9: Growth in the West Flashcards
1
Q
What are natural resources?
A
Natural resources are the parts of nature that people can use, including fish, land, trees, furs, water, oil, and minerals.
2
Q
How did First Nations use natural resources after first contact?
A
First Nations and newcomers used these resources to meet their needs.
3
Q
What types of natural resources are abundant in Canada?
A
Canada is rich in natural resources such as timber, oil, gas, and agricultural products like wheat.
4
Q
What are some consequences of using natural resources in Canada?
A
Our use of natural resources can harm the environment but also creates many jobs.
5
Q
How have natural resources influenced settlement patterns in Canada?
A
Natural resources have affected where people chose to live, such as First Nations on Canada’s Northwest Coast choosing to live near salmon.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Canadians cut down trees to make _______.
A
timber
7
Q
Fill in the blank: We drill for oil and gas to heat our homes and _______.
A
fuel our cars
8
Q
True or False: The use of natural resources in Canada has only positive effects.
A
False
9
Q
What was a reason for the First Nations’ choice of location on the Northwest Coast?
A
They chose to live there for access to salmon.
10
Q
Why did Canadians export resources such as fish to China?
A
To meet the demands of international markets.
11
Q
What is the primary importance of land as a natural resource?
A
It is the place where we live and provides essential resources.
12
Q
Which groups initially utilized the land’s resources in Canada?
A
First Nations peoples.
13
Q
After Confederation, what did newcomers primarily seek in Canada?
A
Land.
14
Q
What significant construction did the Canadian government undertake to facilitate immigration and farming in the West?
A
A railway.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: The land has value because it provides _______.
A
resources.
16
Q
True or False: The government of Canada sought to gain control of land for newcomers.
A
True.
17
Q
What types of resources did First Nations peoples make use of from the land?
A
Water, plants, and animals.
18
Q
What agricultural products were mentioned as being produced on the land after it was utilized by newcomers?
A
Cattle and grain.
19
Q
What era did thousands of newcomers begin arriving in the West after?
A
After Confederation.
20
Q
What is one key learning objective in this chapter?
A
Understanding how the Canadian government managed land for newcomers.
21
Q
What is essential for a country to be considered a country?
A
Land
A country cannot exist without having territory.
22
Q
What did Canada seek to secure in the West?
A
Its claim to the land before American occupation
This was crucial for Canada’s territorial integrity.
23
Q
From whom did the Canadian government purchase Rupert’s Land?
A
The Hudson’s Bay Company
This purchase occurred in 1869.
24
Q
What was the expectation for the North West Territories?
A
To be home to thousands of successful farm families
This vision required the government to control the land first.
25
What did the Canadian government do to gain control of the land?
Signed treaties with the First Nations
## Footnote
These agreements were crucial for establishing governance.
26
What police force was established to maintain order in Western Canada?
The North West Mounted Police (NWMP)
## Footnote
This force aimed to ensure safety for settlers.
27
What was a common issue in the American West that Canada aimed to avoid?
Violence
## Footnote
Canada intended to take a different approach through law enforcement.
28
What did the Canadian government need to determine before giving land to settlers?
The exact land it had
## Footnote
This was necessary for proper land allocation.
29
What was the designated border west of the Great Lakes?
The 49th parallel
## Footnote
This border was established in the early 1870s.
30
Who helped mark the boundary between American and Canadian territories?
Métis guides, American and British surveyors
## Footnote
Their collaboration was essential for accurate border demarcation.
31
What did surveyors do every 1.6 kilometers along the border?
Planted an iron post in the ground
## Footnote
This was part of the process to mark the territory.
32
What was built every 5 kilometers along the border?
A low mound of earth
## Footnote
These markers indicated the limits of Canadian territory.
33
True or False: The marking of the border was a straightforward process with no challenges.
False
## Footnote
The process required careful measurement and collaboration.
34
What is essential for a country to be considered a country?
Land
## Footnote
A country cannot exist without having territory.
35
What did Canada seek to secure in the West?
Its claim to the land before American occupation
## Footnote
This was crucial for Canada's territorial integrity.
36
From whom did the Canadian government purchase Rupert's Land?
The Hudson's Bay Company
## Footnote
This purchase occurred in 1869.
