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Basic Nursing > nutrition: chapter 20 > Flashcards

nutrition: chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

glucose

A

primary source of energy for the body

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2
Q

insulin

A
  • produced by beta cells of the pancreas
  • needed for glucose transport into cells
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3
Q

diabetes

A
  • metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia

people with diabetes either:
- produce very little to no insulin (insulin deficiency)
- ineffectively use insulin (insulin resistance)
- produce inadequate insulin amount (insulin insufficiency)

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4
Q

hyperglycemia

A

elevated blood sugar level

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5
Q

classifications

A
  • type 1 diabetes
  • type 2 diabetes
  • gestational diabetes
  • other types
  • impaired glucose tolerance
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6
Q

symptoms

A
  • polydipsia
  • polyuria
  • polyphagia
  • unintentional weight loss (type 1)
  • blurred vision, fatigue, dehydration, skin irritation or infection, general weakness, loss of strength
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7
Q

lab tests will show

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • abnormal glucose tolerance tests (done in pregnancy)
  • elevated glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (3 month avg.)
  • glucosuria
  • proteinuria
  • microalbuminuria
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8
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A
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9
Q

stages of glucose metabolism

A
  1. initial interchange with glycogen (glycogenolysis) and reduction to a smaller central compound (glycolysis pathway)
  2. joining with the other two energy-yielding nutrients, fat and protein (pyruvate link)
  3. final common energy production (citric acid cycle and electron transport chain)
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10
Q

exogenous

A

originating from outside the body

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11
Q

sources of blood glucose

A
  • dietary intake
  • glycogen from liver and muscles
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12
Q

uses of blood glucose

A
  • for immediate energy needs: glycolysis
  • change to glycogen for storage: glycogenesis
  • convert to fat for longer-term storage: lipogenesis
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13
Q

glucagon

A
  • opposes insulin
  • responds to hypoglycemia
  • alpha cells
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14
Q

somatostatin

A
  • acts as a referee for insulin and glucagon
  • delta cells
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15
Q

abnormal metabolism in diabetes (glucose)

A
  • cells are starved for glucose
  • glucose concentrations increase in the blood
  • hyperglycemia results
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16
Q

abnormal metabolism in diabetes (fat)

A
  • lipolysis in the adipose tissue increases
  • fatty acids are released in the blood
  • elevated triglyceride levels result
  • ketogenesis ensues in the liver
  • ketones accumulate in the body
  • diabetic ketoacidosis results
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17
Q

abnormal metabolism in diabetes (protein)

A
  • protein tissues are broken down
  • weight loss, muscle weakness, and urinary nitrogen loss result
18
Q

long term complications

A
  • retinopathy (eye damage)
  • nephropathy (kidney damage)
  • neuropathy (nerve damage)
  • heart disease
    • dyslipidemia
    • hypertension
19
Q

postprandial

A

after eating; normally 1-2 hours after a meal

20
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
21
Q

glucagonoma

A
  • rare neuroendocrine tumor
  • found in alpha cells of pancreas
  • leads to overproduction of glucagon
  • may cause diabetes, weight loss, high glucagon levels, and hypoaminoacidemia
22
Q

pheochromocytoma

A
  • tumor of the adrenal medulla or the sympathetic nervous system
  • affected cells secrete excess epinephrine or norepinephrine
  • causes headache, hypertension, and nausea
23
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose level

24
Q

GLUT4

A

insulin-regulated protein that is responsible for glucose transport into cells

25
Q

ketogenesis

A

production of ketones in the body (occurs in the liver)

26
Q

ketones

A

acids that occur as intermediate products of fat metabolism

27
Q

acetone

A
  • major ketone compound
  • results from fat breakdown for energy in individuals with unmanaged diabetes
28
Q

albuminuria

A

high levels of albumin in the urine

29
Q

estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

A

equation used to measure kidney function

30
Q

cellulitis

A
  • diffuse inflammation of soft or connective tissues from injury, bruises, or pressure sores that leads to infection
  • poor care may result in ulceration and abscess or gangrene
31
Q

glycemic control

A

management of blood glucose levels within individualized targets

32
Q

insulin secretagogues

A
  • oral medication
  • stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin
  • lowers overall blood glucose levels
  • increases risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain
33
Q

early detection and monitoring

A
  • community screening programs
  • annual physical examinations
  • fasting blood glucose, HbA1c
34
Q

basic goals of care

A
  • exogenous insulin
  • oral/ non-insulin injectable meds
  • maintaining healthy eating patterns
  • 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity weekly
35
Q

Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSME/S)

A
  • dietary and lifestyle management
  • monitoring
  • medications
  • problem solving
  • reducing risk
  • psychosocial assessment and care
  • resource awareness
36
Q

MNT

A

prediabetes:
- healthy dietary pattern, physical activity, weight loss

diabetes:
- individualized nutrition therapy

37
Q

nutrient balance

A
  • starch and sugar
  • glycemic index
  • sugar substitutes and sweeteners
  • protein
  • fat
38
Q

nutrient intake, physical activity, and medication timing

A
  • daily schedule
  • physical activity and glycemic management
  • meds and meal timing
  • carbohydrate counting
  • healthy eating patterns (t2/prediabetes)
39
Q

additional concerns

A
  • “diabetic” foods
  • alcohol
  • hypoglycemia
  • illness
  • travel
  • eating out
  • stress
40
Q

diabetes distress

A

psychological reaction to the intense emotional burden and negative impact of daily concerns when managing the serious and complex lifelong disease of diabetes

Basic Nursing (30 decks)

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