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Foundations of Health Sciences > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers of the body
Act on specific target cells
Transported via bloodstream to most cells in the body.

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2
Q

Give examples of glands in the body

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenals
  • Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
  • Ovaries or testes
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3
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  • Between cerebellum and brainstem
  • Houses pituitary gland and hypothalamus
  • Regulates
    1. Temperature
    2. Fluid volume
    3. Growth
    4. Pain and pleasure response
    5. Hunger and thirst
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4
Q

What are the hormones in the hypothalamus?

A
  • Corticotropin – releasing (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin – releasing
  • Growth hormone – release
  • Gonadotropin – releasing
  • Somatostatin – inhibits Growth Hormone GH and Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
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5
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

AKA hypothesis
- Sat beneath hypothalamus and connected
- Termed master gland – regulates and control glands
- Divides into
1. Anterior pituitary gland – stimulated by hormones
2. Posterior pituitary gland - synaptic process stimulates using terminals of hypothalamic neurons

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6
Q

What are the two divisons of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior pituitary gland – stimulated by hormones
  2. Posterior pituitary gland - synaptic process stimulates using terminals of hypothalamic neurons
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7
Q

Explain the negative feebback loop of hormone

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects changes in bloodstream
  2. Releasing hormones to pituitary gland
  3. Get to target gland
  4. Hormone levels increase
  5. Hormones are used
  6. Hormone levels reduces
  7. Feedback – positive or negative
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8
Q

What hormones are released from anterior pituitary?

A
  • Growth hormones – promoting growth of bones and muscles
  • Prolactin – stimulates lactation
  • Stimulating (tropic) hormones
    1. TSH – thyroid hormones
    2. FSH – follicle stimulating hormones - gametes
    3. LH – sex hormone
    4. ACTH – steroid hormones like cortisol in adrenal gland
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9
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A
  • ADH – anti diuretic hormone – on kidney and reduces urine output
  • Oxytocin – acts on uterus/breast – uterine contractions and milk release
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10
Q

What hormones are released from the kidney?

A
  • **1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D **– stimulates calcium absorphtion from intestine
  • Renin – activates Renin-Angiotensin system
  • Erythropoietin – increases red blood cell production
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11
Q

What hormones are released from the ovaries?

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone – important in menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy
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12
Q

What hormones are released from the testes?

A

Angrogens and Testosterone
- both important for secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production

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13
Q

What hormones are released from the thymus?

A

Releases thymosin and thymopoietin
- Affects maturation of T lymphocytes – response to infection and immune response

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14
Q

What hormones are released from the pineal gland?

A

Secretes melatonin
- Role in sleep/wake cycles, body temperature and sleep
- Ageing and fertility also effected here

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15
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid gland?

A

Needs iodine to function so takes from blood stream
- Produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin
Thyroid functions:
- Increase metabolic rate
- Increase heat production
- Regulate metabolism
Calcitonin function:
- Lowers blood calcium levels

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16
Q

What are two cells that effect hormones in thyroid glands?

A
  1. Follicular cells – excretion of T3 and T4 increasing basal metabolic rate, increasing heat production and regulating metabolism of nutrients
  2. Thyroid C cells – calcitonin – lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels
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17
Q

How do T3 and T4 cells function from thyroid glands?

A
  1. increasing basal metabolic rate
  2. increasing heat production
  3. regulating metabolism of nutrients
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18
Q

What is the Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis?

A
  1. Neurotransmitter to hypothalamus
  2. TRH to pituitary
  3. TSH to thyroid
  4. T3 and T4 (via liver) cells to target organs
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19
Q

What do parathyroid glands do?

A
  • Embedded in thyroid gland
  • Chied cells secrete parathyroid hormone – increases blood calcium levels
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20
Q

What od adrenal glands do and secrete?

A
  • Secrete steroid hormones – cortisol (from zone fasciculata) and aldosterone (from zone glomerulosa) from cortex
  • Adrenaline and noradrenaline from the medulla
  • Zone reticularis releases adrenal sex hormones
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21
Q

What hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Aldosterone – effecting sodium absorption and loss of potassium by kidney to retain water, regulates blood volume and blood pressure
  • Cortisol – affecting metabolism, regulating blood sugar levels, affects growth, anti-inflammatory action and decreases effects of stress
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione – converted to testosterone in periphery
22
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

effecting **sodium absorption and loss of potassium **by kidney to retain water, regulates blood volume and blood pressure

23
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

affecting metabolism, regulating blood sugar levels, affects growth, anti-inflammatory action and decreases effects of stress

24
Q

What does Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedion do?

