nutrition- chapter 11-12 Flashcards
1
Q
life cycle
A
- infancy- first year of life
- childhood- between infancy and adolescence
- adolescence- onset of puberty
- adulthood- physical maturity
2
Q
measuring childhood growth
A
- individual growth rates
- growth charts
- growth charts for children with special needs
- psychosocial development
3
Q
nutritional needs
A
energy needs:
- first year of life= 80-120kcal/kg/day
fat needs:
- ADMR, 1-3 years: 30-40%
- ADMR, 4-18 years: 25-35%
protein needs:
- first 6mo: 1.52g/kg
4
Q
water requirements
A
- metabolic needs, especially during periods of rapid growth
- infants require more water per unit of body weight than adults
5
Q
minerals and vitamins
A
- calcium: critical in early life for skeleton, bones, teeth
- iron: essential for hemoglobin and cognitive development
- vitamin supplements: K and D
6
Q
infant classifications
A
maturity
- term infants= 37-42 weeks gestation
- premature infants= born before 37 weeks
weight classification
- low birth weight (LBW): < 2500g (5lb 3oz)
- very low birth weight (VLBW): < 1500g (3lb 5oz)
- extremely low birth weight (ELBW): < 1000g (2lb 3oz)
7
Q
infant classifications
A
size for gestational age classification:
- appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
- large for gestational age (LGA)
- small for gestational age (SGA)
8
Q
considerations regarding feeding premature infants
A
- physiologic delays relevant to feeding
- milk content
- methods of milk delivery
9
Q
feeding a mature infant
A
- breast milk or substitute
- weaning
- cow’s milk
- solid food additions
10
Q
summary of guidlines
A
- Breastfeed for at least the first full year of life, and supplement with a vitamin K shot at birth and daily vitamin D drops.
- Use iron-fortified formula for an infant not breastfeeding.
- Water and juice are unnecessary for breastfed infants during the first 6 months of life.
- Introduce solid foods at approximately 6 months of age
- Introduce whole cow’s milk/milk substitute at end of first year
- Do not give allergens as the first solid foods.
- Do not give honey to an infant younger than 1 year old.
- Delay foods with a high risk for choking and aspiration until the child is older.
- Beginning at age 6 months, provide fluoride supplementation if the fluoride concentration in the water supply is insufficient
11
Q
toddlers (1-3 years)
A
- increase variety of foods
- pleasant surroundings
- reserve sweets for special occasions
12
Q
preschool-aged children
A
- patterns, attitudes, and basic habits forming
- food jags common and self-limiting
- child-friendly version of MyPlate available
13
Q
school-aged children (5-12 years)
A
food choices influenced by:
- parental food habits
- family meals
- screen time
- peer food habits
- school lunch program
14
Q
nutrition problems during childhood
A
- failure to thrive
- anemia
- obesity
- lead poisoning
15
Q
physical growth
A
body composition
- rapid growth during onset of puberty
- boys and girls differ in fat, muscle gain
bone mineral density
- diet impacts ability to achieve higher peak bone mass
