OB- soft markers

Question 1

an aneuploid fetus may have abnormalities including? (3)

Answer 1

• structural abnormalities
• growth delay
• soft sono markers

Question 2

what are “soft” markers?

Answer 2

• often transient, non specific findings that frequently can be seen in the normal fetus

Question 3

What is the most common soft marker for aneuploidy in 1st or 2nd trimester? (5)

Answer 3

1. chorioid plexus cysts
2. echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF)
3. renal pyelectasis
4. shortened long bones
5. hyperechoic bowel

Question 4

sono markers associated with fetal aneuploidy include? (3)

Answer 4

1. increased NT
2. nuchal fold thickening (NF)
3. hypoplastic or absent nasal bone

Question 5

when should genetic counseling or amniocentesis for chromosomal analysis be offered for sonographic markers?

Answer 5

• abnormal maternal serum screening
• advanced maternal age
• additional sonographic findings

Question 6

What is nuchal translucency?

Answer 6

translucent space in the posterior fetal neck apparent during the first trimester

Question 7

When is precence of NT normal?

Answer 7

1st trimester, but may become distended in association with several abnormalities

Question 8

NT may be increased with that abnormalities?

Answer 8

• renal
• cardiac
• aneuploidy
• tri 13, 18, 21, turners, tripolidy

Question 9

what is nuchal fold?

Answer 9

Similar to NT in the first trimester, the thickness of the NF is a sonographic observation that may help detect a trisomy 21 fetus during the second trimester

Question 10

what does fetal nasal bone have a high association with?

Answer 10

A high association of an absent nasal bone in fetuses with trisomy 21 was noted.

Question 11

during the 2nd tri an absent or shortened nasal bone has increased association with?

Answer 11

Tri 21

Question 12

The optimal time for nasal bone assessment is between?

Answer 12

12 and 13.5 weeks of gestation

Question 13

Including the nasal bone in screening sonograms can increase the sensitivity rate for the detection of?

Answer 13

aneuploidy

Question 14

what is Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF)?

Answer 14

common finding identified in 5% to 10% of fetuses

Question 15

What is EIF associated with?

Answer 15

generally considered a normal variant, EIF has also been associated with trisomy 21 and trisomy 13

Question 16

where is EIF identified?

Answer 16

The EIF is identified on the four-chamber view of the heart, with the apex toward the transducer, and should have a similar echogenicity to fetal bone

Question 17

What is Renal pyelectasis?

Answer 17

• defined as a dilated renal pelvis of 4.0 mm or more in the anteroposterior diameter
• Many cases resolve by the third trimester
• As an isolated finding, pyelectasis generally does not warrant amniocentesis

Question 18

What is echogenic bowel associated with?

Answer 18

• anueploidy
• cystic fibrosis
• intrauterine infections
• intestinal obstructions

Has been identified with pregnancies affected by IUGR, placental insufficiency, and perinatal death