result of merchants' lack of interest in settlement in New France?
Few people wanted to move there, leading to the colony failing to prosper
261
What was the governing body of the colony known as?
Sovereign Council
262
Who was the most powerful member of the Sovereign Council?
Governor
263
Fill in the blank: The colony was reliant on home protection in exchange for _______.
[resources like furs and fish]
264
True or False: The Royal Takeover was beneficial for the prosperity of New France.
False
265
What was the primary reason for the failure of New France to prosper?
Lack of interest from merchants in building settlements
266
Who took control of the colony in 1663?
King Louis XIV
267
What governing body did King Louis XIV establish for the colony?
Sovereign Council
268
Who were the three key officials in the Sovereign Council?
* Governor
* Intendant
* Councillors
269
Who was the most powerful member of the Sovereign Council?
Governor
270
What was the role of the governor in the colony?
He was the King's personal representative, in charge of defense and relations.
271
What type of official was usually appointed as the governor?
An army officer and a noble
272
What was the second-most important official in the Sovereign Council?
Intendant
273
What responsibilities did the intendant have in the colony?
* Supervised the courts
* Oversaw road construction
* Managed settlers' welfare
* Managed the economy
274
Fill in the blank: The _______ was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the colony.
Intendant
275
True or False: The governor was responsible for the economy of the colony.
False
276
Who took control of the colony in 1663?
King Louis XIV
277
What governing body did King Louis XIV establish for the colony?
Sovereign Council
278
Who were the three key officials in the Sovereign Council?
* Governor
* Intendant
* Councillors
279
Who was the most powerful member of the Sovereign Council?
Governor
280
What was the role of the governor in the colony?
He was the King's personal representative, in charge of defense and relations.
281
What type of official was usually appointed as the governor?
An army officer and a noble
282
What was the second-most important official in the Sovereign Council?
Intendant
283
What responsibilities did the intendant have in the colony?
* Supervised the courts
* Oversaw road construction
* Managed settlers' welfare
* Managed the economy
284
Fill in the blank: The _______ was responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the colony.
Intendant
285
True or False: The governor was responsible for the economy of the colony.
False
286
Who was the first intendant in New France?
Jean Talon
## Footnote
Jean Talon was responsible for bringing newcomers from France to the colony.
287
What industries did Jean Talon start in New France?
Shipbuilding and fishing industries
## Footnote
He also built factories and roads.
288
Who was the head of the church in New France?
The bishop
## Footnote
The first bishop was François de Laval.
289
What significant institution did François de Laval open?
A seminary in Quebec
## Footnote
This seminary later became Laval University.
290
What was the financial situation of New France compared to France?
Taxes were lower in New France
## Footnote
The royal government paid the colony's expenses.
291
Who held the governing power in New France?
The Sovereign Council
## Footnote
The colonists had to follow the rules established by this council.
292
Did the colonists have any means to express grievances?
Yes, the courts heard complaints filed by the colonists
## Footnote
This allowed for some level of justice and feedback.
293
How did the freedom of colonists in New France compare to that in France?
Greater freedom in New France
## Footnote
Overall, the people enjoyed more liberties than they had back in France.
294
What type of society developed in New France?
A distinctive Francophone society
## Footnote
Colonists were expected to be responsible, contributing members.
295
Fill in the blank: The first bishop of New France was _______.
François de Laval
296
Who was the first intendant in New France?
Jean Talon
## Footnote
Jean Talon was responsible for bringing newcomers from France to the colony.
297
What industries did Jean Talon start in New France?
Shipbuilding and fishing industries
## Footnote
He also built factories and roads.
298
Who was the head of the church in New France?
The bishop
## Footnote
The first bishop was François de Laval.
299
What significant institution did François de Laval open?
A seminary in Quebec
## Footnote
This seminary later became Laval University.
300
What was the financial situation of New France compared to France?
Taxes were lower in New France
## Footnote
The royal government paid the colony's expenses.
301
Who held the governing power in New France?
The Sovereign Council
## Footnote
The colonists had to follow the rules established by this council.
302
Did the colonists have any means to express grievances?
Yes, the courts heard complaints filed by the colonists
## Footnote
This allowed for some level of justice and feedback.
303
How did the freedom of colonists in New France compare to that in France?
Greater freedom in New France
## Footnote
Overall, the people enjoyed more liberties than they had back in France.
304
What type of society developed in New France?
A distinctive Francophone society
## Footnote
Colonists were expected to be responsible, contributing members.
305
Fill in the blank: The first bishop of New France was _______.
François de Laval
306
Chart of Government of New France
307
Chart of Government of New France
308
What was the primary religion of the colonists in New France?
Catholicism
## Footnote
Almost all colonists in New France were Catholic, reflecting the predominant religion in France.
309
What roles did priests, nuns, and missionaries play in New France?
They held religious services, taught school, ran hospitals, and cared for the poor
## Footnote
These religious figures were integral to the community and the development of the colony.
310
What is a tithe?
A portion of income donated to the Church
## Footnote
Tithing was a common practice among the colonists to support the Church's activities.
311
What was the most important goal of the Catholic Church in New France?
To spread the Catholic faith
## Footnote
This goal motivated many missionary activities in the region.
312
What was the village of Ville-Marie founded for?
As a place for missionaries to convert First Nations peoples
## Footnote
Today, Ville-Marie is known as Montréal.
313
What did many missionaries do as they traveled into the interior of the continent?
