nutrition- chapter 23

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

• new or abnormal cellular growth
• uncontrolled and aggressive

Question 2

mutation

Answer 2

a permanent transmissible change in a gene

Question 3

metastasis

Answer 3

spread to other tissue

Question 4

carcinogenesis

Answer 4

transformation of normal cells into cancer cells

1. initiation
2. promotion
3. progression

Question 5

cancer cell development

Answer 5

• loss of control over normal cell reproduction

Question 6

dietary factors

Answer 6

• Foods contain carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic compounds
• obesity and poor diet increase cancer incidence

Question 7

defensive cells

Answer 7

• T cells- activate phagocytes
• B cells- produce antibodies

Question 8

reverse isolation for neutropenic patients

Question 9

nutrition is fundamental for

Answer 9

• combating sustained attacks of diseases such as cancer
• maintaining the body’s natural defenses
• recovering from cancer treatment

Question 10

therapies used to treat cancer

Answer 10

• surgery
• radiation
• chemotherapy

Question 11

drug-nutrient interactions

Answer 11

• medications used in cancer treatment have a high potential for drug-nutrient interactions
• some dietary supplements and herbs have well-known food-drug interactions

Question 12

general systemic effects (cancer)

Answer 12

• anorexia
• increased metabolism
• negative nitrogen balance

Question 13

effects specific to the type or treatment of cancer

Answer 13

• loss of appetite
• oral complications
• GI problems
• loss of lean tissue
• pain and discomfort

Question 14

nutrition screening and assessment (cancer)

Answer 14

• malnutrition screening tool
• malnutrition screening tool for cancer patients
• malnutrition universal screening tool

Question 15

nutrition intervention objectives (cancer)

Answer 15

• prevent nutrient deficiencies and unintentional changes in body weight
• maintain or improve lean body mass, strength, energy, functional ability, tolerance to treatment, immune function, and quality of life
• identify and manage nutrition-related side effects of cancer and treatment modalities

Question 16

nutrition monitoring and evaluation (cancer)

Answer 16

• evaluate plan on a regular basis
• update plan as needed

Question 17

guidelines for cancer prevention

Answer 17

• be as lean as healthily possible
• maintain physically active lifestyle
• consume healthy diet
• emphasize plant-based foods
• limit alcohol intake
• meet all nutrient needs
• aim to breastfeed infants exclusively for 6 months and continue to breastfeed while offering complementary food after 6 months

Question 18

health claims

Answer 18

• FDA regulates health claims approved for use on food labels
• health claims about cancer risk in the United States link specific nutrients with reduced risk

Question 19

diets and supplements

Answer 19

• experts discourage the use macrobiotic diets for cancer prevention because of the restrictive nature of the diet and the risk for multiple nutrient deficiencies
• fewer than half of the clients incorporating complementary and alternative medicine practices inform their oncologist
• alternative practices may have nutrient or drug-nutrient interaction potentials; ask clients about alternative practices when planning interventions

Question 20

HIV

Answer 20

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 21

evolution of HIV

Answer 21

• first case identified in 1959
• had spread to Europe and America by late 1970s- early 1980s
• underlying infectious agent identified in 1983

Question 22

transmission and stages of disease progression

Answer 22

stages:
- stages 1, 2, 3 based on CD4+ T-lymphocyte count
- stage 0: early HIV infection
- stage unknown: HIV test positive but no CD4+ T-lymphocyte count available

clinical category:
- category A: asymptomatic or acute HIV
- category B: symptomatic conditions
- category C: AIDS-indicator conditions

Question 23

initial evaluation and goals (HIV/AIDS)

Answer 23

• delay progression of the infection and improve the immune system
• prevent opportunistic illnesses
• recognize the infection early

Question 24

drug therapy (HIV/AIDS)

Answer 24

• effective drug therapy is difficult because of highly evolved nature of virus
• several drugs approved by FDA
• highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is current primary drug treatment regimen used to slow progression of HIV

Question 25

vaccine development (HIV/AIDS)

Answer 25

• vaccine would train body’s immune system to identify and destroy HIV virus
• a combination medication consisting of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine is an effective preexposure prophylaxis approved for use in the U.S.

Question 26

MNT (HIV/AIDS)

Answer 26

nutrition-related complications of HIV:
- metabolic disturbances
- comorbidities
- opportunistic illness

wasting effects:
- inadequate food intake
- malabsorption of nutrients
- disordered metabolism
- lean tissue wasting

Question 27

lipodystrophy

Answer 27

• gaining of fat in neck and abdomen
• concurrent loss of fat in face, buttocks, arms, legs
• treatment with antiretroviral therapy is most well understood causative factor

Question 28

key MNT objective (HIV/AIDS)

Answer 28

to reduce or eliminate malnutrition

Question 29

counseling, education, supportive care (HIV/AIDS)

Answer 29

counseling principles:
- motivation for dietary changes
- rationale for nutrition support
- development of manageable steps for change

personal food management:
- consider the client’s living situation and general practical skills

community programs
- information about food-assistance programs or food commodities (lower-income clients may qualify)

psychosocial support:
- remain sensitive to psychologic and social issues
- stress-reduction activities are helpful

Question 30

fistulas

Answer 30

abnormal opening or passageway within the body or to the outside

Question 31

mucositis

Answer 31

inflammation of the tissues around the mouth or other orifices of the body