OC1: Meet Three of Canada's First Nations, Carte 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Wild rice was important to what First Nations tribe?

Quelle tribu des Premières nations accordait de l’importance au riz sauvage ?

A

Anishinaabe = Ojibwe

The Ojibwe tribe is known for its historical reliance on wild rice as a staple food source.

Anishinaabe = Ojibwe

La tribu des Ojibwés est connue pour sa dépendance historique à l’égard du riz sauvage comme aliment de base.

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2
Q

What were the Three Sisters?

Qu’est-ce que les Trois Sœurs ?

A

Corn, beans, and squash

These crops are traditionally grown together by various Indigenous peoples in North America.

Maïs, haricots et courges

Ces cultures sont traditionnellement cultivées ensemble par divers peuples indigènes d’Amérique du Nord.

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3
Q

What tribe considered ‘the Three Sisters’ a staple crop?

Quelle tribu considérait les “trois sœurs” comme une culture de base ?

A

Haudenosaunee = Iroquois

The Haudenosaunee, also known as the Iroquois, relied heavily on these crops for sustenance.

Haudenosaunee = Iroquois

Les Haudenosaunee, également connus sous le nom d’Iroquois, dépendaient fortement de ces cultures pour leur subsistance.

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4
Q

What is an artifact?

Qu’est-ce qu’un artefact ?

A

An object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest

Artifacts can provide insight into the lives and practices of past cultures.

Objet fabriqué par un être humain, généralement d’intérêt culturel ou historique.

Les artefacts peuvent donner un aperçu de la vie et des pratiques des cultures passées.

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5
Q

What is an alliance?

Qu’est-ce qu’une alliance ?

A

A formal agreement between groups or nations

Alliances can be formed for mutual benefit, cooperation, or defense.

Un accord formel entre des groupes ou des nations

Les alliances peuvent être formées pour un bénéfice mutuel, une coopération ou une défense.

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6
Q

What European culture had an alliance with the Haudenosaunee?

Quelle culture européenne a conclu une alliance avec les Haudenosaunee ?

A

The Dutch, and then the English

The Dutch formed a trading and military alliance with the Haudenosaunee in the 17th century.

Les Hollandais, puis les Anglais

Les Hollandais ont formé une alliance commerciale et militaire avec les Haudenosaunee au 17e siècle.

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7
Q

What is consensus?

Qu’est-ce que le consensus ?

A

General agreement among a group

Consensus decision-making is a key characteristic of many First Nations governance systems.

Accord général au sein d’un groupe

La prise de décision par consensus est une caractéristique clé de nombreux systèmes de gouvernance des Premières nations.

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8
Q

What characteristics did First Nations tribes value when choosing a leader?

Quelles sont les caractéristiques auxquelles les tribus des Premières nations accordent de l’importance lorsqu’elles choisissent un chef ?

A

Wisdom, bravery, and integrity

Leaders were often chosen based on their ability to guide and represent their community effectively.

Sagesse, bravoure et intégrité

Les chefs étaient souvent choisis en fonction de leur capacité à guider et à représenter efficacement leur communauté.

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9
Q

What were the three names of the tribes mentioned in Chapter 1 of ‘Our Canada’?

Quels sont les trois noms des tribus mentionnés dans le chapitre 1 de “Notre Canada” ?

A

Mi’kmaq, Haudenosaunee, and Anishinaabe

These tribes are significant in the context of Canadian history and culture.

Mi’kmaq, Haudenosaunee et Anishinaabe

Ces tribus sont importantes dans le contexte de l’histoire et de la culture canadiennes.

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10
Q

What similarities did the three tribes in Chapter 1 of ‘Our Canada’ have in decision making?

Quelles sont les similitudes entre les trois tribus du chapitre 1 de “Notre Canada” en ce qui concerne la prise de décision ?

A

Consensus-based decision making

All three tribes emphasized the importance of group agreement in their decision-making processes.

Prise de décision par consensus

Les trois tribus ont souligné l’importance de l’accord du groupe dans leurs processus de prise de décision.

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11
Q

List three examples of how First Nations tribes pass down their traditions from one generation to the next.

Citez trois exemples de la façon dont les tribus des Premières nations transmettent leurs traditions d’une génération à l’autre.

A
  • Oral storytelling
  • Ceremonies
  • Art and crafts

These methods are essential for preserving culture and history within First Nations communities.

  • Récits oraux
  • Cérémonies
  • Art et artisanat

Ces méthodes sont essentielles à la préservation de la culture et de l’histoire au sein des communautés des Premières nations.