Pioneered canoe routes and wrote accounts of their travels
## Footnote
These accounts provided insights into life in the colony and were sent back to France.
314
True or False: Most of the Europeans in France were Protestant.
False
## Footnote
The majority were Catholic, influencing the religious landscape of New France.
315
What are the Jesuit Relations?
A series of journals written by Jesuit missionaries in New France
## Footnote
They document the missionaries' work and travels in the early 17th century.
316
When did the Jesuits start arriving in New France?
1625
## Footnote
This marks the beginning of their missionary work in the region.
317
What was the main purpose of the Jesuit Relations?
To report on their missionary work and travels
## Footnote
These journals were sent back to France for publication.
318
What significant event is described in the Jesuit Relations?
The conversion of Wendat children and their parents to the Catholic faith
## Footnote
This reflects the religious impact of the Jesuits on Indigenous peoples.
319
Fill in the blank: The Jesuits were a special order of _______.
missionaries
## Footnote
They played a crucial role in the spread of Catholicism in New France.
320
True or False: The Jesuit Relations were published in New France.
False
## Footnote
They were published in France after being sent back by the missionaries.
321
What was the primary reason for sending women to New France?
To marry male colonists and raise families
322
How many single young women and girls were sent to New France between 1665 and 1673?
About 900
323
What were the women sent to New France known as?
Les filles du roi - the 'king's daughters'
324
What incentives did the king provide to couples who married?
An ox, a cow, two pigs, chickens, some salt beef, and a purse of money
325
What was the population growth of New France from 3200 to 10,000 in how many years?
14 years
326
True or False: Few newcomers arrived from France after 1680.
True
327
What is significant about the 10,000 colonists in New France?
They are the ancestors of most Canadians of French descent
328
Fill in the blank: The population of New France grew from _______ to 10,000.
3200
329
What were the living conditions like for women in New France?
Very harsh
330
Who were some of the women sent to New France?
Orphans and poor women
331
What was the central role of the family in New France?
The family was the centre of daily life in New France.
332
What types of work did women do in New France?
Women worked very hard alongside their husbands in the fields, cared for their homes and children, and helped manage the family finances.
333
How did the education of girls in New France compare to that in France?
Girls in New France received a better education than they did in France.
334
Where did the daughters of wealthier families in New France go to school?
The daughters of wealthier families went to boarding schools in the towns.
335
What was one educational option for daughters from other families in New France?
Other families sent their daughters to schools.
336
Fill in the blank: Women in New France helped manage the family _______.
finances
337
Who operated the schools in New France?
The nuns
338
What skills did the nuns teach the children?
Reading, writing, and domestic chores
339
Which gender often received a better education in New France?
Girls
340
Compared to children in France, children in New France had _______.
more opportunity to attend school
341
What was a common reason for children in France not attending school?
They were sent to learn a trade or helped on the farm
342
In France, most children stayed home to help with _______.
farming and harvesting
343
Who operated the schools in New France?
The nuns
344
What skills did the nuns teach the children?
Reading, writing, and domestic chores
345
Which gender often received a better education in New France?
Girls
346
Compared to children in France, children in New France had _______.
more opportunity to attend school
347
What was a common reason for children in France not attending school?
They were sent to learn a trade or helped on the farm
348
In France, most children stayed home to help with _______.
farming and harvesting
349
Who were the nobles that received large tracts of land along the St. Lawrence River?
Seigneurs
## Footnote
Seigneurs were granted land by the king and were responsible for settling it.
350
What were the colonists who rented land from the seigneurs called?
Habitants
## Footnote
Habitants set up farms on the rented land.
351
What was the primary purpose of the St. Lawrence River for the seigneurs and habitants?
Transportation and irrigation
## Footnote
The river facilitated trade and farming.
352
What were the responsibilities of the seigneurs towards the habitants?
Build a mill and a church
## Footnote
Seigneurs had specific duties to support the community.
353
Fill in the blank: Each habitant had to give the seigneur a portion of each year's _______.
Crop
## Footnote
This was part of the legal obligations between the seigneurs and habitants.
354
True or False: The relationship between seigneurs and habitants was protected by law.
True
## Footnote
Legal protections ensured that both parties fulfilled their duties.
355
What did the seigneurs have to do in return for the land they received?
Find colonists to settle the land
## Footnote
This was a key requirement for the seigneurs.
356
Who were the nobles that received large tracts of land along the St. Lawrence River?
Seigneurs
## Footnote
Seigneurs were granted land by the king and were responsible for settling it.
357
What were the colonists who rented land from the seigneurs called?
Habitants
## Footnote
Habitants set up farms on the rented land.
358
What was the primary purpose of the St. Lawrence River for the seigneurs and habitants?
Transportation and irrigation
## Footnote
The river facilitated trade and farming.
359
What were the responsibilities of the seigneurs towards the habitants?
Build a mill and a church
## Footnote
Seigneurs had specific duties to support the community.
360
Fill in the blank: Each habitant had to give the seigneur a portion of each year's _______.
Crop
## Footnote
This was part of the legal obligations between the seigneurs and habitants.
361
True or False: The relationship between seigneurs and habitants was protected by law.
True
## Footnote
Legal protections ensured that both parties fulfilled their duties.
362
What did the seigneurs have to do in return for the land they received?
Find colonists to settle the land
## Footnote
This was a key requirement for the seigneurs.
