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CNIH > abdo review- Male pelvis > Flashcards

abdo review- Male pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

prostate location?

A
  • anterior to rectum
  • posterior to symphysis pubis
  • surrounding 1st part of urethra
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2
Q

what tissue id the prostate made of?

A
  • glandular tissue

- non-glandular tissue

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3
Q

what are the 4 zones of the prostate?

A
  1. anterior
  2. transitional
  3. central
  4. peripheral
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4
Q

what zone is closest to the abdomen?

A
  • anterior zone
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5
Q

what is the innermost part of the prostate gland, that surrounds the urethra where it passes through the organ?

A

transition zone

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6
Q

% of prostate cancers in the transition zone?

A

10%

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7
Q

what zone surrounds the transition zone?

A

central zone

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8
Q

% of prostate cancer in the central zone?

A

5%

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9
Q

what zone is located in the back of the prostate gland closest to the rectum?

A

peripheral zone

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10
Q

what prostate zone contatins the most cancer?

A

peripheral zone- 80% of cancers

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11
Q

seminal vesicles on ultrasound?

A
  • hypoechoic
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12
Q

contral and peripheral zones on u/s?

A
  • homogeneous

- hypoechoic area in posterior prostate

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13
Q

transition zone on u/s?

A

moderately hypoechoic

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14
Q

what is prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

A
  • protein made by prostate

- measured by blood test

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15
Q

high PSA indicates?

A
  • malignancy (mainly)
  • enlarged prostate
  • infection
  • UTI
  • tests (cystoscopy/biopsy)
  • catheter
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16
Q

normal PSA level?

A

0-4

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17
Q

PSA higher than ___ is concidered a possible indicator of prostate cancer?

A

10

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18
Q

prostate calcifications?

A
  • normal finding

- most common in older individuals

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19
Q

what is corpora amylacea?

A
  • proteinaceous debris
  • sound attenuation
  • creates twinkle artifact
  • no clinical significance
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20
Q

what is the most common prostate problem for men younger than 50?

A

acute prostatitis

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21
Q

what is prostatitis?

A

focal or diffuse inflammation of the prostate

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22
Q

symptoms of prostatitis?

A
  • lower back pain
  • low grade fever
  • dysuria
  • urinary urgency
  • enlarged prostate
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23
Q

what is prostatitis caused by? (2)

A
  • UTI

- STI

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24
Q

prostatitis on u/s?

A
  • normal
  • hypoechoic
  • edmatous gland
  • slightly enlarged
  • increased colour
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25
Q

what is BPH?

A
  • benign prostatic enlargement
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26
Q

what does BPH result from?

A
  • hyperplastic nodules form around the urethra and may obstruct the flow of urine causing urinary retention
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27
Q

where does BPH occur?

A

transition zone

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28
Q

what can BPH cause?

A
  • pyelonephritis
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29
Q

who does BPH typically affect?

A
  • men over 50

- 70% of men aged over 70

30
Q

what is the most common prostate problem for men older than aged 50?

A

BPH

31
Q

BPH on u/s?

A
  • transition zone irregular
  • enlarged
  • cysts
  • calcifications
  • central and peripheral zone may be compressed
32
Q
A

BPH

33
Q

enlarged prostate (BPH) treatments (3)?

A
  1. alpha blockers
  2. 5- alpha-reductase inhibitors
  3. surgery
34
Q

most common typer of surgical procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • TURP
35
Q

What is TURP?

A
  • transurethral resection of the prostate

- removes symptoms of enlarged prostate

36
Q

what is often the 1st indication of malignant prostatic tumors?

A

bone matastases

37
Q

whos at risk for prostate cancer?

A
  • African American men
  • > 60 years
  • genetics
38
Q

sono features of prostate cancer?

A
  • hypoechoic lesion in peripheral zone
  • isoechoic
  • near capsule
  • in apex
  • greatest portion of PZ
  • increased colour
  • capsule bulging
39
Q

prostate cancer treatment?

A
  • prostatectomy
  • radiation therapy
  • radioactive seed implants
  • cryotherapy
  • hormone therapy
  • chemo
  • watchful waiting
  • clinical trials
40
Q

where is the periurethral gland?

A

lines prostatic urethra

41
Q

where are the seminal vesicles located?

A
  • superior to gland

- stores sperm

42
Q

function of the verumontanum?

A
  • divides prostatic urethra into prox and dist segments

- where ejaculatory ducts enter the urethra

43
Q

functions of the prostate?

A
  • secretes alkaline fluid to transport sperm
  • produces 80-85% of ejaculation fluid
  • produces PSA
44
Q

what do secretions of the prostate gland contain?

A
  • alkaline phosphatase
  • citric acid
  • PSA
45
Q

what regulates prostate growth and function?

A
  • testosterone

- dihydrotestosterone

46
Q

3 main prostate pathologies?

A
  1. infection (prostatitis)
  2. benign (BRH, cysts)
  3. malignant
47
Q

what is parenchymal degenerative cysts most commonly associated with?

A
  • BPH

- in transitional zone

48
Q

what is a Parenchymal Degenerative Cyst?

A
  • no clinical significance

- if large can contribute to urinary or ejaculatory obstruction

49
Q

Parenchymal Degenerative Cysts on u/s?

A
  • unilocular or thinly septated multilocular cyst in a BPH nodule in the transitional zone
50
Q

what is Retention Cysts associated with BPH?

A
  • focal cysts on the surface of the prostate

- <1cm

51
Q

what do Retention Cysts associated with BPH occur from?

A

duct obstruction

52
Q
A

Retention Cysts associated with BPH

53
Q

where are congenital cysts usually located?

A
  • in or close to midline

- Wolffian or pronephric ducts or mullerian ducts

54
Q

what are utrical cysts caused by?

A

dilation of prostatic utricle

55
Q

what are itrical cysts associated with?

A

unilateral agenesis

56
Q

where are utrical cysts always located?

A

midline

57
Q

where are mullerian duct cysts located?

A
  • mainly midline but might extend laterally
58
Q

mullerian and utricle cysts on u/s?

A
  • tear dropped shaped pointy end pointing to verumontanum

- thick-walled

59
Q
A

utricle cyst

60
Q

ejaculatory cysts on u/s?

A
  • fusiform shape

- usually small

61
Q

cystic neoplasms on prostate?

A
  • rare
  • cystadenoma
  • cystadenocarcinoma
62
Q
A

abscess

63
Q

what is menatospermia?

A
  • blood in semen
64
Q

caused of hematospermia?

A
  • trauma
  • infection
  • obstruction
  • hypertension
  • vascular abnormalities
  • idiopathic
65
Q

what are seminal vesicle cysts?

A
  • rare
  • solitary
  • asymptomatic unless large
66
Q

seminal vesicle cysts are associated with?

A
  • ipsilateral renal anomalies
  • polycystic disease
  • hemivertebra
  • ipsilateral absence of testis
67
Q

what can minic SV cysts or prostate cysts?

A
  • ectopic uterocele
  • cowpers duct cyst
  • bladder diverticulum
68
Q

calcifications of SV can occur with?

A
  • diabetes

- infection

69
Q

most connon reson for elevated PSA?

A
  • BPH
70
Q

The goal of PSA testing is to

A

identify early stage prostate cancers

CNIH (69 decks)

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