fundamentals- chapter 1 Flashcards
apprenticeship
Situation where a worker learns a trade or profession by working with a master of the trade; learning by doing
aseptically
without introducing infectious material
best practices
the use of care concepts, interventions, and techniques that are grounded in research
capitated cost
set fee is paid for every patient enrolled in the health network each year
clinical practice guidelines
systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care in specific clinical circumstances
diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
use of a system by which a hospital receives a set amount of money for a patient who is hospitalized with a certain diagnosis
evidence-based nursing
- nursing practice based on validated research
- helps determine best practices
- coupled with clinical expertise
- considers values of the patient
health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
type of group practice that enrolls patients for a set fee per month and provides a limited network of doctors, hospitals, and other healthcare providers from which to choose
implement
to put into action
interventions
nursing actions aimed at accomplishing a goal or expected outcome
invasive procedures
procedures that require entry into the body
nursing process
- goal-directed series of activities whereby the practice of nursing accomplishes its goal of alleviating, minimizing, or preventing health problems
- organized, deliberate, and systematic
- provides a way to implement caregiving
- combines science and art of nursing
- focuses the nurse on the patient as an individual
nursing theory
statement about relationships among concepts or facts, based on existing information
practice acts
- defines activities in which nurses may engage, states the legal requirements and titles for nursing licensure, and establishes the education needed for licensure
- protects the public
preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
organization that offers discounted insurance fees in return for a large pool of potential patients who choose a doctor from the list of those associated with the PPO
transition to practice
program for newly licensed nurses involving a 6-month preceptorship and ongoing support during the first year of professional practice
Florence Nightingale
- In the mid-1800s, experienced a calling by God to
become a nurse - Studied in Germany with a Protestant order of women
who cared for the sick - Cleaned up the wards and improved ventilation,
sanitation, and nutrition - Kept records and statistics that reinforced her theories
of care
Nightingale based her curriculum (Nightingale Training School for Nurses) on the following beliefs:
- Nutrition is important part of nursing care
- Fresh, clean air is beneficial to the sick
- Nurses should identify and meet patients’ needs
- Nursing should be directed toward health and illness
- Nursing distinct and separate from medicine and should be
taught by nurses - Nurses need continuing education
Dorthea Dix
- organized woman volunteers to provide nursing care for soldiers
Clara Barton
- took volunteers into field hospitals to care for soldiers of both armies
- founded the American Red Cross
Lillian Wald
- took nursing out into the community
- helped establish an organization that focused on the health needs of poor people
Ballard School
- started by the YWCA
- offered 3 month course in practical nursing
- students trained to care for infants, children, and older
adults in the home
Household Nursing School in Boston
- later called Shepard Gill School of Practical Nursing
- trained nurses to care for the sick at home
common goals of nursing
- to promote wellness
- to prevent illness
- to facilitate coping
- to restore health
roles of the practical nurse
- caregiver
- educator
- collaborator
- advocate
- manager
early nursing in North America
- Students staffed hospitals and worked long hours
without pay - No formal classes
- No formal curriculum
- Education achieved through work
- Instruction performed bedside by physician
functional nursing care
- First care delivery system for the practical nurse
- Practical nurses performed tasks, such as administration
of medication and treatments
team nursing
- Registered nurse was the team leader who coordinated
care for a group of patients - Work tasks assigned to the other team members,
practical nurses, and nurse’s aides
total patient care
- One nurse carried out all nursing functions for the
patient, including medication administration - To provide less fragmented care for the patient
- more expensive
primary nursing
- One nurse plans and directs care for a patient over a 24-
hour period - Eliminated fragmentation of care between shifts
- Often modified with use of cross-trained personnel
assigned to help with duties
practice settings of LPNs
- hospitals
- subacute and extended care facilities
- assisted living facilities
- medical offices
- ambulatory clinic
- kidney dialysis centers
- hospice and palliative home care
- home health agencies
- neighborhood emergency centers/ urgent care clinics
- correctional facilities
- school nurse
- surgical centers
6 levels of care
- preventive care (education, prevention)
- primary care (early detection and routine care)
- secondary/acute care (emergency treatment, critical care)
- tertiary (special care)
- restorative care (rehab, post-operative)
- continuing care (long-term, chronic, hospice)
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- Requirement for uninsured people to purchase health
insurance are face penalty on income taxes - prevented denial of coverage based
on pre-existing conditions - young adults are allowed to remain on their parents’ insurance through age 26
- The national uninsured rate has fallen from 16% to
11%
