nutrition- chapter 18 Flashcards
1
Q
mouth
A
dental problems
- tooth decay
- ill-fitting dentures
- mechanical soft diet can be helpful
surgical procedures
- nutrients can be supplies with high protein, high calorie milkshakes
2
Q
problems of the mouth
A
oral tissue inflammation
- gingivitis
- stomatitis
- glossitis
- cheilosis
- mouth ulcers
salivary gland problems
- infections (ex. mumps)
- mucous cysts and obstructed salivary ducts
- excess salivation vs dry mouth
- xerostomia (chronic dry mouth)
3
Q
dysphagia
A
- difficulty swallowing
- common with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s stroke
- head and neck cancer, tooth loss, xerostomia, and muscular weakness of larynx
- symptoms: unexplained drop in food intake or repeated episodes of pneumonia
- usually diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist
4
Q
swallowing disorder warning signs
A
- reluctance to eat certain consistencies or any food at all
- very slow chewing or eating
- fatigue from eating
- frequent throat clearing
- complaints of food “sticking” in throat
- holding pockets of food in cheeks
- painful swallowing
- regurgitation, coughing, choking during attempted eating
5
Q
central tube problems
A
- muscle spasms, uncoordinated contractions
- stricture or narrowing of the tube
- ingestion of caustic chemicals or a tumor
- esophagitis (inflammation)
- treatment: widening of the tube
- diet: liquid to soft
6
Q
lower esophageal sphincter problems
A
- changes in smooth muscle
- nerve, muscle, and hormone control of peristalsis
- achalasia (“cardiospasm”)
- post-op nutrition therapy
7
Q
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A
- caused by constant regurgitation of acidic gastric contents into lower esophagus
- pregnancy, pernicious vomiting, or extended use of nasogastric tubes are factors
- risk for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis increases with obesity and waist circumference
- constant irritation and inflammation (esophagitis)
- long-term complications include stenosis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal ulcer
8
Q
hiatal hernia
A
- portion of upper stomach protrudes through opening in the diaphragm (hiatus)
- especially common in obese adults
9
Q
peptic ulcer disease
A
- eroded mucosal lesion in the central portion of the GI tract, though it usually occurs in the duodenal bulb (first portion of duodenum)
- Two most common causes:
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
infection - Long-term use of NSAIDs irritates the gastric mucosa and decreases the mucosal integrity
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
10
Q
peptic ulcer disease
A
symptoms:
- increased gastric muscle tone
- painful contractions when stomach empty
- diagnosis via radiographs and gastroscopy
medical management:
- antibiotics, antacids, HCl secretion controllers (H2- blockers or proton pump inhibitors), mucosal protectors
- rest, sleep, coping and relaxation skills, avoid aggravating factors
- eliminate habits that contribute to ulcer development (smoking, alcohol use) and avoid irritating drugs (NSAIDs)
- well balanced healthy diet promotes tissue healing and maintenance
avoiding acid stimulation:
- food quantity – eat small quantities, avoid eating immediately prior to bedtime
- irritants – common irritants include hot chili peppers, black pepper, chili powder, caffeine, chocolate, and alcohol
- smoking – complete cessation is preferred
11
Q
malabsorption symptoms
A
- defect in absorption of essential nutrients, leading to chronic nutrient deficiencies
- can include any of 3 digestive processes
- digestion of macronutrients
- terminal digestion at the brush border mucosa
- absorption
- most common symptoms are chronic diarrhea and steatorrhea
- cystic fibrosis and inflammatory bowel disease specifically trigger malabsorption
12
Q
cystic fibrosis
A
- most common fatal genetic disease in North America for white people
- multisymptom disorder
- inhibits normal movement of chloride and sodium ions in the body tissue fluids. these ions become trapped in cells, causing thick mucus to form and clog ducts/passageways
- Lungs—damages airways, difficult breathing, infections
- Pancreas—lack of normal pancreatic enzyme secretion
- Malabsorption—food is left undigested and unabsorbed
- Liver and gallbladder—clogged bile ducts lead to degeneration
- Inflammatory complications—arthritis, vasculitis
13
Q
nutrition management of cystic fibrosis
A
- nutrition therapy is critical
- patients who are able to maintain an age-appropriate BMI percentile have better overall health outcomes
- pancreatic enzyme replacement products
- nutritional supplements to maintain weight
14
Q
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
A
- general term to describe chronic inflammation of GI tract
- persistent activation of mucosal immune system against normal gut flora
- disrupts protective epithelial barrier, destroying the function of segments of GI tract
- 2 common forms are idiopathic
- Crohn’s disease
- ulcerative colitis
15
Q
Crohn’s disease
A
- most common locations are ileum and colon
- risk factors: family history, jewish ancestry, smoking
- may cause deficiencies of vitamins A and D, iron, zinc, and protein-energy malnutrition
common symptoms:
- abdominal pain
- fever
- fatigue
- anorexia
- weight loss
- painful/urgent defecation
- diarrhea