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12
Q

Who is Shawnadithit and how did she die?

Qui est Shawnadithit et comment est-elle morte ?

A

A Beothuk (First Peoples of what is now Newfoundland) woman who died from tuberculosis

She was captured by English furriers in 1823 at Badger Bay and later worked as a housekeeper for John Peyton Jr.

She was an important record keeper of Beothuk history and culture and this is how we know about some history of the Beothuk people.

Shawnadithit is known as the last known member of the Beothuk people, and her death symbolizes the impact of colonization.

Femme béothuque (peuples premiers de l’actuelle Terre-Neuve) décédée de la tuberculose.

Elle a été capturée par des fourreurs anglais en 1823 à Badger Bay et a ensuite travaillé comme gouvernante pour John Peyton Jr.

Elle a tenu un registre important de l’histoire et de la culture des Béothuks et c’est ainsi que nous connaissons une partie de l’histoire du peuple Béothuks.

Shawnadithit est le dernier membre connu du peuple béothuk, et sa mort symbolise l’impact de la colonisation.

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13
Q

Define imperialism

Définir l’impérialisme

A

A policy or ideology whereby a country extends its power and influence over other nations or territories

Imperialism often involves colonization, economic domination, or cultural influence.

Une politique ou une idéologie par laquelle un pays étend son pouvoir et son influence sur d’autres nations ou territoires.

L’impérialisme implique souvent la colonisation, la domination économique ou l’influence culturelle.

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14
Q

Define universal

Définir l’universel

A

Applicable to all cases or situations; something that is worldwide or common to all

Universal concepts can pertain to rights, values, or truths that transcend individual cultures.

Applicable à tous les cas ou à toutes les situations ; quelque chose qui est mondial ou commun à tous.

Les concepts universels peuvent concerner des droits, des valeurs ou des vérités qui transcendent les cultures individuelles.

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15
Q

Define immunity

Définir l’immunité

A

The state of being resistant to a particular disease or condition; the ability of an organism to resist infection or disease

Immunity can be innate (natural) or acquired through vaccination or previous infections.

L’état de résistance à une maladie ou à un état particulier ; la capacité d’un organisme à résister à une infection ou à une maladie.

L’immunité peut être innée (naturelle) ou acquise par la vaccination ou des infections antérieures.

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16
Q

What is nomadic?

Qu’est-ce que le nomadisme ?

A

Characterized by movement from one place to another rather than settling permanently in one location

Nomadic lifestyles are often associated with hunting, gathering, or pastoralism.

Caractérisé par des déplacements d’un endroit à l’autre plutôt que par l’installation permanente dans un lieu.

Les modes de vie nomades sont souvent associés à la chasse, à la cueillette ou au pastoralisme.

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17
Q

What First Nations tribe was nomadic?

A

The Miˋkmaq were seasonally nomadic going closer and farther from water to hunt animals depending on how cold it was. In the forest over winter, and by the water in the summer for example.

*Haudenosaunee moved only when the land became infertile. A story in the text shows that it takes a lot of decision-making before that move would happen.

The Plains Cree or the Innu are known to be nomadic as well but are not mentioned in chapter 1 due to their geography placing them farther away from European contact.

Various tribes across North America exhibited nomadic traits, often following seasonal migrations of animals.

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18
Q

In Chapter 1 of Our Canada, what tribe primarily fished off the Atlantic Coast?

A

The Mi’kmaq tribe

They also took to the forest in the winter and hunted moose.

The Mi’kmaq have a rich history of fishing and maritime culture along the Atlantic coast.

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19
Q

List three things that society today still uses from First Nations culture

A
  • Snowshoes
  • Canoes
  • Art and craftsmanship
  • Traditional ecological knowledge
  • Language and place names
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20
Q

What First Nations tribe was nomadic?

A

The Plains Cree or the Innu are most known for being nomadic.

However, out of the First Peoples mentioned in the text, the Miˋkmaq traditionally lived close to the coast in the summer and away from the coast, in the forest, in the winter. This seasonal movement allowed them to make the best use of the resources of their land.

Various tribes across North America exhibited nomadic traits, often following seasonal migrations of animals.

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21
Q

Who were among the first to experience contact with Europeans?

A

Mi’kmaq, Haudenosaunee, Anishinabe

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Geography determined that peoples in _______ North America experienced contact with Europeans before peoples in other parts of the continent.

A

eastern

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23
Q

True or False: The chapter discusses the social and economic characteristics of First Nation societies.