37
What was the expectation for the North West Territories?
To be home to thousands of successful farm families
## Footnote
This vision required the government to control the land first.
38
What did the Canadian government do to gain control of the land?
Signed treaties with the First Nations
## Footnote
These agreements were crucial for establishing governance.
39
What police force was established to maintain order in Western Canada?
The North West Mounted Police (NWMP)
## Footnote
This force aimed to ensure safety for settlers.
40
What was a common issue in the American West that Canada aimed to avoid?
Violence
## Footnote
Canada intended to take a different approach through law enforcement.
41
What did the Canadian government need to determine before giving land to settlers?
The exact land it had
## Footnote
This was necessary for proper land allocation.
42
What was the designated border west of the Great Lakes?
The 49th parallel
## Footnote
This border was established in the early 1870s.
43
Who helped mark the boundary between American and Canadian territories?
Métis guides, American and British surveyors
## Footnote
Their collaboration was essential for accurate border demarcation.
44
What did surveyors do every 1.6 kilometers along the border?
Planted an iron post in the ground
## Footnote
This was part of the process to mark the territory.
45
What was built every 5 kilometers along the border?
A low mound of earth
## Footnote
These markers indicated the limits of Canadian territory.
46
True or False: The marking of the border was a straightforward process with no challenges.
False
## Footnote
The process required careful measurement and collaboration.
47
What geographical feature rises up from the flat prairie in southern Saskatchewan and Alberta?
The Cypress Hills
## Footnote
The Cypress Hills are a significant geographical landmark in Canada.
48
Which Indigenous groups hunted game animals in the Cypress Hills?
* Cree
* Nakoda
* Siksika
## Footnote
These groups utilized the area for hunting and gathering.
49
What did the Indigenous peoples cut pine trees for in the Cypress Hills?
To make poles for their lodges and tipis
## Footnote
The use of natural resources was essential for shelter construction.
50
Who else, besides Indigenous peoples, lived in the Cypress Hills during the 1860s?
Métis hunters and traders
## Footnote
The Métis played an important role in the region's economy and culture.
51
What nickname was given to the Cypress Hills area during the 1860s?
Whoop-Up Country
## Footnote
The name was associated with whiskey trading activities.
52
Why was the area known as Whoop-Up Country?
Because of whiskey traders, mainly from the United States
## Footnote
The influx of traders influenced the social and economic dynamics of the region.
53
What geographical feature rises up from the flat prairie in southern Saskatchewan and Alberta?
The Cypress Hills
## Footnote
The Cypress Hills are a significant geographical landmark in Canada.
54
Which Indigenous groups hunted game animals in the Cypress Hills?
* Cree
* Nakoda
* Siksika
## Footnote
These groups utilized the area for hunting and gathering.
55
What did the Indigenous peoples cut pine trees for in the Cypress Hills?
To make poles for their lodges and tipis
## Footnote
The use of natural resources was essential for shelter construction.
56
Who else, besides Indigenous peoples, lived in the Cypress Hills during the 1860s?
Métis hunters and traders
## Footnote
The Métis played an important role in the region's economy and culture.
57
What nickname was given to the Cypress Hills area during the 1860s?
Whoop-Up Country
## Footnote
The name was associated with whiskey trading activities.
58
Why was the area known as Whoop-Up Country?
Because of whiskey traders, mainly from the United States
## Footnote
The influx of traders influenced the social and economic dynamics of the region.
59
What illegal activity did outlaws engage in while crossing into Canada?
Trading liquor for furs and buffalo robes
## Footnote
Selling liquor was illegal, but enforcement was lacking.
60
What were the wolf hunters in Whoop-Up Country called?
Wolfers
## Footnote
They hunted wolves by poisoning carcasses.
61
What did wolfers use to kill wolves?
Poison in carcasses
## Footnote
This method also harmed local dogs belonging to First Nations people.
62
What was one way First Nations people retaliated against wolfers?
Taking their horses
## Footnote
This reflects the conflict between wolfers and First Nations people.
63
Why was a new police force created in Whoop-Up Country?
To address the violent way of life
## Footnote
Prime Minister Macdonald recognized the need for law enforcement.
64
What was the name of the new police force established?
