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Foundations of Health Sciences > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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2
Q

State 4 types of cell in the epidermis layer of skin

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. Merkel cells
  4. dendritic cells
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3
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A
  • cells in epidermis layer of skin
    • Main cell type
  • ‘Born’ deep in epidermis (of stratified epithelial cell layer) - against basement membrane and migrate to surface of skin – change biology and filled with protein keratin
  • Produce keratin (creating protective layer) – which flatten as die and become waterproof
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4
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  • type of cell in epidermis layer of skin
  • Deepest layer of epidermis
  • Secrete melanin (pigment which is explored from here to keratinocytes to protect them from UV rays)
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5
Q

What are merkel cells?

A
  • cell type in epidermis of skin
    • Specialised sensory cells
  • Light touch / textures
  • Can release local hormone to change sensitivity of nerve endings locally
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6
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A
  • type of cell in epidermis layer of skin
    • Ingest invaders and foreign materials
  • Activate immune defences of body
  • Present the antigen of pathogen for immune response
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7
Q

State the 4 layers of the epidermal

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum glanulise
  3. stratum spinosum
  4. stratum basale
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8
Q

What are the features of the stratum corneum layer of epidermal?

A
  • first layer
    • Make off fully differentiated keratinocytes - flatten
  • Lamella granules and keratin contained
  • Killed by apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • Mechanically resistant – layers can detach to protect the layers of cells underneath
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9
Q

What are some chracteristics of the strata granulise layer of the epidermal?

A
  • 2nd layer
    • 4-6 layers thick
  • Keratinocytes start to flatten out – accumulating lamella crystals or granules made of glycolipids which are waterproof – to form stratum corneum cells
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis?

A
  • third layer
    • Spiky layer – keratinocytes
  • Spiky is deaminates – join cell to cell into strong tough network – anchoring cytoskeletons of cells improving integrity of top layer
  • Dendritic cells patrol waiting to be activated –like activated macrophages) – for pathogens
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum basale layer of the epidermis?

A
  • final and fourth layer
    • Sits on basement membrane sitting on dermis
  • Basal layer
  • Found Stem cells dividing, dividing keratinocytes and daughter cells push up through layers to surface
  • divide by mitosis
  • melanocytes here to produce melanin
  • Merkel cell – sensory cell – accosted with single nerve fibre which ate tactile
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12
Q

What is sloughing?

A

Shredding dead surface cells from skin – normal part of skin regeneration – 50,000 cells lost per minute
- Outer layer (epidermis) replaced every 21-45 days

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13
Q

What are the two layer of the dermis?

A
  1. papillary
  2. reticular
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14
Q

What other cells are embedded in the dermis layer of skin?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • blood vessels
  • nerve endings
  • sweat glands
  • hair follicles
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15
Q

What chracterises the paillary layer of the dermis?

A
  • loose areolar connective tissue
  • flexible, stretchy and elastic layer
  • elastin, collagen, blood vessels in loops to form dermal papilla which increases surface area
  • provide nutrients for epidermis (no vessels need to diffuse into epidermis)
  • dermal papilla
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16
Q

What characterises the reticular layer of the dermis?

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue so lots of collagen and elastin return to position
  • bundles of collagen heavier and thicker creating strong layer for skin (leathery)
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17
Q

What is dermal papilla?

A
  • associated with touch receptor called Maecenas
  • fine touch sense
  • useful in magnifying vibrations and sensations and physical attributes of environment Maecenas corpunecule and touch receptors
  • rich in small capillaries
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18
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A
  • protection
  • temperature regulation
  • secretion
  • cutaneous sensation
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19
Q

How does the skin provide protection?

A
  • Physical protective barrier – dendritic cells in epidermis patrolling for immune response
  • Chemical water resistance against dehydration
  • UV protector in epidermis – melanocytes
  • Trama – top dead cells of epidermis
20
Q

What is trama?

A

top layer of dead cells of epidermis

21
Q

How does skin regulate temperature when its too hot?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • **Evaporate sweat from skin **
22
Q

How does vasodilation effect temperature?

A
  • dermal perplexes of blood vessels and small capillaries into dermal papillary areas
  • controlled in hypothalamus
  • sympathetic nervous system reduced
  • floods the skin with warm blood so evaporative cooling the heat is lost
23
Q

How does sweat evaportation effect temperature regulation?

A
  • evaporative cooling
  • eccrine sweat glands - produce salty watery sweat
  • also produce and release antibodies – germicidin – innate immune response – destroys cell membrane of bacteria – control microbiome on the skin
24
Q

What process help temperature regulation when its too cold?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • arrector pili muscles
25
Q

How does vasoconstriction effect temperature regulation when its too cold?

