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Foundations of Health Sciences > Female Reproductive system > Flashcards

Female Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the function of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Formation of eggs
  • Reception of sperm
  • Provision of suitable environment for fertilisation and foetal development
  • Childbirth (parturition)
  • Lactation
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2
Q

What are ovaries?

A
  • Produces female sex hormones & ova (eggs)
  • Contains ovarian follicles in various stages of maturity
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3
Q

What are follopian tubes?

A
  • Fallopian tubes or oviducts are the first of 3 organs that form the female duct system
  • Connect ovaries to uterus
  • 10 cm long
  • Takes 5 days to reach the uterus
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4
Q

What is the uterus?

A
  • In pelvic cavity
  • Walls have 3 layers
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
  • Menstrual cycle prepares uterus to receive, nourish and protect a zygote
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5
Q

State layers of uterine wall

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
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6
Q

Whats the myometrium?

A
  • middle layer uterus
  • smooth muscle layer; contracts during birth & menstruation
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7
Q

Whats endometrium?

A
  • innermost layer of uterine wall
  • simple columnar epithelium and connective tissue.
  • Contains glands, arteries & veins which help to nourish the implanted embryo.
  • Varies in thickness during the uterine cycle and breaks down / excreted during menstruation
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8
Q

Whats the menstual cycle?

A
  • Collective cyclical changes occurring within ovaries and uterus over approx. 28 days – day 1 is first day of menstrual flow
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9
Q

Difference between ovarian and uterine cycles?

A

Ovarian - chanfes in maturation of follicles
Uterus - changes in uterus

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10
Q

Whats the menstrual stage?

A
  • Days 1-5
  • 50-150mls
  • Endometrium lost to basal layer
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11
Q

Whats the proliferation stage?

A
  • Days 4-13
  • Growth of endometrium
  • Spiral arteries
  • Tubular glands
  • Vascular mucosa
  • Receptor cells primed
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12
Q

WHat day is ovulation?

A

14

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13
Q

Whats the secretory stage?

A
  • Day 15-28
  • Spiral arteries tortuous
  • Receptor cells secrete glycogen etc
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14
Q

Whats the degreneration stage?

A
  • No progesterone
  • Blood supply cut
  • Lysosomes released
  • Autodigestive
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15
Q

State the stages of the menstrual cycle

A
  • Menstrual
  • Proliferation
  • Ovulation
  • Secretory
  • Degeneration – no progesterone
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16
Q

State the phases of ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular phase
  • luteal phase
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17
Q

Whats the follicular phase?

A
  • day 1 until ovulation (day 14 in the 28 day cycle)
  • ovarian follicles develop from primordial cells to Graafian follicles due to influence of FSH
  • developing follicles  release increasing amounts of oestrogen
  • increased oestrogen causes sudden increase in LH (LH surge) which stimulates ovulation
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18
Q

Whats the luteal phase?

A
  • day of ovulation (rupture of the follicle to release egg) until day before the menstrual flow begins (day 28)
  • LH surge causes development of the corpus luteum & corpus luteum secretes progesterone
  • corpus luteum will degenerate 10 days after ovulation if no pregnancy event
19
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A
  • changes that occur in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle
  • Cycle starts and ends with menstruation
  • Menstruation is the shedding of the endometrium
  • There are three phases of the uterine cycle:
  • Menstrual phase
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
20
Q

State three phases of uterine cycle

A
  • Menstrual phase
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
21
Q

Whats the menstual phase?

A
  • Lasts from approx. days 1-5
  • Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels in the cycle
  • Functional part of the endometrium breaks down and is sloughed
  • Passes out of the body through the cervix & vagina as menstrual flow
22
Q

Whats the proliferative phase?

A
  • Days 6 (menstrual flow stops) to 14
  • Blood vessels & glands that form the endometrium regenerate due to increasing amounts of oestrogen from the developing follicle
23
Q

Whats the secretory phase?

A
  • Lasts from days 15-28
  • Endometrial glands secrete glycogen and vascularisation of the endometrium continues
  • Changes are caused by increased progesterone levels by the corpus luteum
  • If there is no fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates towards the end of this phase and progesterone decreases
  • Decreasing progesterone thus decreases blood supply to endometrial cells, cells die, the endometrium breaks down and menstrual flow starts again
24
Q

What are some female reproductive hormones?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
25
Q

What does FSH do?

