nutrition- chapter 18 (vocab/disease processes) Flashcards
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
stomatitis
inflammation of the oral mucous lining
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
cheilosis
dry, scaling process at the corners of the mouth
herpes simplex virus
causes mouth sores (cold sores; fever blisters)
thrush
- candidiasis
- mouth sores
- caused by Candida albicans (fungus)
canker sores
caused by hemolytic Streptococcus
mumps
virus that attacks the parotid gland
xerostomia
chronic dry mouth
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
achalasia
- disorder of the esophagus
- muscles of the tube fail to relax, inhibiting normal swallowing
- “cardiospasm”
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
LES
lower esophageal sphincter
scleroderma
hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissue
Barrett’s esophagus
- complication of severe GERD
-squamous cell epithelium of the esophagus changes to resemble the tissue lining the small intestine - increases risk of adenocarcinoma
fundoplication
- surgery used to fix GERD
- upper portion of the stomach is wrapped around the esophagus and sewn into place
- strengthens the esophageal sphincter
hiatus
opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus enters the chest cavity
hiatal hernia
occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the hiatus
peptic ulcer
- crater-like lesion in the wall of the stomach or duodenum
- results from continuous erosion through the mucosal layers down to the muscular layers
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
PUD causes
- infection with H. pylori
- long term use of NSAIDs
- may be exacerbated by excess stress, acid, and spicy food
excessive NSAID use
- damages the gastric mucosa
- decreases mucosal integrity
- may result in erosion, ulceration, and bleeding
gastroscopy
examination of the upper intestinal tract using a flexible tube with a small camera
steatorrhea
fatty diarrhea
short-bowel syndrome
- malabsorption disorder caused by a lack of functional small intestine
- may result if repeated removal of parts of the small intestine is necessary due to disease progression
idiopathic
of unknown cause
megacolon
abnormally enlarged colon
polymeric formula
- nutrition support formula
- composed of complete protein, polysaccharides, and fat as medium-chain fatty acids
elemental formula
- nutrition support formula
- include protein as free amino acids and carbs as simple sugar (glucose)
- components require no further digestive breakdown
- readily absorbed
hyperoxaluria
excess oxalate in the urine
probiotic
contains live microbials
prebiotic
nondigestible foods that promote growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut
refeeding syndrome
- occurs when severely malnourished individuals are fed a high-carb diet too aggressively
- sudden shift in electrolytes and fluid balance causes complications involving several organs
- potentially fatal
diverticula
small protruding pouches/herniations in the colonic mucosa through the muscular layer
diverticulitis
inflammation/infection of diverticula
dysbiosis
imbalance of the intestinal microbiome
lobectomy
surgical removal of a lobe of an organ (often liver)
steatosis
accumulation of fat in the liver cells
portal hypertension
high blood pressure in the portal vein
hepatic encephalopathy
- result of liver disease
- toxins in the blood lead to alterations in brain homeostasis
- results in apathy, confusion, inappropriate behavior, altered consciousness, and eventually coma
esophageal varices
- result of liver cirrhosis
- pathologic dilation of the blood vessels within the wall of the esophagus
- vessels can continue to expand to the point of rupturing
ascites
accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
