Bio Chapter 8- Mitosis and Cell Cycle

Question 1

Mitosis

Answer 1

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Chromosome number is conserved, 2 daughter cells made through asexual reproduction

Question 2

Majority of Cell cycle

Answer 2

Interphase 90%. Growth and chromosomes are copied in prep for cell division.

Question 3

M Phase

Answer 3

Includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Shortest of the cell cycle. All 5 stages (PPMAT).

Question 4

Interphase

Answer 4

G1 first gap phase - cells begin to grow.
S phase - duplication of chromosomes
G2 second gap phase- cell prepares to divide
Growth is seen throughout all three phases- making organelles and proteins

Question 5

Spindle apparatus

Answer 5

Move chromosomes. Composed of organized arrays of microtubules. Assembly of spindle microtubules start at the centrosome.

Question 6

Centrosome

Answer 6

Two centrioles perpendicular to each other.
Just before mitosis, these two centrosomes move apart until the are opposite sides of the nucleus. As mitosis proceeds, microtubules grow out from each centrosome.

Question 7

Do plant cells have centrioles?

Answer 7

No but they have mitotic spindles.

Question 8

Prophase

Answer 8

Nucleoli disappear, chromosomes condense, centrioles move to opposite poles, mitotic spindle forms, chromatin fibers become coiled and chromosomes are observable under microscope.

Question 9

Prometaphase

Answer 9

Chromosomes become more condensed. Nuclear envelope fragments and surrounds the nucleus. It has an inner and outer membrane. The nucleus protects the DNA and will help to contain repair enzymes and regulatory proteins.
Some microtubules attach to the kinetochores.

Question 10

Kinetochore

Answer 10

a protein structure attached to the centromere that links the sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle. Kinetochore belongs to the chromosome.

Question 11

Metaphase

Answer 11

Centrosomes are opposite ends. Sister chromatids of each chromosome are attached to the spindle. Chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator.

Question 12

Anaphase

Answer 12

Choesion proteins are cleaved, thus allowing the sister chromosomes to separate from each other and move to opposite poles.
End of anaphase, cytokinesis begins.

Question 13

Telophase

Answer 13

2 daughter nuclei form, each with diploid 2n number. Cytokinesis occur. Chromosomes decondense and new nuclear membranes form.

Question 14

Cleavage furrow

Answer 14

In animal cells, cytokinesis pinches the cell in two.

Question 15

Cell plate

Answer 15

In plant cells, the cell plate will partition off the daughter cells.

Question 16

Binary fission

Answer 16

Bacteria and Archaea reproduced.

Question 17

G1 checkpoint

Answer 17

Most important, checkpoint for DNA damage. Also called restriction point. If G1 checkpoint is not passed, the cell switches to the nondividing state called G0.

Question 18

Colchicine

Answer 18

Drug that destroys microtubules, thus stopping mitosis.

Question 19

Somatic Cells

Answer 19

All body cells except reproductive cells (Haploid cells)

Question 20

Aster

Answer 20

Array of microtubules that extend from each centrosome

Question 21

Spindle

Answer 21

structure made of protein and microtubules. Spindle includes centrosomes, asters, and microtubules

Question 22

Zygote

Answer 22

Fertilized egg cell (2N)

Question 23

Tumor

Answer 23

clump of overlapping cells

Question 24

Cell size is limited by two main factors

Answer 24

1) Nucleus capacity: Must have enough DNA

2) Surface area to volume ratio

Question 25

Surface area and cell division

Answer 25

When the surface area gets too low, the cell cannot met its energy and metabolic requirements. The cell undergoes division.