nutrition- chapter 11-12 Flashcards
life cycle
- infancy- first year of life
- childhood- between infancy and adolescence
- adolescence- onset of puberty
- adulthood- physical maturity
measuring childhood growth
- individual growth rates
- growth charts
- growth charts for children with special needs
- psychosocial development
nutritional needs
energy needs:
- first year of life= 80-120kcal/kg/day
fat needs:
- ADMR, 1-3 years: 30-40%
- ADMR, 4-18 years: 25-35%
protein needs:
- first 6mo: 1.52g/kg
water requirements
- metabolic needs, especially during periods of rapid growth
- infants require more water per unit of body weight than adults
minerals and vitamins
- calcium: critical in early life for skeleton, bones, teeth
- iron: essential for hemoglobin and cognitive development
- vitamin supplements: K and D
infant classifications
maturity
- term infants= 37-42 weeks gestation
- premature infants= born before 37 weeks
weight classification
- low birth weight (LBW): < 2500g (5lb 3oz)
- very low birth weight (VLBW): < 1500g (3lb 5oz)
- extremely low birth weight (ELBW): < 1000g (2lb 3oz)
infant classifications
size for gestational age classification:
- appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
- large for gestational age (LGA)
- small for gestational age (SGA)
considerations regarding feeding premature infants
- physiologic delays relevant to feeding
- milk content
- methods of milk delivery
feeding a mature infant
- breast milk or substitute
- weaning
- cow’s milk
- solid food additions
summary of guidlines
- Breastfeed for at least the first full year of life, and supplement with a vitamin K shot at birth and daily vitamin D drops.
- Use iron-fortified formula for an infant not breastfeeding.
- Water and juice are unnecessary for breastfed infants during the first 6 months of life.
- Introduce solid foods at approximately 6 months of age
- Introduce whole cow’s milk/milk substitute at end of first year
- Do not give allergens as the first solid foods.
- Do not give honey to an infant younger than 1 year old.
- Delay foods with a high risk for choking and aspiration until the child is older.
- Beginning at age 6 months, provide fluoride supplementation if the fluoride concentration in the water supply is insufficient
toddlers (1-3 years)
- increase variety of foods
- pleasant surroundings
- reserve sweets for special occasions
preschool-aged children
- patterns, attitudes, and basic habits forming
- food jags common and self-limiting
- child-friendly version of MyPlate available
school-aged children (5-12 years)
food choices influenced by:
- parental food habits
- family meals
- screen time
- peer food habits
- school lunch program
nutrition problems during childhood
- failure to thrive
- anemia
- obesity
- lead poisoning
physical growth
body composition
- rapid growth during onset of puberty
- boys and girls differ in fat, muscle gain
bone mineral density
- diet impacts ability to achieve higher peak bone mass
eating patterns
influenced by:
- parent guidance and modeling
- rapid growth, peer pressure
- alcohol abuse
- pressure to be thin
eating disorders
- social, family, body image pressures
- self-imposed crash diets
- parents can be source of pressure
- early detection and intervention are critical
influences on adult growth and development
physical growth:
- after physical maturity is reached, energy requirements decrease
psychosocial development:
- young adults: increasingly independent
- middle adults: expand personal growth
- older adults: vary widely in dealing with age
socioeconomic status:
- many elderly suffer from meager financial resources, loneliness, uncertainty, and depression
- increasing number of retirement age adults are remaining in workforce
nutrition needs;
- aging process influences nutrition requirements
physiologic changes with aging
biologic changes:
- metabolism
- hormones
effect on food patterns:
- diminished absorption and bioavailability of nutrients
- decreased taste, smell, thirst, and vision
nutrition needs with aging
macros and fluids:
- carbs, fats, protein, fluids
micronutrients and health concerns
- bone health and food safety
nutrient supplementation
- vitamin B12, vitamin D, excess supplementation