A

True

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24
Q

What is the meaning of the term ‘Mikmaq’?

A

‘my brothers’

The name Mikmaq comes from the word nikmaq, which means ‘my brothers.’

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25
How did Europeans come to refer to the Mi'kmaq?
They heard it as 'mic-mac' ## Footnote Europeans began to use the word Mikmaq to refer to the people but misheard it as 'mic-mac.'
26
What change did the Mi'kmaq make to the spelling of their name in the 1980s?
To reflect its true sound in their language ## Footnote The Mi'kmaq changed the spelling of the word to better represent its pronunciation.
27
What is an alternate name for the Anishinabe?
Ojibway or Ojibwa ## Footnote The Anishinabe is also known as Ojibway, Ojibwa, Ojibwve, Ojibweg, among other variations.
28
What does the word 'Ojibway' mean in Algonkian?
'to pucker' ## Footnote The name Ojibway may refer to the puckered seams on Anishinabe moccasins.
29
What is the preferred name the Anishinabe use for themselves?
Anishinabe ## Footnote Anishinabe means 'the original people.'
30
What does the term 'Haudenosaunee' mean?
'people of the longhouse' ## Footnote Haudenosaunee comes from the name of the people's traditional dwelling.
31
What are some alternate names for the Haudenosaunee?
* Iroquois * Six Nations Confederacy * Iroquois Confederacy ## Footnote These names are often used interchangeably with Haudenosaunee.
32
What do the Haudenosaunee not call themselves?
Iroquois ## Footnote Iroquois represents a French version of a name learned from the Huron, an enemy nation.
33
What is a hunting ground?
A region for hunting. ## Footnote The Mi'kmaq used the land differently from season to season.
34
Who is Saqamaw?
A leader in Mi'kmaq society. ## Footnote Refer to the backgrounder on page 14 for more details.
35
What is the council of Elders?
A group of respected individuals that advise Mi'kmaq leaders. ## Footnote For more information, see the backgrounder on page 14.
36
What does the council of Elders do?
Advises Mi'kmaq leaders. ## Footnote This council consists of respected individuals within the community.
37
What is the significance of the Mi'kmaq Nation?
It encompasses various districts of the Mi'kmaq people. ## Footnote More information can be found in the backgrounder on page 14.
38
What is the significance of respect for everyone's contribution in traditional values?
It highlights the importance of each individual's role in the community and fosters a sense of equality.
39
How do men and women contribute differently in Misel's society?
Men might hunt while women tend crops.
40
What was essential for communities to meet their needs in traditional societies?
Working together and mutual support.
41
Why was sharing valued in traditional First Nations?
Because life could be hard, and mutual support was essential.
42
Fill in the blank: In traditional societies, people's interests meshed with the interests of the _______.
[group as a whole]
43
True or False: All roles in traditional First Nations were considered important.
True
44
What does living close to the land imply about the community's work ethic?
It implies a collaborative effort to sustain the community.
45
What fosters a sense of equality within traditional First Nations?
Valuing sharing and mutual support.
46
What was the primary organization of Mi'kmaq government?
The Mi'kmaq government was organized around seven districts. ## Footnote Each district had local leaders known as Sagamaws, advised by councils of Elders.
47
How were Sagamaws chosen in the Mi'kmaq government?
Sagamaws were chosen and advised by councils of Elders. ## Footnote This ensures that local leaders were guided by the wisdom of experienced community members.
48
What was the purpose of the district councils in the Mi'kmaq government?
District councils chose a Sagamaw to represent them on the Grand Council. ## Footnote This representation was crucial for maintaining communication and governance among the districts.
49
How often did the Grand Council of the Mi'kmaq meet?
The Grand Council usually met once a year. ## Footnote This annual meeting allowed for coordination among the seven districts.
50
What were the responsibilities of the Grand Council?
The Grand Council advised Mi'kmaq communities on hunting, fishing, and camp setup, and managed relations with other First Nations. ## Footnote This role was essential for resource management and inter-tribal diplomacy.
51
Describe the seasonal movement of the Mi'kmaq.
The Mi'kmaq lived close to the coast in summer and in the forest in winter. ## Footnote This movement was strategic to utilize the natural resources available in different seasons.
52
What types of resources did the Mi'kmaq hunt in summer?
In summer, they fished and hunted sea mammals, such as whales. ## Footnote This reflects their adaptation to coastal resources.
53
What types of animals did the Mi'kmaq hunt in winter?
In winter, they hunted animals of the forest, such as moose. ## Footnote This demonstrates their seasonal adaptation to different environments.
