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Foundations of Health Sciences > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the role of nervous system?

A
  • Monitor internal and external environment
  • Process information
  • Direction behaviour and body processes
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2
Q

What are three types of neurons?

A
  • Sensory (sensory input)
  • Motor (motor output)
  • Interneuron (integration)
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3
Q

What are the componenets of a neuron?

A
  • Cell body (Soma) – information process
  • Dendrites (receives information)
  • Axon hillock (information summed together collecting positive and negative neurotransmitters)
  • Terminal branches (attached to presynaptic cell to send on action potential)
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4
Q

How are neuro glial cells physiologically demanding?

A
  • Maintain local extracellular environment
  • Support neuronal function
  • Maintain local concentrations of neurotransmitters
  • Supply nutrients
  • Support and guide neuronal development
  • Stabilise neuronal networks
  • Improve communication speeds
  • Provide immunological defence
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5
Q

Two conceptual divisons of the nervous system

A

anatomical
functional

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6
Q

State the anatomical divisions of the nervous system

A

**Central nervous system **
- Brain
- Spinal cord
**Peripheral nervous system **
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
- (ganglia to base activate sensory nerve endings eg. Dorsal root ganglion)

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7
Q

Whats the ganglia?

A

Peripheral nervous system
Defined as a collection of neuronal cell bodies

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8
Q

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Somatic nervous system – voluntary
  • Autonomic nervous system – involuntary (heartbeat, sweating)

Som and Auto (sensory pathway) -> CNS -> som and auto (motor pathways) -> effectors

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9
Q

Whats the difference between afferent and efferent in nervous system?

A

Sensory PNS – afferent – conducting towards central nervous system
Motor PNS – efferent – conducting away from central nervous system

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10
Q

WHat are the functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic – flight or fight
  • Parasympathetic – rest and digest
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11
Q

Whats the pia mater?

A

Soft thin membrane covering the brain.

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12
Q

Whats the arachnois mater?

A
  • spidery mother’
  • Outer membrane making subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid (relaxed in arachnoid villi valves so leaks into Venus blood vessels) can flow through which is nutritive and protective of brain tissue
  • also containing arachnoid trabeculae forms pillars throughout space
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13
Q

State the three membrane layer of the brain

A
  • pia mater (soft)
  • Arachnois mater (spidery)
  • dura mater (tough)
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14
Q

Whats the dura mater?

A

Tough mother – lots of collagen and connective tissue – very strong membrane which doesn’t stretch
- Two layer – periosteal (Bone layer) and meningeal

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

periosteal (Bone layer) and meningeal

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16
Q

Whats the meninges?

A
  • Three layers of membranes protecting brain and spinal cord
  • Pia, arachnoid and dura mater
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17
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • Produced in one of 4 ventricles of brain
  • Choroid plexus – area that produces fluid – also in the tissues of the brain
  • Leak out through arachnoid villi – one-way valves where it leaks into the Venus blood vessels
  • Flow through subarachnoid space providing nutrients and protection to the brain tissue
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18
Q

Whats the choroid plexus?

A

– area that produces cerebrospinal fluid – also in the tissues of the brain

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19
Q

What are arachnoid villi?

A

one-way valves where cerebrospinal fluid leaks into the Venus blood vessels

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20
Q

What are the 4 roles of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Protective medium for brain floatation
  2. Protective cushioning – trauma
  3. Removal of metabolites
  4. Providing stable ionic environment (low conc. Of protein and slightly higher potassium and sodium conc.)
21
Q

What are gyri of the brain?

A

ridge of the brain
surface level

22
Q

Whats sulci of the brain

A

the grooces in the brain
in the crease is the culci

23
Q

Whats a fissure?

A

A deep sulcus (groove in the brain)

24
Q

State the lobes of the brain

A
  1. frontal
  2. temporal
  3. parietal
  4. occipital
25
Q

Whats the post-central gyrus?

A

Key component of receiving sensory information

26
Q

State types of gyri and sulus in the brain

A
  • Pre central gyrus
  • Lateral sulcus
  • Central sulcus
  • Post-central gyrus
27
Q

What are the two types of brain matter?

A

grey and white

28
Q

Whats grey matter in the brain?

A

short, non-myelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies
- Neurons
- Glial cells
- Blood vessels
- No major long fibre tracts

29
Q

Whats white matter in the brain?

A

Mostly myelinated axons primarily in fibre tracts
Dense coating of fatty myelin gives it colour
- Fibre tracts
- Information super highway as connects different areas of brain
- Also sensory and motor pathways through ascending and descending tracking to rest of nervous system

30
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Planning, emotion, mood, behaviour, motor function and smell

31
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Touch, pain, temperature and sensation

32
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Hearing, language and memory

33
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

vision

34
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  • Balance and coordination
  • Influence posture and muscle tone
  • Coordination of movement
  • Motor learning
35
Q

What does insula (gyri) do?

A
  • Conscious awareness
  • Gustation
  • Cognitive emotional processing
  • Audio-visual integration
  • Interception (autonomic sensory monitoring and regulation)
  • Homeostatic error detection
36
Q

What does motor cortex somatic do?

A
  • Motor control of skeletal muscle
  • Motor planning – general
  • (In pre-motor cortex getting motion ready then somatic does the action)
37
Q

State three typres of cortex?

A

sensory
visual
auditory

38
Q

What does the sensory cortex do?

A
  • Input from skin
  • Input from proprioceptors
  • Spatial discrimination
39
Q

What does the visual cortex do?

A
  • Mapping visual input
  • Visual recognition
40
Q

What does the auditory cortex do?

A
  • Associate pitch, loudness and location
  • Auditory memory – sound recognition
41
Q

What does brocas area do?

A
  • Motor control of speech
  • Speech planning (stutter)
  • Motor planning (general)
  • Language output area
42
Q

What does wernickes area do?

A
  • Language
  • Reading or listening
  • Recognition of words
  • Association with meanings
  • Context
    Selecting the correct words to use
43
Q

What id the language loop model?

A

To read outload
1. Visual cortex
2. Wernicke’s area
3. Broca’s area
4. Motor cortex somatic
5. Auditory cortex

44
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

Body maps onto brain surface
Relationship between particular body regions correspond with motor areas of the brain

45
Q

What is homunculi?

A

Distribution of nerve endings across the body is uneven. More in hands and lips than other areas

46
Q

State the areas of brain stem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
  4. Reticular formation – group of nuclei (controlling things like breathing, autonomic heart rate)
  5. Cerebellum – balance and coordination (lots of nerve cells so very tight folding)
47
Q

What are the functions of brainstem?

A
  • Contain ascending and descending nerve tracts
  • Origin of cranial nerves
  • Contain reticular formation
  • Consists of medulla, pons and midbrain
48
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A
  • Filtering
  • Control of sleep and consciousness
  • Modulation of pain
  • Regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory systems
  • Somatic motor control
  • Gaze centres

Foundations of Health Sciences (30 decks)

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