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Romano Review > NS Bio 29/30 > Flashcards

NS Bio 29/30 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

Located outside the CNS, consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and associated ganglia
SNS and ANS

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3
Q

Cranial nerves connect

A

brain to organs mainly in the upper body (12pairs)

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4
Q

Spinal nerves

A

connect spinal cord to parts of the body below the head. 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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5
Q

SNS

A

Voluntary, carries impulses to skeletal muscles, tendons, and skin

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6
Q

ANS

A

Involuntary, impulses are transmitted to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands.
Sympathic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric

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7
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent)

A

Information from the internal and external environment and transmits them to the CNS.

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8
Q

Motor Neuron (efferent)

A

relays signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscle or glands cells.

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9
Q

Ganglion

A

Mass of neuron cell bodies usually found outside the CNS

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10
Q

Neuron

A

Includes cell body, axon, dendrites. 100 billion +, no mitosis, very poor regen.

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11
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Rough E.R. in neurons.

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A

Contain glycogen, star shaped cells, most numerous glial cell. Regulating electrical impulses, provide lactate for nutrition, K+ transport channels, regulate blood flow.

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13
Q

Glial cells

A

Surround nerons and provide support/protection. Most abundant cells in CNS. E.g. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, satellite cells, and ependymal cells.

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14
Q

Axon

A

Extension of neuron that carries nerve impulses away. No neuron has more than a singal axon.

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15
Q

Dendrite/ Soma

A

Highly branched extensions that bring nerve impulses towards the cell.

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16
Q

Mitochondria in the NS

A

Most abundant at the axon terminals.

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Make myelin in the CNS

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18
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Make myelin in the PNS

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19
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

High density cells that prevent the passage of substances such pathogens, antibiotics, and chemicals.

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20
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Auto immune. Break down of the BBB of the CNS. T Lymph attach myelin sheath.

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21
Q

Epilepsy

A

BBB failure that leads to seizures.

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22
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Flight or fight
Inc HR, BP, respiration, skeletal muscle blood flow, pupil dilation, stims adernal medulla (epi and norepi),
and glycogenolysis.
Dec intestinal and stomach movements, salivary gland secretion, urine production, and relaxes urinary bladder.

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23
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest and digest
Dec HR, BP, blood flow to skeletal muscles, pupil constriction.
Stims intestinal and stomach movements, salivary gland secretions, increase urine production, tenses urginary bladder.

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24
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Entire length of the alimentary tract - esophagus to anus. Controls the secretory and motile functions of our digestive tract.
Makes over 30 nt, 90% of serotonin is made the gastrointestinal tract and a large amount of dopamine too.

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25
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Some axons are surrounded by a fatty substance forming an electrically insulating layer. Contains cholesterol, lipids, and about 20% proteins.

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26
Q

CNS and PNS myeline

Gray matter vs White matter

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells
Grey matter: unmyelinated axons
White matter: Myelinated axons.

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27
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between adjacent schwann cells. At these nodes, the axolemma is especially permeable to Na+ and K+. Only present when axon is myelinated.
Na+ ion movement to depolarize. Voltage gated sodium ion channels.

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28
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potentials can hymp between the nodes of R.

In MS the sheath is degraded and saltatory conduction can not occur.

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29
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the mature brain (80%).

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30
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer covering of grey matter. Gray matter contains cell bodies, glial cells, dendrites, and unmyelinated portions axons. Underneath the gray matter lies the myelinated white matter.

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31
Q

Corpus callosum

A

White matter tract, largest white matter structure in the brain.

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32
Q

Meninges are three membrane brain and spinal cord

A

Dura mater: outer layer, many nerves and blood vessels, tough and fibrous
Arachnoid mater: middle layer, no blood vessels, thin and delicate
Pia mater: innermost layer, very vascular and intimately attached to brain and spinal cord.

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33
Q

Between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

Is the subarachnoid space that contains the cerebral spinal fluid.

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34
Q

Each brain hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

A

If a brain tumor is located on the left side of your brain, the right arm or leg could become weak or paralyzed.

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35
Q

The cerebellum

A

Involved with balance and muscle coordination.
Fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning.
Basal ganglia which includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus work with the cerebellum.

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36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Link between endocrine and NS. Part of the limbic system, dealing with emotion, motivation, behavior.
ADH, oxytocin, fluid balance, BP, temp, homeostasis, emotions, sex drive, thirst, digestive juices.

37
Q

Limbic system

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus (long term memory), and thalamus. Emotions and memory.

38
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Regs breathing, HR, swallowing, pH detection, and digestion

39
Q

The Agnathans are jawless fish

A

They include hagfish and the lampreys which possess fully developed medulla. This part of the brain was very early to evolve.

40
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station. Relays sensory information to proper areas of the brain.

41
Q

Tay Sachs

A

We see neurons destroyed in the brain and spinal cord. Autosomal recessive disease in which a defect in a lysosomal enzyme is seen. Elevated ganglioside (lipid).

42
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Network of cells that produce CSF in the ventricles of the brain. Plexus consist of ependymal cells.