54
Fill in the blank: The Mi'kmaq did not change the land to suit their needs; they fit their way of life to the _______.
opportunities the land afforded. ## Footnote This philosophy emphasizes sustainability and respect for nature.
55
What is a dodem?
A clan of the Anishinabe ## Footnote See the backgrounder on page 19.
56
What is the meaning of ogimauh?
a leader of the Anishinabe
57
Fill in the blank: The term 'dodem' refers to a _______ of the Anishinabe.
clan
58
What is the Midewin Society?
A special society of the Anishinabe people ## Footnote See the backgrounder on page 19.
59
How is 'Midewin' pronounced?
mi-deh-win
60
What is a wampum belt?
Shell beads woven into belts or strings used to record treaties and other agreements among different nations
61
What are the clans in Anishinabe society called?
Dodems ## Footnote Dodems are the clans in Anishinabe society, each with distinct responsibilities.
62
How does one become a member of a clan in Anishinabe society?
By becoming a member of his or her father's clan.
63
How did members of clans treat each other?
Like brothers and sisters.
64
What is the duty of the Crane and Loon clans?
Leadership ## Footnote These clans worked together to provide balanced governance.
65
What is the role of the Bear Clan?
Policing: Patrolling, identifying medicinal plants ## Footnote The Bear Clan was responsible for community defense and ensuring safety.
66
What responsibilities does the Hoof Clan have?
Meeting community needs.
67
What does the Marten Clan focus on?
Hunters, warriors, and military strategists.
68
What is the primary duty of the Bird Clan?
Spiritual needs, representing the highest level of spiritual development.
69
Fill in the blank: The Crane and Loon clans worked together to provide _______.
[balanced government]
70
True or False: The clans in Anishinabe society always agreed on decisions.
False ## Footnote The clans did not always agree, ensuring careful review of decisions.
71
What did the Hoof Clan oppose?
The use of violence.
72
Who were the Midewin?
The Midewin were men and women who had special gifts as spiritual leaders and healers. ## Footnote The Midewin held a respected position in their society.
73
What was the role of the Midewin in their society?
The Midewin taught their society the importance of living a good life. ## Footnote They played a crucial role in spiritual and communal guidance.
74
How did the Midewin choose their members?
The Midewin chose their members very carefully. ## Footnote This selection process emphasized the significance of the role.
75
What was involved in the training of a Midewin member?
A person entered into eight levels of secret training. ## Footnote This training was extensive and rigorous.
76
What types of healing practices did the Midewin use?
They used medicines to heal sick people. ## Footnote This practice reflects their role as healers in the community.
77
What skills did the Midewin possess related to dreams?
They interpreted dreams and visions. ## Footnote This skill was part of their spiritual guidance.
78
What did the Midewin pass on to their society?
They passed on sacred teachings and songs. ## Footnote This transmission of knowledge was vital for cultural preservation.
79
What type of settlements did the Haudenosaunee live in?
Year-round settlements of up to 1,500 people ## Footnote These settlements were designed to support large communities throughout the year.
80
What were the permanent dwellings of the Haudenosaunee called?
Longhouses ## Footnote Longhouses were a unique architectural feature of the Haudenosaunee culture.
81
What materials were used to build longhouses?
Wood and elm bark ## Footnote The use of local materials was typical for indigenous peoples adapting to their environment.
82
How tall were longhouses typically?
Five or six meters high ## Footnote This height allowed for multiple levels and the accommodation of several families.
83
How long could longhouses be?
Up to twenty meters long ## Footnote The length of longhouses facilitated communal living arrangements.
84
How many families traditionally occupied a longhouse?
Several families ## Footnote Families shared living space, fostering a sense of community.
85
What was a common feature of the interior design of longhouses?
Natural aisles and rooms along the sides ## Footnote This design maximized space and facilitated movement within the longhouse.
86
What was the purpose of the smoke hole in a longhouse?
To let out smoke ## Footnote Smoke holes were essential for ventilation, especially when cooking.
87
What are clan mothers?
Female leaders of clans in Haudenosaunee society. ## Footnote Clan mothers play a significant role in the governance and social structure of Haudenosaunee communities.
88
Define Hoyaneh.
A Haudenosaunee leader. ## Footnote Hoyaneh is a title given to leaders within the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, reflecting their authority and responsibilities.
89
Who is the peacemaker in Haudenosaunee history?
