nutrition- chapter 23 Flashcards
neoplasm
- new or abnormal cellular growth
- uncontrolled and aggressive
mutation
a permanent transmissible change in a gene
metastasis
spread to other tissue
carcinogenesis
transformation of normal cells into cancer cells
- initiation
- promotion
- progression
cancer cell development
- loss of control over normal cell reproduction
dietary factors
- Foods contain carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic compounds
- obesity and poor diet increase cancer incidence
defensive cells
- T cells- activate phagocytes
- B cells- produce antibodies
reverse isolation for neutropenic patients
nutrition is fundamental for
- combating sustained attacks of diseases such as cancer
- maintaining the body’s natural defenses
- recovering from cancer treatment
therapies used to treat cancer
- surgery
- radiation
- chemotherapy
drug-nutrient interactions
- medications used in cancer treatment have a high potential for drug-nutrient interactions
- some dietary supplements and herbs have well-known food-drug interactions
general systemic effects (cancer)
- anorexia
- increased metabolism
- negative nitrogen balance
effects specific to the type or treatment of cancer
- loss of appetite
- oral complications
- GI problems
- loss of lean tissue
- pain and discomfort
nutrition screening and assessment (cancer)
- malnutrition screening tool
- malnutrition screening tool for cancer patients
- malnutrition universal screening tool
nutrition intervention objectives (cancer)
- prevent nutrient deficiencies and unintentional changes in body weight
- maintain or improve lean body mass, strength, energy, functional ability, tolerance to treatment, immune function, and quality of life
- identify and manage nutrition-related side effects of cancer and treatment modalities
nutrition monitoring and evaluation (cancer)
- evaluate plan on a regular basis
- update plan as needed
guidelines for cancer prevention
- be as lean as healthily possible
- maintain physically active lifestyle
- consume healthy diet
- emphasize plant-based foods
- limit alcohol intake
- meet all nutrient needs
- aim to breastfeed infants exclusively for 6 months and continue to breastfeed while offering complementary food after 6 months
health claims
- FDA regulates health claims approved for use on food labels
- health claims about cancer risk in the United States link specific nutrients with reduced risk
diets and supplements
- experts discourage the use macrobiotic diets for cancer prevention because of the restrictive nature of the diet and the risk for multiple nutrient deficiencies
- fewer than half of the clients incorporating complementary and alternative medicine practices inform their oncologist
- alternative practices may have nutrient or drug-nutrient interaction potentials; ask clients about alternative practices when planning interventions
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
evolution of HIV
- first case identified in 1959
- had spread to Europe and America by late 1970s- early 1980s
- underlying infectious agent identified in 1983
transmission and stages of disease progression
stages:
- stages 1, 2, 3 based on CD4+ T-lymphocyte count
- stage 0: early HIV infection
- stage unknown: HIV test positive but no CD4+ T-lymphocyte count available
clinical category:
- category A: asymptomatic or acute HIV
- category B: symptomatic conditions
- category C: AIDS-indicator conditions
initial evaluation and goals (HIV/AIDS)
- delay progression of the infection and improve the immune system
- prevent opportunistic illnesses
- recognize the infection early
drug therapy (HIV/AIDS)
- effective drug therapy is difficult because of highly evolved nature of virus
- several drugs approved by FDA
- highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is current primary drug treatment regimen used to slow progression of HIV
vaccine development (HIV/AIDS)
- vaccine would train body’s immune system to identify and destroy HIV virus
- a combination medication consisting of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine is an effective preexposure prophylaxis approved for use in the U.S.
MNT (HIV/AIDS)
nutrition-related complications of HIV:
- metabolic disturbances
- comorbidities
- opportunistic illness
wasting effects:
- inadequate food intake
- malabsorption of nutrients
- disordered metabolism
- lean tissue wasting
lipodystrophy
- gaining of fat in neck and abdomen
- concurrent loss of fat in face, buttocks, arms, legs
- treatment with antiretroviral therapy is most well understood causative factor
key MNT objective (HIV/AIDS)
to reduce or eliminate malnutrition
counseling, education, supportive care (HIV/AIDS)
counseling principles:
- motivation for dietary changes
- rationale for nutrition support
- development of manageable steps for change
personal food management:
- consider the client’s living situation and general practical skills
community programs
- information about food-assistance programs or food commodities (lower-income clients may qualify)
psychosocial support:
- remain sensitive to psychologic and social issues
- stress-reduction activities are helpful
fistulas
abnormal opening or passageway within the body or to the outside
mucositis
inflammation of the tissues around the mouth or other orifices of the body
