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romano review > Digestive 34 > Flashcards

Digestive 34 Flashcards

1
Q

Mucus coated epithelium lines

A

Every surface facing the lumen. The mucus helps protect the wall of the tube and allows diffusion across the boundary.

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2
Q

Digestive tract function

A

Storage, transport, breaking down, absorbing nutrients, waste removal

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3
Q

Mouth

A

Humans are heterodonts, specialized teeth for different actions.
Homodonts teeth are all the same. Most reptiles, fish, and amphibians.

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4
Q

Crown

A

Visible part of the tooth

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5
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Connective tissue rich in collagen that connects the cementum and alveolar bone of the tooth socket.

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6
Q

Von Ebner’s glands

A

Exocrine glands in the tongue that secret salivary lipase beginning the process of lipid hydrolysis.

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7
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid: Largest of the glands (mump, viral infection happens here)
Submandibular: produces 70% of saliva
Sublingual: produces mainly mucous

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8
Q

pH of saliva

A

7.2

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9
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallow

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10
Q

Saliva contains antibacterial agents

A

IgA: large protein that works with the immune system
Lysozyme: attacks cell wall of many gram positive bacteria
Lactoferrin: innate defense, antibacterial, antiviral, anti parasitic

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11
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach. The esphoagela mucuosa is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

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12
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Prevents backflow of the stomach contents into the esophagus.

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13
Q

Chyme

A

Thick acidic digestive fluid of ingested food.

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14
Q

pH of stomach is

A
  1. 5.
    1) Destroy pathogens
    2) Break down proteins - pepsin (protease)
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15
Q

Pepsinogen is released by

A

Chief cells.

It is a proenzyme or zymogen.

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16
Q

Cells that make HCl

A

Parietal cells

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17
Q

Cleavage

A

One of the ways to activate an enzyme. Removal of an aa allows for the needed conformation change to activate the enzyme. Both HCl and pepsin therefore are involved in this + feedback.

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18
Q

Gastrin

A

Peptide hormone that stim the secretion of HCl by parietal cells.

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19
Q

Gastrin is made by

A

G cells of the duodenum of the small intestine as well as cells in the stomach pylorus.

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20
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Produce HCl and Gastric Intrinsic Factor: a glycoprotein involved with a vitamin B12 absorption.

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21
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Damage to epithelial layer. Substances such as aspirin and micro organism H pylori can lead to ulceration.

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22
Q

Stomach hormones (not exclusive)

A

Glucagon (enteroglucagon), somatostatin, serotonin, substance P, histamine, gastrin.

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23
Q

Small intestine

A

Largest % of digestion (macromolecule hydrolysis).

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

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24
Q

Duodenum

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are not totally digested yet.
Two ducts: Common bile and pancreatic ducts.

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25
Q

Duodenal hormones

A

Gastrin: Triggers secretion of HCl by parietal cells. Parietal cells have receptors for gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine. Binding of these receptors cause the production and release of HCl.
Secretin: stimulates HCO3- release from pancreatic fluid.
Cholecystokinin: stims gall bladder contraction

26
Q

VIP and Peristalsis

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide are made by the duodenum. VIP increase peristalsis. Waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscle lining the GI tract.

27
Q

Lacteal in villus

A

Small intestine have villi, on villi are microvilli. Each villius contains a lacteal. Chylomicrons are transported to the lacteal and to the lymphatic system.

28
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Fats coated with proteins, cholesterol, and phospholipids.

29
Q

Villi blood pathway to Organs

A

From the villi, nutrient rich blood enters the hepatic portal vein and then to the liver.

30
Q

Crypts

A

Between villi are invagination called crypts. Crypts are glands. Crypts of leiberkuhn contain goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and regen cells. Paneth cells make lysoszyme.

31
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

Aggregation of lymphoid tissue in the ileum wall. (Villi are the sparest here).
Monitor intestinal bacteria and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
Macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymph and T lymph.
Part of GALT, gut associated lymphoid tissue.

32
Q

Jejunum

A

Villi also here but longer. Paneth cells within crypts of Lieberkuhn. No clear demarcation between the jejunum and ileum.