North West Mounted Police (NWMP)
## Footnote
This force aimed to show U.S. control and protect Aboriginal peoples.
65
What were some of the roles of the North West Mounted Police?
* Show the United States that Canada controlled the territory
* Shield Aboriginal peoples from American outlaws
* Help newcomers adjust to the frontier
* Keep peace between First Nations and newcomers
66
What event in June 1875 highlighted the need for law and order in the West?
An incident involving the Nakoda people and American settlers
## Footnote
Americans mistakenly believed that the Nakoda had stolen their horses.
67
What was Prime Minister Macdonald's goal regarding violence in the Canadian West?
To avoid violence similar to that in the United States
## Footnote
He aimed to ensure peaceful Canadian occupation of the land.
68
True or False: The NWMP was intended to enforce the law and maintain peace.
True
## Footnote
Macdonald believed this was essential for Canadian occupation.
69
What illegal activity did outlaws engage in while crossing into Canada?
Trading liquor for furs and buffalo robes
## Footnote
Selling liquor was illegal, but enforcement was lacking.
70
What were the wolf hunters in Whoop-Up Country called?
Wolfers
## Footnote
They hunted wolves by poisoning carcasses.
71
What did wolfers use to kill wolves?
Poison in carcasses
## Footnote
This method also harmed local dogs belonging to First Nations people.
72
What was one way First Nations people retaliated against wolfers?
Taking their horses
## Footnote
This reflects the conflict between wolfers and First Nations people.
73
Why was a new police force created in Whoop-Up Country?
To address the violent way of life
## Footnote
Prime Minister Macdonald recognized the need for law enforcement.
74
What was the name of the new police force established?
North West Mounted Police (NWMP)
## Footnote
This force aimed to show U.S. control and protect Aboriginal peoples.
75
What were some of the roles of the North West Mounted Police?
* Show the United States that Canada controlled the territory
* Shield Aboriginal peoples from American outlaws
* Help newcomers adjust to the frontier
* Keep peace between First Nations and newcomers
76
What event in June 1875 highlighted the need for law and order in the West?
An incident involving the Nakoda people and American settlers
## Footnote
Americans mistakenly believed that the Nakoda had stolen their horses.
77
What was Prime Minister Macdonald's goal regarding violence in the Canadian West?
To avoid violence similar to that in the United States
## Footnote
He aimed to ensure peaceful Canadian occupation of the land.
78
True or False: The NWMP was intended to enforce the law and maintain peace.
True
## Footnote
Macdonald believed this was essential for Canadian occupation.
79
What event occurred on 1 June 1873 that highlighted the need for law and order in the West?
The Cypress Hills Massacre
80
Who were camped near Farwell's and Solomon's Trading Posts at the time of the Cypress Hills Massacre?
The Nakoda people
81
What did the group of American wolfers mistakenly believe about the Nakoda people?
That the Nakoda had stolen their horses
82
How many Nakoda men, women, and children were murdered during the Cypress Hills Massacre?
As many as 36
83
What was the immediate response of Macdonald upon hearing news of the Cypress Hills Massacre?
He prioritized getting the North West Mounted Police to the area
84
What year did the Great March West occur?
In July 1874
85
How many mounted police headed west in the caravan during the Great March West?
300
86
Fill in the blank: The Cypress Hills Massacre revealed the West's need for _______.
law and order
87
What types of transportation were used by the mounted police during the Great March West?
Ox carts, horses, and wagons
88
True or False: The Nakoda people were guilty of stealing the wolfers' horses.
False
89
What was the outcome of the Great March?
It turned into a fiasco with low food supplies and lost direction.
## Footnote
Local Métis guides had to rescue the expedition.
90
What happened to the horses during the Great March?
They died for lack of water.
91
What two forts did part of the police establish south of the Great March?
* Fort Macleod
* Fort Walsh
92
Where did another group of the police go from the Great March?
They went north to Fort Edmonton.
93
What was Calgary known as before it became a city?
Fort Brisebois.
94
What was the primary task of the North West Mounted Police?
To make life in the territory peaceful.
95
Name three tasks performed by the Mounted Police.
* Cleared out whiskey traders
* Arrested lawbreakers
* Delivered the mail
96
True or False: The Mounted Police fought grass fires and assisted new farmers.
