fundamentals- chapter 2

Question 1

acute illness

Answer 1

illness that develops suddenly and resolves in a in a short time

Question 2

adaptation

Answer 2

adjustment in structure or habits

Question 3

asymptomatic

Answer 3

without symptoms

Question 4

autonomic

Answer 4

not subject to voluntary control

Question 5

chronic illness

Answer 5

illness that develops slowly over a long period and lasts throughout life

Question 6

complementary health approaches

Answer 6

therapies that are used along with medical therapies to promote health

Question 7

congenital

Answer 7

condition present before or at birth

Question 8

convalescence

Answer 8

the process of recovering after an illness and regaining health

Question 9

coping

Answer 9

adjusting or adapting to challenges

Question 10

defense mechanisms

Answer 10

strategies used to protect us from increasing anxiety

Question 11

disease

Answer 11

pathologic process with a definite set of signs and symptoms; disease causes illness

Question 12

etiology

Answer 12

study of the cause of disease; origin

Question 13

health

Answer 13

the state of functioning well physically and mentally and expressing the full range of one’s potentialities

Question 14

health literacy

Answer 14

the ability to obtain, process, and understand information related to health and illness

Question 15

hierarchy

Answer 15

the arrangement of objects, elements, or values in a graduated series

Question 16

holistic

Answer 16

approach to healthcare that considers the biologic, psychological, sociologic, and spiritual aspects and needs of the person

Question 17

homeostasis

Answer 17

tendency of biologic systems to maintain stability in their internal environment while continually adjusting to changes necessary for survival

Question 18

idiopathic

Answer 18

of unknown origin

Question 19

illness

Answer 19

disease of body or mind

Question 20

maladaptation

Answer 20

lack of adjustment

Question 21

primary illness

Answer 21

illness that develops without being caused by another health problem

Question 22

secondary illness

Answer 22

illness that results from or is caused by a primary illness

Question 23

self-actualization

Answer 23

reaching one’s full potential

Question 24

stress

Answer 24

the sum of biologic reactions that take place in response to any adverse stimulus

Question 25

stressor

Answer 25

adverse stimulus

Question 26

subjective

Answer 26

perceived only by the person; not perceptible to the senses of another

Question 27

terminal illness

Answer 27

illness for which there is no cure available; it ends in death, usually within a short period of time

Question 28

wellness

Answer 28

dynamic and active movement toward fulfillment of one's potential

Question 29

stages of illness

Answer 29

1. transition stage (may deny feeling ill, but recognize that symptoms of illness are present) 2. acceptance stage (acknowledge illness and take measures to become well) 3. convalescence stage (recovering after illness and regaining health)

Question 30

health-illness continuum (Dubos and Dunn)

Answer 30

- idea that people are located somewhere on a continuum ranging from obvious disease to a state of optimum functioning 1. high level wellness 2. good health 3. normal health 4. poor health 5. very poor health 6. critical or terminal illness

Question 31

health behavior

Answer 31

action taken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease in early, asymptomatic stage

Question 32

illness behavior

Answer 32

activity a person takes to determine her actual state of health and seek a suitable remedy for a health problem

Question 33

racial and ethnic differences

Answer 33

attitudes and practices pertaining to: - birth, death, and health care - susceptibility to certain diseases - responses to pain and suffering - personal hygiene and privacy - adjustment to life changes

Question 34

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 34

1. physiologic needs (oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, safety, rest & comfort, hygiene, activity, sexual procreation) 2. safety and security 3. love and belonging 4. self-esteem 5. self-actualization

Question 35

stress

Answer 35

- the sum of biologic reactions that take place in response to a stressor - disturb's homeostasis and causes the body to attempt to adapt

Question 36

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 36

- occurs in response to long-term exposure to stress 1. alarm stage 2. stage of resistance 3. stage of exhaustion

Question 37

effects of stress

Answer 37

may be helpful or harmful depending on a person's - perception of the stressor - degree of health and fitness - previous life experiences and personality - available support system - personal coping mechanisms

Question 38

3 types of coping mechanisms

Answer 38

- actions or thoughts that change the situation so that it is no longer stressful - alterations of thoughts to control the meaning of the situation before it triggers a stress response - control of thoughts and actions to stop a stress reaction

Question 39

ways to achieve coping mechanisms

Answer 39

- seeking information - taking direct action - stopping an unhelpful reaction - discussing the situation - using defense mechanisms to perceive the situation differently

Question 40

primary prevention

Answer 40

avoids or delays a disease or disorder examples: - wearing seatbelts - not smoking - scheduled immunizations - wearing sunscreen

Question 41

secondary prevention

Answer 41

following guidelines for screening for diseases (early detection/ detecting return of a disease) examples: - pap smears - mammograms - colonoscopies

Question 42

tertiary prevention

Answer 42

rehabilitation measures after a disease or disorder has stabilized examples: - cardiac rehab - rehab for stroke or head injury

Question 43

defense mechanisms

Answer 43

repression, denial, projection, reaction-formation, regression, rationalization, identification, displacement, sublimation

Question 44

repression

Answer 44

unconscious blocking from conscious awareness ex. forgetting the name of someone you dislike

Question 45

denial

Answer 45

escaping thoughts by refusing to acknowledge their existence ex. woman whose husband died a year ago still speaks of him in present tense

Question 46

projection

Answer 46

attributing an impulse, attitude, or behavior to someone else ex. a man who is attracted to his wife's friend accuses his wife of flirting with his friend

Question 47

reaction-formation

Answer 47

an intense feeling is acted out consciously in an opposite manner ex. you treat someone you dislike in an overly friendly manner

Question 48

regression

Answer 48

returning to an earlier level of adaptation when threatened ex. a child resumes bedwetting after a major life event

Question 49

rationalizaation

Answer 49

falsifying an experience by giving an acceptable explanation ex. a student who did not study blames their failure on the exam being unfair

Question 50

identification

Answer 50

modeling behavior after someone else ex. a little girl dresses up in her mom's dress and heels

Question 51

displacement

Answer 51

discharging feelings for someone onto another person or object that is less threatening ex. a child who has been scolded by her mother hits doll with a hairbrush

Question 52

sublimation

Answer 52

channeling an impulse into a more socially desirable object ex. a student satisfies sexual curiosity by conducting research into sexual behaviors