fundamentals- chapter 1

Question 1

apprenticeship

Answer 1

Situation where a worker learns a trade or profession by working with a master of the trade; learning by doing

Question 2

aseptically

Answer 2

without introducing infectious material

Question 3

best practices

Answer 3

the use of care concepts, interventions, and techniques that are grounded in research

Question 4

capitated cost

Answer 4

set fee is paid for every patient enrolled in the health network each year

Question 5

clinical practice guidelines

Answer 5

systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care in specific clinical circumstances

Question 6

diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)

Answer 6

use of a system by which a hospital receives a set amount of money for a patient who is hospitalized with a certain diagnosis

Question 7

evidence-based nursing

Answer 7

• nursing practice based on validated research
• helps determine best practices
• coupled with clinical expertise
• considers values of the patient

Question 8

health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

Answer 8

type of group practice that enrolls patients for a set fee per month and provides a limited network of doctors, hospitals, and other healthcare providers from which to choose

Question 9

implement

Answer 9

to put into action

Question 10

interventions

Answer 10

nursing actions aimed at accomplishing a goal or expected outcome

Question 11

invasive procedures

Answer 11

procedures that require entry into the body

Question 12

nursing process

Answer 12

• goal-directed series of activities whereby the practice of nursing accomplishes its goal of alleviating, minimizing, or preventing health problems
• organized, deliberate, and systematic
• provides a way to implement caregiving
• combines science and art of nursing
• focuses the nurse on the patient as an individual

Question 13

nursing theory

Answer 13

statement about relationships among concepts or facts, based on existing information

Question 14

practice acts

Answer 14

• defines activities in which nurses may engage, states the legal requirements and titles for nursing licensure, and establishes the education needed for licensure
• protects the public

Question 15

preferred provider organizations (PPOs)

Answer 15

organization that offers discounted insurance fees in return for a large pool of potential patients who choose a doctor from the list of those associated with the PPO

Question 16

transition to practice

Answer 16

program for newly licensed nurses involving a 6-month preceptorship and ongoing support during the first year of professional practice

Question 17

Florence Nightingale

Answer 17

• In the mid-1800s, experienced a calling by God to
  become a nurse
• Studied in Germany with a Protestant order of women
  who cared for the sick
• Cleaned up the wards and improved ventilation,
  sanitation, and nutrition
• Kept records and statistics that reinforced her theories
  of care

Question 18

Nightingale based her curriculum (Nightingale Training School for Nurses) on the following beliefs:

Answer 18

• Nutrition is important part of nursing care
• Fresh, clean air is beneficial to the sick
• Nurses should identify and meet patients’ needs
• Nursing should be directed toward health and illness
• Nursing distinct and separate from medicine and should be
  taught by nurses
• Nurses need continuing education

Question 19

Dorthea Dix

Answer 19

• organized woman volunteers to provide nursing care for soldiers

Question 20

Clara Barton

Answer 20

• took volunteers into field hospitals to care for soldiers of both armies
• founded the American Red Cross

Question 21

Lillian Wald

Answer 21

• took nursing out into the community
• helped establish an organization that focused on the health needs of poor people

Question 22

Ballard School

Answer 22

• started by the YWCA
• offered 3 month course in practical nursing
• students trained to care for infants, children, and older
  adults in the home

Question 23

Household Nursing School in Boston

Answer 23

• later called Shepard Gill School of Practical Nursing
• trained nurses to care for the sick at home

Question 24

common goals of nursing

Answer 24

1. to promote wellness
2. to prevent illness
3. to facilitate coping
4. to restore health

Question 25

roles of the practical nurse

Answer 25

- caregiver - educator - collaborator - advocate - manager

Question 26

early nursing in North America

Answer 26

- Students staffed hospitals and worked long hours without pay - No formal classes - No formal curriculum - Education achieved through work - Instruction performed bedside by physician

Question 27

functional nursing care

Answer 27

- First care delivery system for the practical nurse - Practical nurses performed tasks, such as administration of medication and treatments

Question 28

team nursing

Answer 28

- Registered nurse was the team leader who coordinated care for a group of patients - Work tasks assigned to the other team members, practical nurses, and nurse’s aides

Question 29

total patient care

Answer 29

- One nurse carried out all nursing functions for the patient, including medication administration - To provide less fragmented care for the patient - more expensive

Question 30

primary nursing

Answer 30

- One nurse plans and directs care for a patient over a 24- hour period - Eliminated fragmentation of care between shifts - Often modified with use of cross-trained personnel assigned to help with duties

Question 31

practice settings of LPNs

Answer 31

- hospitals - subacute and extended care facilities - assisted living facilities - medical offices - ambulatory clinic - kidney dialysis centers - hospice and palliative home care - home health agencies - neighborhood emergency centers/ urgent care clinics - correctional facilities - school nurse - surgical centers

Question 32

6 levels of care

Answer 32

1. preventive care (education, prevention) 2. primary care (early detection and routine care) 3. secondary/acute care (emergency treatment, critical care) 4. tertiary (special care) 5. restorative care (rehab, post-operative) 6. continuing care (long-term, chronic, hospice)

Question 33

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Answer 33

- Requirement for uninsured people to purchase health insurance are face penalty on income taxes - prevented denial of coverage based on pre-existing conditions - young adults are allowed to remain on their parents’ insurance through age 26 - The national uninsured rate has fallen from 16% to 11%