43
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic cells located in the CNS. 5% of glial cells.

44
Q

Stroke

A

Cut off blood flow to an area of the brain, deprivation of O2. Trouble speaking, numbness of arm, leg, or face, visual problems, headaches, trouble walking.

45
Q

TIA/ Transient ischemic attack

A

Mini stroke. When a clot of debris blocked the flow of blood to your brain

46
Q

Synapse

A

Junction where one neuron communicates with another neuron.

47
Q

Presynpatic cell

A

Stores nt such as Ach in vesicles. Cane be muscle, neuron, or even a gland.

48
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

Cell that has the receptors that bind to the specific nt.

49
Q

Resting membrane potential is -70mV

A

Negatively charged with respect to the interstitial fluid on the outside.
[K+] inside > [Na+] inside
[Na+] outside > [K+]inside

50
Q

Resting voltage potential

A

More K+ is on the inside, while more Na+ outside.
3Na+ out; 2 K+ in. Excess + charge outside the cell.
Negatively charge molecules such as proteins are more abundant inside the neurons. Cl- also reside more on the interior.

51
Q

Action Potential

A

All or none. Voltage gated Na+ channels which bring the potential to a positive value. -70mV to 40mV = depolarization.

52
Q

Voltage gate channels

A

Transmembrane proteins. They are usualy ion specific.
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-.
The size of the action potential does not depend on the strength of the stimulus.

53
Q

Minimum threshold for mammalian neurons

A

-55mV

54
Q

Hundreds of action potentials can occur each second.

A

The greater the stimulus, the more action potentials can be generated.

55
Q

Speed is constant along the axon

A

If you increase the stim, you generate more action potentials but the speed and amplitude of the A.P. will not change.

56
Q

The signal is conducted from the axon of the _____ cell to the ______ of the postsynaptic cell.

A

Presynatpic cell, dendrite.

The message is unidirectional.

57
Q

Refractory period types

A

Absolute: No stimulus, no matter how strong can elicit another A.P.
Relative: A very strong stimulus would elicit an A.P.

58
Q

The larger the diameter of an axon…

A

the faster the impulse can move along the axon.

59
Q

Neurotransmitters example

A

Ach, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, GABA< Glycine

60
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Many functions including learning and memory enhancement

61
Q

Dopamine

A

Many functions including keeping focused and paying attention; pleasure

62
Q

Serotonin

A

Depression can result from deficiency

63
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Involved with mental alertness and memory

64
Q

GABA

A

Body’s inhibitory nt, keeps you calm without anxiety. Alcohol is thought to mimic the effect of GABA in the brain.

65
Q

Glycine

A

Works with GABA to dec anxiety among other functions.

66
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Both a hormone and a neurotransmitter

67
Q

PNS uses mainly

A

Acetylcholine as it’s nt. SNS uses both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

68
Q

Dopamine is a catecholamine

A

Mainly a neurotransmitter.

69
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural body analgesics. Also neuropeptides. Besides dec perception to pain, they produce a euphoric or happy feeling.

70
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Used by nerve cells for communication. Can bind to cell surface receptors.

71
Q

Cnidaria

A

Include hydra and sea anemone which contain a loose mesh of nerve cells called a nerve net. Interacts with sensory and contractile cells.

72
Q

Arthropods

A

Small but intricate NS. Possess a brain and ventral nerve cord. Some have larger diameter axons than in humans.

73
Q

Flatworms/ Planaria

A

Nerve net, long nerve cords connected to cerebral ganglia. Bilateral nervous system.

74
Q

Echinoderms

A

Sea star, sea urchins, cucumbers, and sand dollars.
No brains but nerve running from mouth to arm/body.
Radial symmetry and CaCO3 shell.

75
Q

Sponges

A

Only multicelled animal that lacks a NS. No nerve or sensory cells. Hermaphrodites

76
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic, unconscious responses

77
Q

Reflex arc

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, reflex center, motor neuron, effector.

78
Q

Spinal cord

A

Gray matter: Neurons, shape of a butterfly

White: Axons, containing spinal tracts, sensory and motor.

79
Q

Spinal cord roots

A

Dorsal root: transmits sensory information.

Ventral root: Motor root and carries info towards the limbs and organs.

80
Q

Dorsal

Ventral

A

Sensory, Afferent

Motor, Efferent

81
Q

If potassium, K+, channels open, K+ would diffuse outward.

A

Hyperpolarization is often caused by

1) K+ move out
2) Cl - move in

82
Q

Hyperpolarization acts to

A

Inhibit action potentials. After peak of A.P., a hyperpolarization repolarized the membrane potential to its resting value.

83
Q

Stim -> ______-> _____-> Hyperpolarization

A

Depolarization, Repolarization

84
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential. Increase in permeability of the postsynaptic membrane for Na+.

85
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Increase in permeability of for K+ and Cl-.

86
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Involves single synapse, one after another ESPS

87
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Multiple synapses, ESPS occur at the same time

88
Q

Axon hillock

A

Intergrating center if the sum allows for an A.P.

Romano Review (38 decks)

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