nutrition- chapter 19

Question 1

atherosclerosis/ atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)

Answer 1

fatty plaque on the inside lining of the major blood vessels

Question 2

fats

Answer 2

• total cholesterol: fat-related compound produced in body; also in foods from animals
• lipoproteins: “packages” wrapped with protein that carry fat in the bloodstream
• triglycerides: simple fats in body or food

Question 3

plaque

Answer 3

• thick, wax-like coating inside artery walls
• contains cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular debris, calcium, fibrin

Question 4

atherosclerosis risk factors

Answer 4

• age: risk increases with age
• family history: history of premature CVD
• heredity: certain ethnic groups
• familial hypercholesterolemia
• familial hypertriglyceridemia
• blood cholesterol profile: high total and LDL and low HDL
• poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking
• compounding conditions: t2 diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, premature menopause, inflammatory disease

Question 5

recommendations to reduce risk of atherosclerosis

Answer 5

• well rounded diet
• restrict fat and cholesterol
• regular physical activity
• minimize sedentary behaviors
• abstain from tobacco and avoid secondhand smoke
• lipid-lowering regimen

Question 6

myocardial infarction (MI)

Question 7

angina pectoris

Question 8

cerebrovascular accident

Question 9

hypercholesterolemia

Question 10

lipoproteins

Question 11

chylomicrons

Question 12

very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

Question 13

intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)

Question 14

low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

Question 15

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Question 16

dyslipidemia

Question 17

triglycerides

Question 18

hypertriglyceridemia

Question 19

metabolic syndrome

Question 20

acute CVD

Answer 20

• cardiac rest: promotes the return of normal functioning to the damaged heart
• MNT: small feedings throughout the day; soft and easily digestible
• long-term dietary modifications: reduced sodium, mediterranean diet
• heart cath/ angioplasty
• coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Question 21

MONA

Answer 21

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin

Question 22

congestive heart failure

Question 23

pulmonary edema

Answer 23

• accumulation of fluid in the lung tissues

control:
- fluid shift mechanism
- hormonal alterations

Question 24

MNT for heart failure

Question 25

chronic disease risk reduction (CDRR)

Question 26

DASH diet

Answer 26

- low sodium - AHA recommends < 2g/day

Question 27

hypertension

Answer 27

- chronically elevated blood pressure - "silent killer" - damages endothelium of blood vessels - early education/ detection is critical

Question 28

essential (primary) hypertension

Answer 28

- inherent form of high blood pressure - no identifiable cause - considered to be familial

Question 29

secondary hypertension

Answer 29

- cause can be identified - symptom or side effect of another primary condition

Question 30

elevated blood pressure

Question 31

stage 1 hypertension

Question 32

stage 2 hypertension

Question 33

MNT for hypertension

Answer 33

- weight management - physical activity - DASH diet - sodium restriction - potassium-rich diet - smoking cessation - stress reduction

Question 34

nutrition education

Answer 34

- read food labels - east fresh foods - limit processed foods - decrease saturated fat, trans fat, and salt - increase use of seasonings - reduce animal products, combine with complex carbohydrates - integrate personal desires, ethnic diets, economic restrictions, and food availability, and dietary habits

Question 35

education and prevention

Answer 35

- prevention begins in childhood, especially with children in high-risk families - direct education to people and families with risk of heart disease and hypertension - use of national organizations, community programs, registered dietitians, practical food-preparation materials

Question 36

resistant hypertension

Answer 36

presence of high blood pressure despite treatment with 3 antihypertensive medications