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Foundations of Health Sciences > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Required nutrients in large amounts
Eg. Water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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2
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Required nutrients in relatively small amounts
Needed for normal metabolic functions, growth and development
Vitamins (organic) and minerals (inorganic)

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3
Q

What are non-nutrient molecules?

A
  • Dietary fibre – soluble or insoluble
  • Phytochemicals
  • Antioxidants
  • Omega 3 fatty acids
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4
Q

What are functional foods?

A

Processed foods that contain added ingredients to aid specific body functions whilst being inherently nutritious
Eg. Omega 3 enhanced eggs, cereal fortified with vitamins and minerals

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5
Q

What are nutraceuticals?

A

Food stuff (as a fortified food or dietary supplement) that provides health benefit
Generally sold in medical forms rather than associated with good

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6
Q

What are vitamins?

A
  • Generally not produced in the body
  • Exceptions – D (sunlight), K and selected B(bacterial flora of GI tract)
  • Many act as co-catalysts for different enzymes
  • Two groups – fat soluble or water soluble
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7
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • Stored in fat stores
  • A, D, E, K
  • Potentially harmful in excess
  • Do not readily cross the placenta or into colostrum
  • Relatively stable during cooking
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8
Q

WHat are water soluble vitamins?

A
  • Not stored in the body
  • B-complex and C
  • Excess excreted in urine
  • Easily lost during cooking and processing
  • Act largely as coenzyme eg. Glycolysis, electron transport chain, kreb cycle, beta oxidation of fatty acids
  • Participate directly in chemical reactions, coenzymes remain intact and used in further reactions
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9
Q

What is fat solube vitamin A found in?

A
  • Found in – red/orange fruit and veg, dark green veg and dairy products
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10
Q

What is fat soluble vitamin D found in?

A
  • Found in dairy products, liver and fish oils its synthesised in the body using sunlight
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11
Q

What is fat soluble vitamin E found in?

A
  • Found in meat, veg, veg oils
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12
Q

What is fat soluble vitamin K?

A
  • Found in widespread part of green leafy veg and intestinal production
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13
Q

What are some types of water soluble vitamin B-complex?

A
  • B1 – thiamine
  • B2 – riboflavin
  • B3 – Niacin, nicotinamide
  • B6 – pyridoxine
  • Folate, folacin, folic acid
  • B12 - cobalamin
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14
Q

What does Water soluble vitamin - B1 - thiamine do?

A
  • Effecting energy metabolism promoting glucose metabolism
  • Promotes central nervous system function otherwise can get BeriBeri which can cause severe lethargy and fatigue
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15
Q

What is Water soluble vitamin - B2 – riboflavin?

A
  • Energy metabolism forming coenzyme with FAD promoting carbohydrate
  • lipid oxidation to maintain healthy skin
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16
Q

What is Water soluble vitamin – B3 – niacin and nicotinamide ?

A
  • Effecting energy metabolism which forms coenzyme with NAD promoting carbohydrate
  • lipid oxidation and maintaining healthy skin
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17
Q

what does Water soluble vitamins – B6 – pyridoxine do?

A
  • Promotes protein metabolism to help form haemoglobin and red blood cells
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18
Q

What is Water soluble vitamins – folate, folacin and folic acid?

A
  • Coenzyme for DNA & RNA
  • Increased requirement with rapid cell multiplication
  • promotes haemoglobin
  • red & white blood cell formation
  • pregnancy (Spina bifida & Anencephaly)
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19
Q

What is Water soluble vitamins – cobalamin?

A
  • Coenzyme for DNA & RNA
  • promotes haemoglobin
  • red & white blood cell formation
  • maintains nerve, gut & skin tissue
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20
Q

What does water soluble vitamin C need?

A
  • Collagen synthesis (connective tissues)
  • mitochondrial energy metabolism
  • intracellular iron absorption
  • immune cell proliferation
  • catecholamine
  • steroid synthesis (stress response)
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21
Q

What are minerals and the two types?

A
  • Two types
    1. Macrominerals – electrolytes and structural
    2. Microminerals – need upper limits (max intake) – trace elements, no known functions and toxic in small amounts.
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22
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  • Mainly in older adults due to normal calcium deficiencies causing bad bone health
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23
Q

What is iron deficiency anaemia?

A
  • Inability to form healthy RBCs due to iron losses, a lakc of dietary iron or reduced iron absorption
  • Characterised by
  • Chronic fatigue, tiredness
  • Reduced resistance to blood loss  i.e., during childbirth
  • Increased workload on heart
  • Impaired physical performance in athletes
  • Impaired mental performance
  • Reduced resistance to infection / disease
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24
Q

What is the dietary refernce values?

A
  • Series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy people in the UK population
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25
Q

What are reference nutrient intakes?

A
  • Amount that meets the needs of nearly all the population (97.5%)
26
Q

What do nutrients requirements depend on?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Activity level
  • Health status
  • Weight
27
Q

What level of nutrients are needed?

A
  • Carbohydrates – 50% daily intake
  • Protein – 0.6g/kg – RNI 0.75g/kg
  • Fat – not more than 35% daily energy intake
28
Q

What is malnutrition?

A
  • State of nutrition in which a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form and function and clinical outcome
  • This can be both over or under nutrition
29
Q

What is overnutrition?

