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Foundations of Health Sciences > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main divisons of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Heart
  4. Systemic circuit
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2
Q

Whats the pulmonary circuit?

A
  • Network of blood vessels connecting heart and lungs
  • Deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs to drop metabolic waste products and be oxygenated
  • Oxygenated blood pumped from lungs back to heart, ready to be transported around body via systemic circuit.
  • Known as external respiration
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3
Q

Whats the purpose of blood vessels?

A
  • To transport blood carrying nutrients, gases, metabolic waste products, hormones and immune cells
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4
Q

Whats the purpose of the heart?

A
  • Creates pressure gradients to pump blood around body
  • High hydrostatic pressure created to force blood out heart while low pressure brings blood back into heart
  • Hearts main purpose it to create pressure
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5
Q

Whats the systemic circuit?

A
  • Network blood vessels connecting heart to body
  • Allow peripheral gas exchange of oxygenated blood into body tissues and deoxygenated back to heart
  • This exchange is called internal respiration
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6
Q

Whats internal respiration?

A
  • Allow peripheral gas exchange of oxygenated blood into body tissues and deoxygenated back to heart
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7
Q

What is peripheral gas exchange?

A

Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissues – needed for cellular respiration to create energy
- Metabolic waste material also transported out tissues to be removed

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8
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum – behind sternum and angled slightly to anatomical left

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9
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Touch connective tissue surrounding heart
Comprising 2 layers
1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Serous pericardium

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous pericardium
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11
Q

Whats the structure of the serous pericardium?

A

2 layers
1. parietal – outer layer
2. visceral – inner – layer
separated by pericardial cavity filled with serous fluid

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12
Q

What seperates the 2 layers of the serous pericaridum?

A

pericardial cavity filled with serous fluid

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13
Q

State the functions of the pericardium

A
  1. protect heart
  2. anchor heart in position
  3. prevent overfilling of the heart with blood
  4. provide friction-free environment when heart beats – facilitated within the pericardial cavity
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14
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. endocardium
  2. myocardium
  3. epicardium
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the endocardium?

A
  • innermost layer of heart wall
  • made of simple squamous epithelium covering all inner surfaces of heart
  • continuous with endothelial linings of blood vessels and presents smooth surface over which blood can flow through cardiovascular system
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the myocardium?

A
  • middle layer
  • muscular layer made of cardiac muscle
  • specific properties allow involuntary contractions
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the epicardium?

A
  • outer layer
  • also innermost layer of serous pericardium
  • supports blood vessels and nerves that supply the heart
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18
Q

Explain the structure of the heart giving pathway of blood

A
  • 4 chambers – top 2 atria – bottom 2 ventricles
  • Ventricles separated by thickened area of muscular wall called interventricular septum
  • Atria – receiving chamber
  • Ventricle – dispensing chambers
  • Superior and inferior vena cava – return blood to heart from body
  • Pulmonary artery – blood out heart to lungs
  • Pulmonary veins – blood return to heart from lungs
  • Aorta – expelled from heart to body (largest artery in body)
  • 2 sets of valves – atria and ventricle – atrioventricular valves either left or right + separating ventricles from arteries aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve
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19
Q

What are atrioventicular valves?

A
  • Between atria and ventricle
  • Right atrioventricular valve AKA tricuspid as 3 leaflets or cusps
  • Left atrioventricular valve AKA bicuspid as 2 leaflets or cusps and called mitral valve
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20
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A
  • Ventricle to aorta – aortic semilunar valve
  • Ventricle to pulmonary artery – pulmonary semilunar valve
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21
Q

Whats auscultation?

A
  • Act of listening to sounds made by the internal body
  • This reflects the turbulence of blood created when heart valves snap shut
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22
Q

Describe lub dub

A
  • Lub – AV valves shutting (S1)
  • Dub – semilunar valves shutting (S2)
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23
Q

Describe the three main different blood vessels

A
  • Arteries – thick walls, high pressure and large volume of blood away from heart – branch into smaller arterioles
  • Capillary network – capillary beds for gaseous exchange between tissues and blood
  • Veins – thin walled carry large volume of low pressured blood towards the heart – venules merge into veins
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24
Q

whats tunica intima?

A
  • Inner layer
  • Simple squamous epithelia
  • Providing smooth surface for blood flow
  • Continuous throughout all blood vessels in body and heart
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25
Q

Whats tunica media?

