abdo- inguinal canal

Question 1

what is the function of the inguinal canal?

Answer 1

• passage in the anterior abdominal wall that transmits structures from the pelvis to the perineum

Question 2

inguinal canal length?

Answer 2

2.5-4cm

Question 3

in a male the inguinal canal contains?

Answer 3

the spermatic cord

Question 4

in a female the inguinal canal contains?

Answer 4

the round ligament

Question 5

boundaries of inguinal canal- superior?

Answer 5

• internal oblique muscle

- transversus abdominis musle

Question 6

boundaries of inguinal canal- anterior?

Answer 6

• external oblique aponeurosis

- internal oblique aponeurosis

Question 7

boundaries of inguinal canal- inferior?

Answer 7

• inguinal ligament

Question 8

boundaries of inguinal canal- posterior wall?

Answer 8

• transversalis fascia

- conjoint tendon

Question 9

what are Superficial and Deep Inguinal Rings?

Answer 9

• superiorly and inferiorly limit the inguinal canal

- the entrance and the exit to the tube

Question 10

deep inguinal ring?

Answer 10

• round opening in the transversalis fascia found 1cm superior to the inguinal ligament and 1cm lateral to the inferior epigastric arteries

Question 11

superficial inguinal ring?

Answer 11

• v-shaped opening in the external oblique aponeurosis that is superior and medial to the pubic tubercle

Question 12

what is the Femoral triangle bounded superiorly by?

Answer 12

• bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament

Question 13

the lateral and medial walls of the femoral triangle are formed by?

Answer 13

• the sartorius and adductor longus muscles

Question 14

the femoral triangle contents from lateral to medial includes? (3)

Answer 14

• femoral nerve
• femoral vessels
• femoral canal

Question 15

femoral canal contains and communicated with??

Answer 15

contains lymphatics and communicates superiorly with abdominal extraperitoneal space via femoral ring

Question 16

hernias occur when?

Answer 16

there are intermittent increases in intra-abdominal pressure

Question 17

hernias are most common in?

Answer 17

men who left heavy loads at work

Question 18

3 hernia outcomes?

Answer 18

1. spontaneous reduction
2. manual reduction
3. strangulation

Question 19

what is spontaneous reduction?

Answer 19

the loop of bowel slips back to its correct place when the intra-abdominal pressure returns to normal

Question 20

what is manual reduction?

Answer 20

by applying gentle pressure over the abdominal swelling

Question 21

what is strangulation?

Answer 21

when reduction is not possible and the venous drainage from the herniated loop of bowel is obstructed, causing congestion, ischaemia and gangrene.

Question 22

inguinal hernia?

Answer 22

• weak point- inguinal canal

- occurs more in males than females

Question 23

femoral hernia?

Answer 23

• weak point- femoral canal

Question 24

umbilical hernia weak spot?

Answer 24

umbilicus

- where umbilical blood vessels from the placenta entered the fetus before birth

Question 25

incisional hernia caused by?

Answer 25

• repeated stretching of fibrous tissue formed after previous abdominal surgery

Question 26

hiatus hernia location?

Answer 26

• protrusion of a part of the fundus of the stomach through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm
• NOT SEEN ON U/S

Question 27

rolling hiatus hernia?

Answer 27

• not seen on ultrasound

- large opening in the diaphragm allows a pouch of the stomach to roll upwards into the thorax beside the esophagus

Question 28

sliding hiatus hernia?

Answer 28

• not seen on us

- part of stomach is pulled upwards into the thorax

Question 29

peritoneal hernia?

Answer 29

• not seen on u/s

- loop of bowel may herniate through epiploic foramen

Question 30

congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 30

• not seen on u/s

- incomplete formation of the diaphragm

Question 31

what can inguinal hernias include?

Answer 31

• fat
• bowel
• GU tract
• can be direct or indirect

Question 32

direct hernia forms as a result of?

Answer 32

• weakening of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
• the result of increased abdominal pressure
• aquired hernia

Question 33

direct inguinal hernia is seen where?

Answer 33

medial to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 34

indirect inguinal hernia forms as a result of?

Answer 34

• failure of the processus vaginalis to fully obliterate

Question 35

indirect inguinal hernia aka?

Answer 35

congenital hernia

Question 36

indirect inguinal hernia lies?

Answer 36

lateral to the inferior epigastric artery

Question 37

hesselbach’s triangle boundaries?

• inferiorly
• laterally
• medially

Answer 37

inferiorly: inguinal ligamnet
laterally: inferior epigastric artery
medially: lateral border of rectus abdominus

Question 38

hesselbach’s triangle direct vs indirect hernia?

Answer 38

direct passes through the hesselbach’s triangle

indirect passes lateral to it

Question 39

Canal of nuck is sometimes referred to as?

Answer 39

female hydrocele

Question 40

what is canal of nuck?

Answer 40

• a patent vestigal remnant of the processes vaginalis

Question 41

canal of nuck on u/s?

Answer 41

• anechoic superficial cystic area
• visible in the groin
• tapering neck up into the inguinal canal

Question 42

Answer 42

canal of nuck

Question 43

FEMORAL HERNIA location?

Answer 43

medial to the common femoral vein and lateral to the Lacunar ligament

Question 44

femoral hernias are more common in?

Answer 44

females