True.
97
In which uprising did the Mounted Police participate in 1885?
The second Métis Uprising.
98
What is the significance of Fort Walsh?
It was an NWMP post built during the establishment of police presence in the West.
99
What was the new policy proposed by Prime Minister Macdonald for Canada?
The National Policy
## Footnote
The National Policy aimed to facilitate the growth and development of Canada.
100
What three things did Canada need to effectively use the land resources in the West?
* A transportation system to reach the resources
* A population to harvest the resources
* An economy to nurture the new resource industry
## Footnote
These three components were essential for the National Policy's success.
101
What are the three parts of the National Policy?
* A transportation policy to build a railway across the continent
* An immigration policy to encourage farmers to populate Western Canada
* An economic policy to build a strong national economy for Canadians
## Footnote
Each part aimed to address specific needs for the growth of Canada.
102
What was the main goal of building the transcontinental railway in the 1870s?
To bring British Columbia into Confederation and keep Americans out
## Footnote
This was a strategic move to strengthen Canada's unity and territorial integrity.
103
What challenges did builders face while constructing the railway?
* Crossing thousands of kilometres of forested wilderness
* Filling swamps
* Blasting rock
* Building bridges across raging rivers
## Footnote
The construction of the railway was a monumental task due to Canada's vast geography.
104
What route was initially considered for the railway before the final decision?
A northerly route from Winnipeg to Edmonton
## Footnote
This route would have crossed the Rockies through the Yellowhead Pass.
105
What advantages did the final southern route of the railway provide?
* The land was flatter and had fewer trees
* Coal deposits near Lethbridge, Alberta, provided fuel for steam engines
* The route was closer to the border, encouraging use of the Canadian railway over the American one
## Footnote
These factors made the southern route more practical for construction.
106
Fill in the blank: The railway had to cross thousands of kilometres of _______ and prairie grassland.
forested wilderness
## Footnote
This highlights the geographical challenges faced during railway construction.
107
True or False: The construction of the railway was an easy task due to Canada’s small size.
False
## Footnote
Canada is the second largest country in the world by land area, making the task monumental.
108
What did the railway company control in the south?
Most of the land and profits from its sale
109
What did scientists incorrectly report about the southern prairies?
They were well suited for farming
110
How was the railway built?
In stages by a private company raising money from investors
111
What was the average cost of laying one kilometer of track in the nineteenth century?
Half a million dollars
112
What challenges did work crews face during railway construction?
Summer heat with mosquitoes and winter cold
113
What type of living conditions did work crews endure?
Dark, smoky bunkhouses with piles of hay infested with fleas and rats
114
What were typical meals for the railway workers?
Salt pork, corned beef, molasses, and tea
115
What was one major impact of the railway on Canada?
Brought many newcomers who changed the face of the prairies forever
116
Fill in the blank: The railway was built with the help of _______ from the government.
Grants
117
True or False: The railway construction was a comfortable experience for the workers.
False
118
What was the maximum distance of track laid by crews in a day?
Up to 50 kilometers
119
What was the second part of the National Policy focused on?
Immigration to farm the land
120
What role did agriculture play in the growth of Western Canada?
It became the backbone of a new Canadian West
121
In which decades did the earliest immigrant groups arrive in Western Canada?
The 1870s and 1880s
122
What did the government do before new farmers arrived in the West?
Surveyed the land
123
What were the large chunks of land called that surveyors divided the land into?
Townships
124
How many squares does each township consist of?
36 squares
125
What is the size of each quarter section in acres?
160 acres
126
True or False: The surveyors followed established farm borders when measuring land.
False
127
What was set aside in each township to pay for schools?
Two sections
128
Which company had sections of land that were left over from earlier agreements?
Hudson's Bay Company
129
Fill in the blank: Each township was divided into 36 squares called _______.
[sections]
130
What were the quarter sections used for in the survey method?
Marking off land for farming
131
What was the significance of the new farming communities in Western Canada?
They contributed to the growth and development of the region
132
What was the second part of the National Policy focused on?
Immigration to farm the land
133
What role did agriculture play in the growth of Western Canada?
It became the backbone of a new Canadian West
134
In which decades did the earliest immigrant groups arrive in Western Canada?