A
  • Middle layer
  • Smooth muscle and elastic fibres – giving flexibility so vessels can return to original size and shape following being stretched
  • Function – allow expansions under pressure
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26
Q

Whats tunica externa?

A
  • Outer layer
  • Connective tissue rich in collagen which provides strength
  • Function – hold blood vessels together
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27
Q

State three layers of blood vessels

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tuninca media
  3. tunica externa
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28
Q

Two types of arteries?

A

elastic and muscular

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29
Q

characteristics of elastic arteries

A
  • Thick walls found areas close to heart
  • Contain large amounts of elastic tissue allowing expansion and contraction which facilitates blood to flow smoothly
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30
Q

what are the characteristics of muscular arteries?

A
  • Smaller and branched from elastic arteries
  • Distribute blood
  • More muscular tunica media allows blood flow to be tightly controlled
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31
Q

What are arterioles?

A
  • Mostly smooth muscle – tunica media – surrounding the endothelium
  • Held together by outer layer of collagen fibres
  • Smooth muscles allows regulation of blood flow to capillaries
  • Lumen gets smaller due to contraction of smooth muscle allowing less blood flow – vasoconstriction
  • When this muscle relaxes the lumen vasodilation
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32
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • Smallest blood vessels
  • Thin walled – normally just a thickness of tunica intima(one cell thick)
  • Provide access to all cells of body and site of gas exchange
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33
Q

What are pre-capillary sphincters?

A
  • Regulating blood flow through capillaries
  • Opened (relaxed) and closed (constricted) to shunt blood
  • When open nutrients can pass into surrounding cells and wastes can be removed
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34
Q

What are venules?

A
  • Capillaries joining together making larger vessels containing larger volumes of blood
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35
Q

What are veins?

A
  • Formed by venules joining forming large vessels capable of carrying large volumes of blood
  • Walls (tunica’s) much thinner than arteries lowering blood pressure – and wider lumen
  • Carry deoxygenated blood towards heart except pulmonary vein – at low or negative pressure
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36
Q

mechanisms effecting blood return to the heart?

A

pressure
valves
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump

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37
Q

How does Pressure effect blood return to heart

A
  • Pressure decreased as moving through systemic circuit – fluid flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low so one way flow
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38
Q

How do valves effect blood return to heart?

A
  • Within veins to prevent backflow
  • (not in arteries as blood pressure is high enough)
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39
Q

How does skeletal muscle pump affect blood return to heart?

A
  • Located to be squeezed when muscle contracts – squeezing blood back towards heart
40
Q

How does respiratory pump affect blood return to heart?

A
  • Working along pressure gradients (Boyles law pressure of mass inversely proportional to volume at constant temperature)
41
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Pressure wave felt in artery laying close to surface of body
- Result of left ventricle contracting (systolic pressure)

42
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A
  • Heart gains oxygen and nutrients from blood via this vessel
  • Two left and right versions – from base of aorta and encircle heart in coronary sulcus – support function of myocardium
43
Q

What are the two divisons of coronary arteries?

A

2 branches of each artery:
– anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery) and circumflex artery
- **Right coronary artery **– right marginal artery – posterior interventricular artery
- Opening of left and right coronary arteries are at base of aorta

44
Q

Explain venus blood in the heart

A
  • Collected by cardiac veins
  • Joined to form coronary sinus emptying blood into right atrium
  • Greater cardiac vein
  • Middle cardiac vein
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Several anterior cardiac veins also empty into right atrium
45
Q

What does the wiggers diagram do?

A
  • demonstrates volume and pressure changes in heart during one cardiac cycle
  • Using Phonocardiogram – show heart sounds as valves close and electrocardiogram showing changes in electrical activity of heart (shows stimulus for heart contraction)
46
Q

Explain the process desribed in the wiggers diagram

A
  1. ventricle fills as tricuspid valve opens (pressure low but volume increasing) P wave of ECG
  2. ventricle contract push AV valve closed (LUB) pressure not high enough to open semilunar so volume same
  3. contraction increases pressure and semilunar opens and blood into aorta and PA
  4. ventricle pressure falls and Semilunar closes and repeat
47
Q

State the two phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  • Systole (contraction squeeze blood out ventricles)
  • diastole (relaxation ventricles fill with blood)
48
Q

Whats the dicrotic notch?

A
  • Aortic pressure beginning to fall and then slightly sharp increase before falling once more to its lowest valve
  • Indicates point at which aortic valve us closing
49
Q

Whats blood pressure?

A
  • Pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of a blood vessel – mmHg
  • Measured with sphgmomanometer
50
Q

Whats systolic blood pressure?