A
  • when cold
  • parasympathetic nervous system reduced
  • capillaries diameter reduced
  • blood rediverted mad less evaporation
  • preserving body temperature
26
Q

How do arrector pili muscle effect temperature regulation?

A
  • sympathetic nervous control
  • associated with hair follicle
  • activated pull on hair follicle making stand up hairs on surface
  • creating a protective barrier layer of warm air trapped
27
Q

What are three glans in skin?

A
  • sebaceous gland
  • apocrine gland
  • eccrine gland
28
Q

What does the sebaceous gland do in skin?

A
  • oil associated with hair follicles secreting milky oil called sebum
  • protective
  • waterproof surface of the skin also creates the acid mantle (pH 4.5-6.2)
  • select and control microbiome
  • secrete antibacterial lipids (swing lipids)
  • control sweat and microbiome on surface of skin
29
Q

What do apocrine glands do in skin?

A
  • anogenital and axillary areas (start in puberty)
  • secrete health milky sweat around the genitals and anal area and under arms
  • secondary sexual characteristic
  • sexual scents and signalling
30
Q

What do eccrine glands do in skin?

A
  • producing dermicide and antibacterial peptide and watery salty sweat
31
Q

What are four structures effecting cutaneous sensation in the skin?

A
  1. free nerve ending
  2. inflammatory mediators
  3. pacinian corpuscle
  4. hair plexus
32
Q

How do free nerve endings produce cutaneous sensation in the skin?

A
  • response to pressure and temperature changes
  • encode noiceptic signals (pain signals) – noseception
33
Q

How do inflammatory mediators effect cutaneous sensation?

A
  • skin is broken
  • released in broken blood vessels
  • nocepetive signals to central nervous system
  • pain, temperature and touch and pressure
34
Q

How do pacinian corpuscle repsond to sensation?

A
  • register vibrations texture and pressure
35
Q

How do hair plexus effect cutaneous sensations?

A
  • array of sensory nerves attached to hair follicles
  • sensing the movements of hair on skin
  • Minus corpuscles and merkle cells – deep epidermis
36
Q

What is sensory homunculus?

A
  • Sensory nerve endings are not evenly disrributed around area of the body
  • lots in hands where on legs the endings are more widely spread
  • reflected in organisation of the brain
37
Q

What are some forms of non-verbal communication in the skin?

A
  • Blushing, pheromones (sexual maturity) and body odour/stress odours
38
Q

Explain why there are areas of the skin with thick and non-hairy sections

A
  • Statum lucidium – clear layer (extra layer in the layers of skin)
  • Palms and sole of the feet
  • made of flat, dead keratinocytes laying superficially to the stratum granulosum
  • not fully understood - possibly easily detached in rubbing
  • only equine glands but no oily protective
  • many Pacinian corpuscles sensing vibration, touch
  • not particularly functional vasodilation
39
Q

What are three chracteristics effecting skin colour?

A
  1. Derivative of haemoglobin – colour of skin especially when red
  2. Melanin – brownish pigment created in epithelial layer of - glanasal sites
  3. Carotene – vitamin A escreted in sweat (more in sebateus) – can lead to discolouration eg. Eating too many carrots
40
Q

How does derivative of haemoglobin effect skin colour?

A

going red and blushing

41
Q

How does melanin effect skin colour?

A

brownish pigment created in epithelial layer of - glanasal sites

42
Q

How does carotene effect skin colour?

A
  • vitamin A escreted in sweat (more in sebateus)
  • can lead to discolouration eg. Eating too many carrots
43
Q

State some abnormal reasons for colouration

A
  • Cyanosis – rainout syndrome – digets of the hands looks blue due to deoxygenation
  • Jaundice – excess of bilirubin accosiated with liver disease or bile duct problems – causing yellow looking
  • Pallor – dependant of blood flow in dermis – vasodilation
  • Albinism – reduced or absence of melanin – usually genetic variation
  • Haematoma – damage to the skin – red blood cells accumulate in damaged bruised areas and neutrophils eventually remove them
44
Q

Breifly state why the skin scares?

A
  • Epidermal regeneration usual very efficient
  • Dermal regeneration less well organised
45
Q

Whats the process of scaring of the skin?

A
  1. Fibroblasts (tissue prdocuing cells) lay down framework of fibres – replacement of damaged tissue
  2. Irregular arrangement of fibres – not same as original layout
  3. Hair follicles / sweat glands etc. don’t regenerate – smoot looking and different caracteristics
  4. Irregular fibre framework – different pattern of blood vessels – stretch mark as dermis is stretched and tore/stressed – repaired not matching orginal fibres
46
Q

What are keloids?

A
  • due to excessive scar tissue and overactive fibroblasts
  • as less control from control chemicals in skin
  • genetical varieation as overactive fibroblasts

Foundations of Health Sciences (30 decks)

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