Female Reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
Whats the function of the female reproductive system?
A
- Formation of eggs
- Reception of sperm
- Provision of suitable environment for fertilisation and foetal development
- Childbirth (parturition)
- Lactation
2
Q
What are ovaries?
A
- Produces female sex hormones & ova (eggs)
- Contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity
3
Q
What are follopian tubes?
A
- Fallopian tubes or oviducts are the first of 3 organs that form the female duct system
- Connect ovaries to uterus
- 10 cm long
- Takes 5 days to reach the uterus
4
Q
What is the uterus?
A
- In pelvic cavity
- Walls have 3 layers
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
- Menstrual cycle prepares uterus to receive, nourish and protect a zygote
5
Q
State layers of uterine wall
A
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
6
Q
Whats the myometrium?
A
- middle layer uterus
- smooth muscle layer; contracts during birth & menstruation
7
Q
Whats endometrium?
A
- innermost layer of uterine wall
- simple columnar epithelium and connective tissue.
- Contains glands, arteries & veins which help to nourish the implanted embryo.
- Varies in thickness during the uterine cycle and breaks down / excreted during menstruation
8
Q
Whats the menstual cycle?
A
- Collective cyclical changes occurring within ovaries and uterus over approx. 28 days – day 1 is first day of menstrual flow
9
Q
Difference between ovarian and uterine cycles?
A
Ovarian - chanfes in maturation of follicles
Uterus - changes in uterus
10
Q
Whats the menstrual stage?
A
- Days 1-5
- 50-150mls
- Endometrium lost to basal layer
11
Q
Whats the proliferation stage?
A
- Days 4-13
- Growth of endometrium
- Spiral arteries
- Tubular glands
- Vascular mucosa
- Receptor cells primed
12
Q
WHat day is ovulation?
A
14
13
Q
Whats the secretory stage?
A
- Day 15-28
- Spiral arteries tortuous
- Receptor cells secrete glycogen etc
14
Q
Whats the degreneration stage?
A
- No progesterone
- Blood supply cut
- Lysosomes released
- Autodigestive
15
Q
State the stages of the menstrual cycle
A
- Menstrual
- Proliferation
- Ovulation
- Secretory
- Degeneration – no progesterone
16
Q
State the phases of ovarian cycle
A
- follicular phase
- luteal phase
17
Q
Whats the follicular phase?
A
- day 1 until ovulation (day 14 in the 28 day cycle)
- ovarian follicles develop from primordial cells to Graafian follicles due to influence of FSH
- developing follicles release increasing amounts of oestrogen
- increased oestrogen causes sudden increase in LH (LH surge) which stimulates ovulation
18
Q
Whats the luteal phase?
A
- day of ovulation (rupture of the follicle to release egg) until day before the menstrual flow begins (day 28)
- LH surge causes development of the corpus luteum & corpus luteum secretes progesterone
- corpus luteum will degenerate 10 days after ovulation if no pregnancy event
19
Q
What is the uterine cycle?
A
- changes that occur in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle
- Cycle starts and ends with menstruation
- Menstruation is the shedding of the endometrium
- There are three phases of the uterine cycle:
- Menstrual phase
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
20
Q
State three phases of uterine cycle
A
- Menstrual phase
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
21
Q
Whats the menstual phase?
A
- Lasts from approx. days 1-5
- Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels in the cycle
- Functional part of the endometrium breaks down and is sloughed
- Passes out of the body through the cervix & vagina as menstrual flow
22
Q
Whats the proliferative phase?
A
- Days 6 (menstrual flow stops) to 14
- Blood vessels & glands that form the endometrium regenerate due to increasing amounts of oestrogen from the developing follicle
23
Q
Whats the secretory phase?
A
- Lasts from days 15-28
- Endometrial glands secrete glycogen and vascularisation of the endometrium continues
- Changes are caused by increased progesterone levels by the corpus luteum
- If there is no fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates towards the end of this phase and progesterone decreases
- Decreasing progesterone thus decreases blood supply to endometrial cells, cells die, the endometrium breaks down and menstrual flow starts again
24
Q
What are some female reproductive hormones?