A
  • Highest pressure measured when left ventricle contracting and expelling blood into aorta
51
Q

Whats diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • Lowest pressure
  • Measured when left ventricle is relaxing and blood is flowing into peripheral blood vessels
  • A longer process than systolic
52
Q

Whats pulse pressure?

A
  • Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and can be felt at the arteries
  • Eg. 120/80 = 120-80 = 40mmHg
53
Q

Whats mean arterial pressure?

A
  • Pressure that propels the blood through the tissues
  • Equivalent to Diastolic Blood Pressure and one third of Pulse pressure
  • Eg. 120/80 = 80+1/3(40) = 93mmHg
  • Arterial stiffness – muscularity of blood vessels (indicates disease as not regular elastisity)
54
Q

Whats cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate x stroke volume
More blood your heart pumps out the higher the blood pressure and vice versa

55
Q

Whats peripheral resistance (R)?

A
  • How much resistance the blood vessel exerts on blood
  • Determined by = vessel diameter and length
  • Can increase R by increasing length of blood vessels – seen in obesity high blood pressure as further blood distance to heart
  • Vasoconstriction and increased length increases blood pressure while vasodilation decreases blood pressure
56
Q

Whats blood volume?

A
  • Increase in blood volume increases blood pressure
  • decrease in blood volume decreases blood pressure
57
Q

Whats blood viscosity?

A
  • Thicker blood (high haematocrit level) harder to pump so increases blood pressure – higher volume of red blood cells to liquid
58
Q

Whats vascular tone?

A
  • State of constriction at rest in smooth muscle of the vessel relative to maximally dilated state
  • Can be intrinsic factors e.g. Hormones e.g. Histamine and myogenic mechanisms and metabolic by-products
  • Or extrinsic e.g. Sympathetic nerves and circulating hormones
59
Q

What receptors detect blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors

60
Q

Describe baroreceptors when theres low blood pressure

A
  • Homeostatic feedback system – negative
  • In carotid sinuses to cardioacceleratory centre to stimulate vasomotor centre
  • increase sympathetic impulses to heart causing increased HR, contractility and carbon dioxide
  • vasomotor fibres stimulate vasoconstriction increasing peripheral resistance
  • which return to blood pressure and homeostatic ranges
61
Q

State some neural control centres of blood pressure

A
  • Limbic system and thalamus (emotions and sensory input)
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Hypothalamus – sympathetic and parasympathetic headquarters
    1. PONS – higher levels of respiratory control
    2. Medulla oblongata – processing centres for complex visceral reflexes (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • Spinal cord – neurons
62
Q

Whats marey’s law?

A
  • Inverse relationship between blood pressure and heart rate
  • If BP too high the HR decreases to compensate and visa versa
63
Q

How does bloo dpressure change in exercise?

A
  1. BP increases matching out needs
  2. Increased muscle contraction increases skeletal muscle pump and blood flow back to heart
  3. Increased rate and depth of respiration increases blood flow into thoracic cavity (inspiration) and blood entering heart(expriation)
64
Q

Whats the bainbridge reflex?

A
  • stretch receptors in atrial walls increased heart rate to clear extra blood
65
Q

Whats the frank starling law of the heart?

A
  • Greater force of contraction (and stretching) by ventricle = greater stroke volume

Force of ventricular contraction is determined by the length of cardiac muscle fibres

66
Q

Whats stroke volume?

A
  • Amount of blood ejected from ventricle during one contraction
  • Difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
  • SV = EDV - ESV
67
Q

Whats end diastolic volume?

A
  • Amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole
68
Q

Whats end systolic volume?

A
  • Amount of blood in ventricle at end of systole
69
Q

Whats preload?

A
  • Degree to which the ventricular muscle is stretched just before contracting
70
Q

Whats afterload?

A
  • Pressure that ventricles more overcome to push the blood through the semilunar valves as the ventricles are contracting
  • average 80mmKh for left ventricle and 8mmHg for right ventricle
71
Q

How do kidney’s effect long term changes in blood pressure?