The 1870s and 1880s
135
What did the government do before new farmers arrived in the West?
Surveyed the land
136
What were the large chunks of land called that surveyors divided the land into?
Townships
137
How many squares does each township consist of?
36 squares
138
What is the size of each quarter section in acres?
160 acres
139
True or False: The surveyors followed established farm borders when measuring land.
False
140
What was set aside in each township to pay for schools?
Two sections
141
Which company had sections of land that were left over from earlier agreements?
Hudson's Bay Company
142
Fill in the blank: Each township was divided into 36 squares called _______.
[sections]
143
What were the quarter sections used for in the survey method?
Marking off land for farming
144
What was the significance of the new farming communities in Western Canada?
They contributed to the growth and development of the region
145
What was the purpose of the Dominion Lands Act passed in 1872?
It allowed any head of a family or any male at least 21 years old to apply for land.
146
What is a homestead as defined by the Dominion Lands Act?
A quarter section of land that cost only $10.
147
Who could apply for a homestead after 1882?
Women could apply as well.
148
What were the three promises required from each homestead applicant?
* Live on the land for at least six months of the year
* Build a house
* After three years, keep the land if the terms were met.
149
True or False: The majority of new arrivals were wealthy and could easily afford supplies.
False
150
What challenges did new arrivals face according to the text?
* Difficulty affording seed
* Lack of farm tools
* Inability to buy livestock
* Insufficient materials to build houses
151
Fill in the blank: The government passed the _______ in 1872 to facilitate land acquisition.
Dominion Lands Act
152
What was the cost of acquiring a homestead under the Dominion Lands Act?
$10
153
What could happen to crops due to natural factors mentioned in the text?
Crops could be ruined by storms or early frost.
154
Where did the earliest newcomers to the North-West Territories come from?
Ontario
155
What was the reason for the government campaign to attract newcomers to the North-West Territories?
To sell the West
156
What nickname did Manitoba earn due to the influx of Ontarians during the 1870s?
New Ontaria
157
Why did many Ontarians move to Manitoba in the 1870s?
Farmland was scarce in Ontario; land in the West was plentiful.
158
What was the situation regarding land in Quebec during the same period?
Land was also scarce in Quebec.
159
Where did Canadiens typically travel for jobs instead of moving West?
New England
160
What is a key belief of the Mennonites regarding warfare?
They do not believe in fighting wars.
161
Why were the Mennonites invited to move to Canada?
To avoid serving in the Russian army and to practice their religion.
162
What type of farming did the Mennonites practice in Canada?
Collective farming
163
Where did the first group of Mennonites settle in Canada?
Southeast of Winnipeg
164
Approximately how many Mennonites moved to Canada?
7000
165
What agricultural skill were the Mennonites effective at in Canada?
Breaking the prairie sod
166
Fill in the blank: The first newcomers to the North-West Territories were primarily from _______.
Ontario
167
True or False: The government agents tried to convince Canadiens to move West.
False
168
What event in March 1875 significantly impacted Icelandic farmers?
The Askja volcano erupted, causing volcanic ash to poison the land and kill cattle
## Footnote
This disaster led to a wave of immigration from Iceland to Canada.
169
What type of boats did Icelandic immigrants use to travel over Lake Winnipeg?
Wooden boats called scows
## Footnote
These boats were used during their dangerous journey to Canada.
170
In what year did the first group of Icelandic immigrants arrive in Canada?
1875
171
What was the name given to the lands where Icelandic immigrants settled in Canada?
New Iceland
172
What does the name 'Gimli' mean in the context of the Icelandic community?
Paradise
173
What were the conditions like for newcomers in New Iceland?
Harsh climate, floods, starvation, and smallpox epidemic
## Footnote
Many immigrants faced severe hardships which led to some leaving the area.
174
What did the Canadian government provide to the Icelandic immigrants?
Nearly 800 square kilometres of land
175
What freedoms were granted to the Icelandic immigrants in Canada?
The freedom to speak their language, keep their customs, and make their own laws
176
In what year did Manitoba absorb New Iceland?
1881
177
Where did some Icelandic immigrants who left New Iceland settle in Alberta?
