fundamentals- chapter 2 Flashcards
acute illness
illness that develops suddenly and resolves in a in a short time
adaptation
adjustment in structure or habits
asymptomatic
without symptoms
autonomic
not subject to voluntary control
chronic illness
illness that develops slowly over a long period and lasts throughout life
complementary health approaches
therapies that are used along with medical therapies to promote health
congenital
condition present before or at birth
convalescence
the process of recovering after an illness and regaining health
coping
adjusting or adapting to challenges
defense mechanisms
strategies used to protect us from increasing anxiety
disease
pathologic process with a definite set of signs and symptoms; disease causes illness
etiology
study of the cause of disease; origin
health
the state of functioning well physically and mentally and expressing the full range of one’s potentialities
health literacy
the ability to obtain, process, and understand information related to health and illness
hierarchy
the arrangement of objects, elements, or values in a graduated series
holistic
approach to healthcare that considers the biologic, psychological, sociologic, and spiritual aspects and needs of the person
homeostasis
tendency of biologic systems to maintain stability in their internal environment while continually adjusting to changes necessary for survival
idiopathic
of unknown origin
illness
disease of body or mind
maladaptation
lack of adjustment
primary illness
illness that develops without being caused by another health problem
secondary illness
illness that results from or is caused by a primary illness
self-actualization
reaching one’s full potential
stress
the sum of biologic reactions that take place in response to any adverse stimulus
stressor
adverse stimulus
subjective
perceived only by the person; not perceptible to the senses of another
terminal illness
illness for which there is no cure available; it ends in death, usually within a short period of time
wellness
dynamic and active movement toward fulfillment of one’s potential
stages of illness
- transition stage (may deny feeling ill, but recognize that symptoms of illness are present)
- acceptance stage (acknowledge illness and take measures to become well)
- convalescence stage (recovering after illness and regaining health)
health-illness continuum (Dubos and Dunn)
- idea that people are located somewhere on a continuum ranging from obvious disease to a state of optimum functioning
- high level wellness
- good health
- normal health
- poor health
- very poor health
- critical or terminal illness
health behavior
action taken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease in early, asymptomatic stage
illness behavior
activity a person takes to determine her actual state of health and seek a suitable remedy for a health problem
racial and ethnic differences
attitudes and practices pertaining to:
- birth, death, and health care
- susceptibility to certain diseases
- responses to pain and suffering
- personal hygiene and privacy
- adjustment to life changes
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- physiologic needs (oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, safety, rest & comfort, hygiene, activity, sexual procreation)
- safety and security
- love and belonging
- self-esteem
- self-actualization
stress
- the sum of biologic reactions that take place in response to a stressor
- disturb’s homeostasis and causes the body to attempt to adapt
general adaptation syndrome
- occurs in response to long-term exposure to stress
- alarm stage
- stage of resistance
- stage of exhaustion
effects of stress
may be helpful or harmful depending on a person’s
- perception of the stressor
- degree of health and fitness
- previous life experiences and personality
- available support system
- personal coping mechanisms
3 types of coping mechanisms
- actions or thoughts that change the situation so that it is no longer stressful
- alterations of thoughts to control the meaning of the situation before it triggers a stress response
- control of thoughts and actions to stop a stress reaction
ways to achieve coping mechanisms
- seeking information
- taking direct action
- stopping an unhelpful reaction
- discussing the situation
- using defense mechanisms to perceive the situation differently
primary prevention
avoids or delays a disease or disorder
examples:
- wearing seatbelts
- not smoking
- scheduled immunizations
- wearing sunscreen
secondary prevention
following guidelines for screening for diseases (early detection/ detecting return of a disease)
examples:
- pap smears
- mammograms
- colonoscopies
tertiary prevention
rehabilitation measures after a disease or disorder has stabilized
examples:
- cardiac rehab
- rehab for stroke or head injury
defense mechanisms
repression, denial, projection, reaction-formation, regression, rationalization, identification, displacement, sublimation
repression
unconscious blocking from conscious awareness
ex. forgetting the name of someone you dislike
denial
escaping thoughts by refusing to acknowledge their existence
ex. woman whose husband died a year ago still speaks of him in present tense
projection
attributing an impulse, attitude, or behavior to someone else
ex. a man who is attracted to his wife’s friend accuses his wife of flirting with his friend
reaction-formation
an intense feeling is acted out consciously in an opposite manner
ex. you treat someone you dislike in an overly friendly manner
regression
returning to an earlier level of adaptation when threatened
ex. a child resumes bedwetting after a major life event
rationalizaation
falsifying an experience by giving an acceptable explanation
ex. a student who did not study blames their failure on the exam being unfair
identification
modeling behavior after someone else
ex. a little girl dresses up in her mom’s dress and heels
displacement
discharging feelings for someone onto another person or object that is less threatening
ex. a child who has been scolded by her mother hits doll with a hairbrush
sublimation
channeling an impulse into a more socially desirable object
ex. a student satisfies sexual curiosity by conducting research into sexual behaviors