A
  • Intake of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth, development and metabolism
  • Over prolonged period results in weight gain and obesity
30
Q

What are states of overnutrition?

A
  • 28% obese and 36.2% overweight
  • Men more likely 8% more
  • ¼ children and adult are overweight or obese
  • 1 in 2 children aged 10-11 are overweight or obese
  • Initiative all our health
31
Q

What is undernutrition?

A

Deficiency of energy, protein and or other nutrients that causes adverse effects on the body the way it functions and clinical outcomes
Termed – faltering growth in children
- 3 million in UK 1 in 20

32
Q

WHo is at higher risk of undernutrition?

A
  • Chronic disease, acute illness, household having difficulty obtaining , older people more 65
33
Q

What are the consequences of malnutrition?

A
  • Increased fall risk
  • Impaired recovery from illness and surgery
  • Poor clinical outcomes
  • Impaired immune response
  • Reduced muscle strength and frailty
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Impaired psycho-social function
34
Q

What is screening for malnutrition?

A
  • Malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST)
  • Recommended by NICE
  • 5 step process to identify an individuals level of risk and put in place a first line of nutritional care plan
35
Q

What is fat satuable vitamin A used for?

A
  • maintaining epithelial tissue
  • mucus membranes
  • visual pigments in eyes
  • bone development
  • immune function
  • Beta-Carotenes protect from cancer and antioxidants
36
Q

What does a deficiency of vitamin A lead to?

A

Night blindness

37
Q

Why might you need more vitamin A?

A

IN alcohol metabolism you require more

38
Q

What is fat soluble vitamin D needed for?

A
  • Needed to increase calcium reabsorption in gut
  • promotes growth and mineralisation of bone
39
Q

What can a deficinecy in fat soluble vitamin D lead to?

A
  • Deficiency may lead to weak bones and osteocalcin/osteoporosis
40
Q

What makes up fat soluble vitamin D?

A

Calciferol

41
Q

Why do we need fat soluble vitamin E?

A
  • Needed for fights free radials (antioxidants)
  • protect cell membrane
42
Q

What does a deficiency of fat soluble vitamin E lead to?

A
  • haemolysis
  • Anaemia
43
Q

What component makes up vitamin E?

A

Tocopherol

44
Q

Why is fat soluble vitamin K needed?

A
  • Needed to form blood clot factors and bones
45
Q

What does a deficiency of fat soluble vitamin K lead to?

A
  • Deficiency may lead to bleeding and internal haemorrhage
46
Q

What componenet makes up fat soluble vitamin K?

A

Menadione

47
Q

What does a defiency of Water soluble vitamin - B1 - thiamine do?

A
  • decreased appetite
  • apathy depressio
  • beriberi
  • calf muscle pain
48
Q

Where is Water soluble vitamin - B1 - thiamine found?

A
  • Whole grain cereals
  • fortified bread
  • pulses,
  • potatoes,
  • legumes,
  • nuts,
  • pork,
  • ham
  • liver
49
Q

Where is Water soluble vitamin - B2 – riboflavin found?

A
  • dairy, meat, liver, eggs, leafy green veggies, beans
50
Q

What does a defiency of Water soluble vitamin - B2 – riboflavin do?

A

Cheilosis - cracks in mouth corner

51
Q

What does a defiency of water soluble vitamin - B3- niacin and nicotinamide do?

A
  • pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and death)
  • skin and GI lesions
  • nervous mental disorders
52
Q

Where is Water soluble vitamin – B3 – niacin and nicotinamide found?

A
  • Meat, liver, poultry, fish, whole-grain cereals, lentils, nuts, tryptophan (in the body)
53
Q

Where is Water soluble vitamins – B6 – pyridoxine found?

A
  • Found in Meat, liver, poultry, fish, whole-grain cereals, potatoes, legumes, leafy green veggies, dairy, bananas, nuts
  • Coenzyme involved in amino acid & glycogen metabolism
54
Q

What does a deficiency of Water soluble vitamins – B6 – pyridoxine do?

A
  • Irritability; Convulsions; Muscular twitching; Dermatitis; Tongue sores; Anaemia; Kidney stones… also been linked with PMT / morning sickness
55
Q

Where is Water soluble vitamins – folate, folacin and folic acid found?

A
  • Meat, liver, leafy green veggies, whole-grain cereals, potatoes, legumes, nuts, fruit
56
Q

What does a deficiency of Water soluble vitamins – folate, folacin and folic acid do?

A
  • Anaemia; Gastrointestinal disturbances; Diarrhoea; Infections; Red tongue; Fatigue
  • Needed in pregnancy to protect against neural tube defects
57
Q

Where is water soluble vitamin cobalamin found?

A
  • Meat, fish, shellfish, poultry, liver, eggs, dairy, fortified cereals
  • only in animal products
  • Without pernicious anaemia is caused due to immune destruction
58
Q

Where is the water soluble vitamin C found?

A
  • Found in: Citrus fruits, leafy green veggies, broccoli, potatoes, capsicum, strawberries, kiwifruit
59
Q

What can a deficiency of water soluble vitamin C lead to?

A

scurvy

60
Q

What is the main component of water soluble vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

Foundations of Health Sciences (30 decks)

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