Near Red Deer, in a community called Markerville
178
True or False: The Icelandic immigrants' journey to Canada was described as safe and easy.
False
179
Fill in the blank: Many refugees from the volcanic disaster in Iceland led to _______.
Canada
180
What event in March 1875 significantly impacted Icelandic farmers?
The Askja volcano erupted, causing volcanic ash to poison the land and kill cattle
## Footnote
This disaster led to a wave of immigration from Iceland to Canada.
181
What type of boats did Icelandic immigrants use to travel over Lake Winnipeg?
Wooden boats called scows
## Footnote
These boats were used during their dangerous journey to Canada.
182
In what year did the first group of Icelandic immigrants arrive in Canada?
1875
183
What was the name given to the lands where Icelandic immigrants settled in Canada?
New Iceland
184
What does the name 'Gimli' mean in the context of the Icelandic community?
Paradise
185
What were the conditions like for newcomers in New Iceland?
Harsh climate, floods, starvation, and smallpox epidemic
## Footnote
Many immigrants faced severe hardships which led to some leaving the area.
186
What did the Canadian government provide to the Icelandic immigrants?
Nearly 800 square kilometres of land
187
What freedoms were granted to the Icelandic immigrants in Canada?
The freedom to speak their language, keep their customs, and make their own laws
188
In what year did Manitoba absorb New Iceland?
1881
189
Where did some Icelandic immigrants who left New Iceland settle in Alberta?
Near Red Deer, in a community called Markerville
190
True or False: The Icelandic immigrants' journey to Canada was described as safe and easy.
False
191
Fill in the blank: Many refugees from the volcanic disaster in Iceland led to _______.
Canada
192
What was the third part of the National Policy?
To build a strong economy
## Footnote
This involved focusing on farming in the West as crucial to the Canadian economy.
193
How did the National Policy strengthen the Canadian economy?
By boosting manufacturing in the East and creating jobs
## Footnote
The government aimed to enhance farming and other industries.
194
What strategy did the government use to boost the economy?
Tariffs
## Footnote
The success of this strategy was mixed among Canadians.
195
Why did Canadian manufacturers in the East face problems?
Competition from American businesses
## Footnote
American goods were produced in vast quantities, keeping unit costs low.
196
What was the effect of American goods on Canadian producers?
Canadians worried they would buy less expensive US goods
## Footnote
This concern was justified as American goods were cheaper.
197
What is a protective tariff?
A tax placed on a product crossing the border
## Footnote
This tax raises the cost of imported goods.
198
What was the specific action taken by Macdonald regarding tariffs?
He put a tariff on goods coming into Canada
## Footnote
For example, a tariff of $20 on imported ploughs.
199
Fill in the blank: The purpose of the tariff was to make American goods _______ than Canadian goods.
more expensive
200
True or False: The National Policy included measures to increase trade between the colonies.
True
## Footnote
One of the reasons for Confederation was to enhance inter-colonial trade.
201
What was one way the government aimed to make trade possible after Confederation?
Creating the railway
## Footnote
This infrastructure was essential for facilitating trade.
202
What was the impact of the tariff on the price of products?
It made imported products more expensive
## Footnote
This aimed to encourage Canadians to buy domestic goods instead.
203
What is a characteristic of a diverse economy?
A diverse economy has many types of industry, allowing other industries to keep the country healthy if one is suffering.
204
What significant change occurred in the North-West Territories in the late nineteenth century?
New arrivals from Europe and Eastern Canada began farming the land, leading to grain replacing furs as the chief export.
205
What replaced the traditional methods of transportation in the North-West Territories?
The railway replaced the canoe and the Red River cart.
206
What transformation occurred in trading posts during this period?
Trading posts changed into bustling business centres for farms.
207
What challenges did the First Nations and Metis face during the late nineteenth century?
They faced neglect from the government and unfriendliness from many newcomers.
208
By 1891, what was the population of Manitoba and the North-West Territories?
The population was 281,000, more than double what it had been 10 years earlier.
209
How many First Nations people were included in the 1891 population figure?
The population included 80,000 First Nations people.
210
True or False: The growth in population by 1891 was as rapid as the government had hoped.
False.
211
Fill in the blank: The changes in the North-West Territories were ______ but steady.
slow