A
- FSH
- LH
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
25
What does FSH do?
* From anterior pituitary
* Stimulated by GnRH
* Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle
* Stimulates production of oestrogen
26
What does LH do?
* Anterior pituitary
* Stimulus GnRH
* Stimulates production of oestrogen & progesterone
* Stimulate maturation of ovarian follicles; ovulation
27
Whats oestrogen?
* Sourced in Developing follicles & corpus luteum - After 6 wks. of pregnancy: placenta
* Stimulus – FSH and LH
* Growth & maturation of reproductive organs & breasts; promote proliferative phase of the uterine cycle; facilitate oogenesis; stimulate capacitation of sperm; stimulate growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy
* Promote long bone growth & feminisation of the skeleton; inhibit bone resorption; promote female pattern of fat deposit; female libido, etc.
28
Whats progesterone?
* Sourced Corpus luteum - After 6 wks. of pregnancy: placenta
* Stimulated by LH
* Facilitates growth of breasts; promotes secretory phase; during pregnancy quiets the myometrium and enhances the ability of mammary glands to produce milk; increases body temperature
29
What hormones are present during pregnancy?
* Humans chorionic gonadotrophin
* Oestrogen
* Progesterone
* Prolactin
* Relaxing
* Oxytocin
30
Function of HCG in pregnancy
* Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
* Acts like luteinising hormone (LH) to maintain corpus luteum (and preventing menstruation), normally corpus luteum atrophies
31
Function of oestrogen during pregnancy
* Myometrial hypertrophy, external genitalia enlargement
* softening of pelvic ligaments
32
Function of progesterone during pregnancy
* Proliferation of endometrium, inhibition of uterine contractions, development of alveoli in mammary glands
33
Function of prolactin in pregnancy
* Milk production when oestrogen falls after parturition.
* Inhibits FSH release and ovulation after parturition
34
Function of relaxing hormone during pregnancy
* Produced for the flexibility of tissues
35
Function oxytocin hormone in pregnancy
* For uterine contractions during labour
36
Developmental stages of fertilisation
* Zygote - fusion of gametes to 8 cells
* Morula - clump of cells undergoing mitosis
* Blastocyst - day 4-20 inner cell mass to bilaminar disc
* Embryo – day 21 to 56 (8 weeks) from somites through organogenesis
* Foetus - week 9 to birth
37
What is the process of fertilisation?
1. The joining or fusion of sperm and ova
2. **Sperm penetrate** the **corona radiata** and the **zona pellucida**
3. Takes many sperm to release enough **enzyme** from the acrosome to penetrate the egg
4. **Depolarisation** of the cell membrane of the fertilised egg and release of** calcium ions **to prevent **polyspermy**
5. -the acrosome of a sperm secretes enzymes that **digest the zona pellucida** of the egg
6. -the sperm then **binds to the plasma membrane **of the egg and enters the cell
7. -the **genetic information of the sperm fuses** with the egg nucleus to complete fertilization form zygote
38
Whats the uterus like during pregnancy?
* Zygote embedded in endometrium
* Nourished by uterine secretions until placenta established
* Placenta secretes progesterone: prevents uterine contractions
* After 40 weeks oestrogen & oxytocin promote uterine contractions
39
What happens in the Fimbraie?
- Fimbriae have ciliated finger-like projections at the ovarian end but do not touch the ovary
- **Cilia** on the fimbriae and lining the oviducts **beat gently to guide the egg towards the uterus**
- * After ovulation, the oocyte is moved towards the fimbriae
- Move ovum from ovary to uterus by peristalsis and ciliary movement
40
Where does fertilisation normally occur?
* Fertilization often takes place in the **ampulla**
41
What is follicle maturation stimulated by?
* Follicle maturation stimulated by **FSH and oestrogen**
42
What triggers ovulation?
* Ovulation triggered by **LH**: ovum released every 28 days
43
Whats polyspermy?
(fertilisation by more than one sperm)