A
  • Kidney is sensitive to blood pressure
  • Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system (initiated by decreased blood flow to kidney) results in increased blood volume and stimulates vasoconstriction
  • Increased blood volume and vasoconstriction results in increase in blood pressure
72
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A
  • Increased muscle activity detected by these receptors
  • When stimulated the increase HR and stroke volume and so increase BP and Q
73
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A
  • Increased acidity detected
  • Increased CO2 due to exercise
74
Q

Explain the process of a heart beat

A
  1. Sinoatrial node impulse actross atria (P wave)
  2. Atrioventricular node – delayed (PR interval) – fibrous anurous is non contracting
  3. Atrioventricular bundle – bundle of his
  4. Left and right bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibres – ventricular contraction and QRS complex
    Can be detected by electrocardiograph
75
Q

State phases of contractile cardiac muscle cells

A
  1. depolarization
  2. plateau phase
  3. repolarization
  4. refractory phase
76
Q

Explain depolarisation phase of heart beat

A
  • electrical stimulation via gap-junctions
  • opens sodium channels in membrane increasing positivity from 90mv to +30mv
  • telling muscel to contract (sinoatrial node)
77
Q

Explain the plateau phase of heart beat

A
  • Due to Ca2+ influx in cell (causing muscle contraction)
  • sodium channels closed and sodium potassium pumps force sodium out and potassium +tive too leave
  • relatively more negative and positive ions leaving
  • sliding filament theory occurring
78
Q

Explain the repolarization phase of heart beat

A
  • return to resting phase
  • then potassium channels all open and much mpre negative and tension is created
79
Q

Explain the refractory period of heart beat

A
  • prevents summation and tetanus
  • only one impulse at a time
  • Period when cell cannot produce a new action potential
80
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A
  • Electrical impulses reach surface of the body they are detected and cause deflections(waves) on ECG tracing (P wave, QRS and T waves)
  • Seeing depolarisation and repolarization
  • Looking at electrical activity of heart not mechanical system
81
Q

Whats P wave?

A

Atrial depolarisation
- Sodium in
- in ECG

82
Q

Whats the QRS complex?

A

ECG
Ventricular depolarisation
- Through bundle of his
- Atrial repolarisation is hidden by this as more powerful

83
Q

Whats the T wave?

A

ECG
Ventricular repolarisation
- Influx of potassium ions
- Relax muscle

84
Q

Define depolarisation

A

Causes a response in the muscle cell which is the contraction of that cell
- Of one cell can be stimulus for depolarisation of the adjoining cells and so a wave of contraction passes through the cells (one cell depolarises causing next one to do the same)

85
Q

Define repolarisation

A

Depolarised cell returning to resting position and getting reade for next contraction

86
Q

On an ECG which waves respond to stages of heart beat?

A
  1. SA node sends out impulse across atria = P wave  Atria contract
  2. Impulse delayed at the AV node = PR interval
  3. Impulse passed on to ventricles = QRS Complex  Ventricles contract
  4. Interval between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation = S-T Segment
  5. Ventricular repolarisation begins = T Wave  ventricles get ready for next contraction
  6. Cycle now repeats: atria have filled with blood, SA node is about to send out the next impulse
87
Q

Whats atrial depolarisation?

A
  • Hidden by ventricular repolarisation
  • Causes deflection wave and is part of QRS complex
88
Q

Whats fiberous annulous?

A
  • Non conducting bundle of cells in heart of antrioventicular node causing delay in heart beat as ventricle fills with blood
89
Q

How is heart rate regulated?

A

**- **Autonomic nervous system **(in medulla oblongata controlled in cardio acceleratory centre)
- Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate and force contraction
- Parasympathetic nerve decreases heart rate
- SA node had firing rate of 100 beats per minute – nervous system always slows it down to average 72bpm – this develops down as backup as AV node is average 60bpm and venticles is 30-40 bpm however this isn’t as efficient

90
Q

Whats tachycadia?

A

more than 100bpm

91
Q

Whats bradycardia?

A

less than 60bpm

92
Q

Whats an ectopic beat?

A
  • Site that generates action potential
  • Generated at ectopic focus – you look at this beat to see if there’s a problem area as you will see the electrical impulse being fired at a specific point

§

93
Q

Whats arrhythmia?

A

Any irregular or abnormal heart rhythms

94
Q

Whats a myocardial infraction?

A
  • ischaemia

Characteristics of infraction
1. ST segment elevated over area of damage
2. ST depression in leads opposite infraction
3. Pathological Q waves
4. Reduced R waves
5. Inverted T waves

95
Q

Whats an ischaemia?

A
  • Certain area of tissue has been deprived of oxygen
96
Q

In medicine what can an ECG tell us?

A
  • Zone of injury
  • Zone of Ischaemia
  • Myocardium Necrosis (death of specific cells)

Foundations of Health Sciences (30 decks)

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