A

converted to testosterone in periphery in adrenal cortex

25
Q

What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

**- Secrete – epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
- Serve as neurotransmitters for sympathetic nervous system
- Involves win stress response (fight or flight)

26
Q

How does the control of aldosterone affect blood pressure?

A
  • Regulated by blood pressure in the kidney
    1. When fall in blood pressur
    2. kidney detects
    3. hypotension so **renin angiotensin system **
    4. **producing renin **hormone triggering
    5. angiotensinogen **transforms to angiotensin I **
    6. using angiotensin converting enzyme to then make **angiotensin II **
    7. making **use thirty and vasoconstriction **
    8. so blood pressure rises
    9. also produces aldosterone so **higher sodium and water retention **
27
Q

What are the main functions of the pancreas?

A
  • Located behind the stomach between the spleen and duodenum
  • 2 major functions
    1. Production of digestive enzymes
    2. Release of two hormones insulin and glycogen
28
Q

What are the components of pancreatic tissue?

A
  • Islets of Langerhan
  • Alpha cell – glucagon produced – hyperglycymic hormone – increase glucose levels
  • Beta cell – insulin production – hypoglycymic hormone – reduce levels of glucose
  • Outside islet is exocrine cells for digestive enzyme production
29
Q

How does the pancreas respond to Hypoglycaemia ?

A

low glucose levels
- Glucose level in blood stream
- Liver registers – need glucagen to increase glucose (stimulate break down of glucogen transform into glucose)

30
Q

How does the pancreas respond to Hyperglycaemia ?

A

high glucose levels
- Glucose high in blood stream – liver registers
- Insulin is released – makes glucose go into cells to reduce sugar in blood stream
- Insulin also stimulates the formation of glycogen from glucose by glycogenesis
- Also gluconeogenesis – transformation of amino acids, proteins and lipids into glucose

31
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Hyperglycaemic mechanism to increase glucose levels
Transformation of amino acids, proteins and lipids and glycerol into glucose

32
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Stimulating** break down of glycogen** this transforms into glucose (increases blood sugar levels)

33
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

**Formation of glycogen from glucose **– to reduce levels of blood sugar levels

34
Q

What does insulin do?

A
  • Hormone Protein
  • Attach to cell receptors and glucose can enter the cell – via insulin passageways
  • Can have insulin resistance due to damaged shape of insulin so not complementary to cell
  • Insulin **reduces glucose levels **in the blood
35
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

promoting growth of bones and muscles

36
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulate lactation
anterior pituitary

37
Q

State stimulating tropic hormones in the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. TSH – thyroid hormones
  2. FSH – follicle stimulating hormones - gametes
  3. LH – sex hormone
  4. ACTH – steroid hormones like cortisol in adrenal gland
38
Q

What does ADH do?

A

– anti diuretic hormone
– on kidney and reduces urine output
posterior pituitary

39
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A
  • acts on uterus/breast
  • uterine contractions and milk release

posterior pituitary

40
Q

what does 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D do?

A

kidney

stimulates calcium absorphtion from intestine

41
Q

What does renin do?

A

activates Renin-Angiotensin system
when thirsty
low blood pressure
kidney

42
Q

What does erythropoitin do?

A

kidney
- increase red blood cell production

43
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

important in menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy
ovaries

44
Q

What doe thymosin and thymopoietin do?

A
  • Affects maturation of T lymphocytes
  • response to infection and immune response
  • thymus
45
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

-pineal gland
- Role in sleep/wake cycles, body temperature and sleep
- Ageing and fertility also effected here

46
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A
  • Increase metabolic rate
  • Increase heat production
  • Regulate metabolism
  • thyroid gland
47
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • lowers blood calcium levels
  • thyroid
48
Q

What do follicular cells do?

A

– excretion of T3 and T4
- Basal metabolic rate
- increasing heat production
- regulating metabolism of nutrients

49
Q

What do thyroid C cells do?

A

– calcitonin – lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels

50
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  • effecting sodium absorption
  • loss of potassium by kidney
  • retain water, regulates blood volume and blood pressure
  • kidney - adrenal cortex
51
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • affecting metabolism
  • regulating blood sugar levels
  • affects growth
  • anti-inflammatory action
  • decreases effects of stress
  • adrenal cortex

Foundations of Health Sciences (30 decks)

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