Dekanawidah. ## Footnote Dekanawidah is recognized for bringing the Great Law of Peace to the Haudenosaunee, which established a framework for governance and harmony.
90
What is the Great Law of Peace?
The constitution of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. ## Footnote The Great Law of Peace outlines the principles and governance structures that unite the Haudenosaunee nations.
91
What were some reasons First Nations negotiated alliances?
To secure trade agreements, for defense, or to make peace.
92
What was the Great Law of Peace?
It united five, and eventually six, nations as the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
93
What is another name for the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
Iroquois Confederacy.
94
What did the Haudenosaunee Confederacy establish among its nations?
Peace among these nations and made them a powerful military force in North America.
95
Which First Nations formed the Wabanaki Confederacy?
The Mi'kmaq and four other First Nations.
96
What was the purpose of the Wabanaki Confederacy?
To promote trade among its members and oppose the Haudenosaunee.
97
What was the Council of the Three Fires?
An alliance of the Anishinabe with the Odawa and the Potawatomi.
98
According to the oral history of the Anishinabe, what indicates their historical relationship with the Odawa and Potawatomi?
These three First Nations were once a single people.
99
What is a key characteristic of leadership in First Nations societies?
Leaders held authority by general agreement
100
Do leaders in First Nations societies have great influence or control over others?
No, they do not have great influence or control
101
How do leaders emerge in First Nations societies?
They emerge as people with skills and knowledge that benefit the group
102
Why do people choose to follow leaders in First Nations societies?
Because they respect them and trust their judgment
103
What is the primary focus of leaders in First Nations societies?
The welfare of the community and the land
104
Fill in the blank: A good leader must have _______.
[honor and trust]
105
According to Elders from Bigstone Cree Nation, what must leaders do?
Lead by example
106
What is emphasized about leaders seeking education according to the Elders?
They should seek education in the culture of their people
107
True or False: Leaders in First Nations societies force people to follow them.
False
108
What should a leader's connection be to the land?
They must respect and protect the land
109
Who brought the Great Law of Peace to the Haudenosaunee?
Dekanawidah the Peacemaker
110
What did the Great Law of Peace create among the Haudenosaunee?
A confederacy of five and eventually six nations
111
List the original five nations of the Haudenosaunee confederacy.
* Cayuga * Mohawk * Oneida * Onondaga * Seneca
112
Which nation was added later to the Haudenosaunee confederacy?
Tuscarora
113
What aspects did the Great Law of Peace address for the member nations?
Rules of government and equal voice and status for each member nation
114
How were decisions made within the Haudenosaunee confederacy?
By a council of fifty chiefs
115
What are the leaders of the Haudenosaunee confederacy called?
Hoyaneh
116
Who chose the Hoyaneh in Haudenosaunee society?
The clan mothers
117
In Haudenosaunee society, how is the family tree traced?
Through the mothers
118
What role did clan mothers play in Haudenosaunee society?
They were powerful people who chose the Hoyaneh and could replace them if necessary
119
True or False: Haudenosaunee leaders were primarily women.
False
120
Fill in the blank: The clan system in Haudenosaunee society united the nations as a _______.
[family of relatives]
121
What could clan mothers do if a Hoyaneh failed to perform his duties?
Replace him
122
Who brought the Great Law of Peace to the Haudenosaunee?
Dekanawidah the Peacemaker
123
What did the Great Law of Peace create among the Haudenosaunee?
A confederacy of five and eventually six nations
124
List the original five nations of the Haudenosaunee confederacy.
* Cayuga * Mohawk * Oneida * Onondaga * Seneca
125
Which nation was added later to the Haudenosaunee confederacy?
Tuscarora
126
What aspects did the Great Law of Peace address for the member nations?
Rules of government and equal voice and status for each member nation
127
How were decisions made within the Haudenosaunee confederacy?
By a council of fifty chiefs
128
What are the leaders of the Haudenosaunee confederacy called?
Hoyaneh
129
Who chose the Hoyaneh in Haudenosaunee society?
The clan mothers
130
In Haudenosaunee society, how is the family tree traced?
Through the mothers
131
What role did clan mothers play in Haudenosaunee society?
They were powerful people who chose the Hoyaneh and could replace them if necessary
132
True or False: Haudenosaunee leaders were primarily women.
False
133
Fill in the blank: The clan system in Haudenosaunee society united the nations as a _______.
[family of relatives]
134
What could clan mothers do if a Hoyaneh failed to perform his duties?
Replace him