33
Q

Ileum

A

Aa, bile salts, Vit B12 absorption occurs here. Peyer’s patches are here. Ileocecal valve.

34
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine and Exocrine functions (Dual organ).
Endocrine: Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion).
Exocrine: Islets of langerhans.

35
Q

2L of pancreatic juice/day

A

HCO3-, proteases (trypsin, chrmotrypsin, procarboxoypeptidase), amylases, lipases, nucleases, elastase.

36
Q

Proteases

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are stored as zymogens. Cleaved and activated by enterokinase in the intestine.

37
Q

Enterokinase is made by

A

Brunner glands of the duodenum

38
Q

Trypsin can now activate other zymogens by

A

Proteolytic cleavages. Covalent modifications.

39
Q

Pancreatic secretion is under the control of two hormones

A

CCK (cholecystokinin) and Secretin.

Acid and chyme enter the duodenum and stim the release of CCK and secretin.

40
Q

Secretin

A

Makes the pancreatic juice alkaline.

41
Q

Pepsin, amylase and trypsin optimal pH

A

2, 7, 8

42
Q

Gall bladder

A

Store and concentrate Bile. Bile enters the duodenum via the common bile duct. 70mL of bile.

43
Q

What triggers the release of bile?

A

CCK, acetylcholine from the vagus nerve.

44
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstones. 80% of their composition is cholesterol. Liver is the culprit for the birth of gallstones.

45
Q

Liver

A

Largest internal organ. Can regen. Hepatocytes divide in response to toxic substances. Compensatory hyperplasia. Hepatocytes liver about 150 days.

46
Q

Glisson’s capsule

A

Surrounds the liver, layer of connective tissue.

47
Q

Liver function

A

1) Make bile and cholesterol
2) Drug detox
3) Produce plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen)
4) Vitamin and Fe Storage (Vit A in greatest amount)
5) Deamination of proteins
6) chylomicrons are broken down -> glycerol and fatty acids
7) Makes 90% of blood proteins
8) Stores glycogen and releases
9) Urea production NH3-> urea.
10) Disposing of RBC

48
Q

Bile characteristics

A

Emulsifer of lipids, not an enzyme, contain cholesterol, bile salts, bilirubin, phospholipids, water and IgA.

49
Q

Bilirubin

A

Yellow green pigment that’s form when RBC are destroyed. Bilirubin is released into the bloodstream and is bound to albumin.
When circulating bilirubin levels are high in the blood during liver disease, yellowish discoloration of the skin occurs Jaundice.

50
Q

Macrophages in the spleen and liver

A

In liver macrophages are called Kupffer cells.

51
Q

What can cause jaundice?

A

Hepatitis, Increase hemolysis of RBC.

52
Q

Liver Blood supply

A

a) Hepatic portal vein: Brings blood to the liver from the villi
b) Hepatic vein: transports deoxygenated blood away from the liver to the inferior vena cava.
c) Hepatic artery: carries oxygenated blood to the liver

53
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Converting lipids and aa into glucose.

54
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Large polyhedral cells, 6 or more sides. Hepatocytes have two or more nuclei. 50% are polyploid with 4,8,16 times the haploid chromosome complement.

55
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Fibrous tissue replaces the normal hepatic architecture.

56
Q

Portal triad

A

Portal Vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

57
Q

Large intestine (Colon)

A

Stores waste, absorbs H20, produces mucus, Absorbs Vit K.
Cecum, Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum.
No villi

58
Q

Appendix

A

No digestive function but part of MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue). Immune function during early years of life. Aids in maturation of B lymphocytes and production of antibodies.

59
Q

99% of the bacterial species residing ht ein large intestine are

A

obligate anaerobic bacteria.

60
Q

Feces is

A

3/4 H2O and 1/4 solid matter with bacteria.

61
Q

Small and large intestine absorbs __% of the H20

A

90% of the H20 that enters the GI tract.

62
Q

Ruminants (cow or goat that can digest cellulose) guts

A

Ruminant bacteria are obligate anaerobic in nature

romano review (38 decks)

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