A
  • From anterior pituitary
  • Stimulated by GnRH
  • Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle
  • Stimulates production of oestrogen
26
Q

What does LH do?

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Stimulus GnRH
  • Stimulates production of oestrogen & progesterone
  • Stimulate maturation of ovarian follicles; ovulation
27
Q

Whats oestrogen?

A
  • Sourced in Developing follicles & corpus luteum - After 6 wks. of pregnancy: placenta
  • Stimulus – FSH and LH
  • Growth & maturation of reproductive organs & breasts; promote proliferative phase of the uterine cycle; facilitate oogenesis; stimulate capacitation of sperm; stimulate growth of uterus and mammary glands in pregnancy
  • Promote long bone growth & feminisation of the skeleton; inhibit bone resorption; promote female pattern of fat deposit; female libido, etc.
28
Q

Whats progesterone?

A
  • Sourced Corpus luteum - After 6 wks. of pregnancy: placenta
  • Stimulated by LH
  • Facilitates growth of breasts; promotes secretory phase; during pregnancy quiets the myometrium and enhances the ability of mammary glands to produce milk; increases body temperature
29
Q

What hormones are present during pregnancy?

A
  • Humans chorionic gonadotrophin
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Prolactin
  • Relaxing
  • Oxytocin
30
Q

Function of HCG in pregnancy

A
  • Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
  • Acts like luteinising hormone (LH) to maintain corpus luteum (and preventing menstruation), normally corpus luteum atrophies
31
Q

Function of oestrogen during pregnancy

A
  • Myometrial hypertrophy, external genitalia enlargement
  • softening of pelvic ligaments
32
Q

Function of progesterone during pregnancy

A
  • Proliferation of endometrium, inhibition of uterine contractions, development of alveoli in mammary glands
33
Q

Function of prolactin in pregnancy

A
  • Milk production when oestrogen falls after parturition.
  • Inhibits FSH release and ovulation after parturition
34
Q

Function of relaxing hormone during pregnancy

A
  • Produced for the flexibility of tissues
35
Q

Function oxytocin hormone in pregnancy

A
  • For uterine contractions during labour
36
Q

Developmental stages of fertilisation

A
  • Zygote - fusion of gametes to 8 cells
  • Morula - clump of cells undergoing mitosis
  • Blastocyst - day 4-20 inner cell mass to bilaminar disc
  • Embryo – day 21 to 56 (8 weeks) from somites through organogenesis
  • Foetus - week 9 to birth
37
Q

What is the process of fertilisation?

A
  1. The joining or fusion of sperm and ova
  2. Sperm penetrate the corona radiata and the zona pellucida
  3. Takes many sperm to release enough enzyme from the acrosome to penetrate the egg
  4. Depolarisation of the cell membrane of the fertilised egg and release of** calcium ions **to prevent polyspermy
  5. -the acrosome of a sperm secretes enzymes that digest the zona pellucida of the egg
  6. -the sperm then **binds to the plasma membrane **of the egg and enters the cell
  7. -the genetic information of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus to complete fertilization form zygote
38
Q

Whats the uterus like during pregnancy?

A
  • Zygote embedded in endometrium
  • Nourished by uterine secretions until placenta established
  • Placenta secretes progesterone: prevents uterine contractions
  • After 40 weeks oestrogen & oxytocin promote uterine contractions
39
Q

What happens in the Fimbraie?

A
  • Fimbriae have ciliated finger-like projections at the ovarian end but do not touch the ovary
  • Cilia on the fimbriae and lining the oviducts beat gently to guide the egg towards the uterus
    • After ovulation, the oocyte is moved towards the fimbriae
  • Move ovum from ovary to uterus by peristalsis and ciliary movement
40
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur?

A
  • Fertilization often takes place in the ampulla
41
Q

What is follicle maturation stimulated by?

A
  • Follicle maturation stimulated by FSH and oestrogen
42
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A
  • Ovulation triggered by LH: ovum released every 28 days
43
Q

Whats polyspermy?

A

(fertilisation by more than one sperm)

Foundations of Health Sciences (30 decks)

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