Female 33 Bio

Question 1

Ovary

Answer 1

Primary reproductive organ. They are paired, held in place in the lower abdominal cavity by ligaments. Dual function:

1. Making and releasing eggs
   2) . Secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Question 2

Female hormones

Answer 2

Estrone, estradiol, progesterone

Question 3

Oogenesis

Answer 3

Primary oocyte = 2N, secondary oocyte = N

Question 4

Polar body

Answer 4

Small haploid cell. Unfertile, very little cytoplasm. Apoptosis.

Question 5

At birth, females have around ___ primary oocytes.

Answer 5

500k, by puberty about 250k. The cells stop dividing at prophase I of meiosis, before birth.

Question 6

At puberty, ___ stimulates a small group of follicles…

Answer 6

FSH to begin growth and development.
Each month, one follicle fully matures. At ovulation the follicle breaks open and releases a secondary oocyte. Many ovarian follicles undergo atresia, in which follicle cells and oocytes die.

Question 7

Secondary oocyte is what gets fertilized by sperm cell.

Answer 7

It develops into the corpus luteum. Temporary endocrine gland that makes progesterone and estrogens and androgens.

Question 8

As the corpus luteum secretes its hormones (no pregnancy)

Answer 8

It inhibits the secretion of LH and FSH.

1. Without FSH: no new follicle development, no second ovulation
2. No LH leads to the degeneration of corpus luteum into the corpus albicans.

Question 9

Corpus Albicans

Answer 9

Fibrous tissue that is eventually reabsorbed. white body to the large amount of collagen.

Question 10

If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum

Answer 10

Does not degen, it continues to make estrogen and progesterone and that maintains the uterine lining (endometrium).

Question 11

Blocked oviducts

Answer 11

Are one of the most common causes of infertility. The outer end of each tube is funnel shaped and contain the fimbria. The fimbria catch the secondary oocyte and channel it down into the fallopian tube when released by the ovary.

Question 12

The fallopian tube has two different cell types

Answer 12

A) Non cilated peg cells

B) Ciliated cells

Question 13

Peg cells

Answer 13

Provide a nutritive and protective environment for maintaining spermatozoa as that move towards secondary oocyte. Peg cells secretions help with capacitation in sperm cells (maturation and fertilization)..

Question 14

Ciliated cells

Answer 14

Beat in unison and allow the fertilized ovum to be propelled toward the uterus.

Question 15

Uterus/womb

Answer 15

Muscular organ who receives fertilized egg and sustain its life during development. Lower third of the uterus is called the cervix or neck of the uterus. Cervix opens into the vagina.
The inner lining of the uterus is high vascularized, also known as the endometrium.

Question 16

Endometrium cell type

Answer 16

Mixture of ciliated and secretory simple columnar cells.

Question 17

Vagina

Answer 17

Thin walled tubular canal that connects the cervical area with the outside of the body.
Labia majora, labia minora, and the clitoris. Richly supplied with nerve endings and highly sensitive.

Question 18

By the time the zygote gets to the uterus, we see #___ cells.

Answer 18

16, at one week = blastocyst.

Question 19

1st trimester

Answer 19

Outerlayer of blastocyst grows to a trophoblast. The trophoblast forms the placenta. Organogenesis occurs here- most sensitie to radiation, toxins, and drugs.
At 8 weeks the embryo is called a fetus.

Question 20

2nd trimester

Answer 20

Rapid fetal growth, mother can feel movements. Fetus shows reflexes as sense organs become functional

Question 21

3rd trimester

Answer 21

Brain developments and PNS development acclerates.

Testes descend in the male. Maternal antibodies cross the placental barrier and enter fetal circulation.

Question 22

Cryptorchidism

Answer 22

Where testes do not descend from the abdominal cavity. Too warm environment to produce normal sperm.

Question 23

The ____ signals the ___ pituitary gland to secrete prolactin.

Answer 23

Hypothalamus, anterior. This stims the mammary gland to produce milk.
Suckling also stimulates oxytocin, which triggers milk release.

Question 24

Prolactin:
Oxytocin:

Answer 24

P: stim milk production
Oxy: milk ejection, stims uterine smooth muscle contraction.

Question 25

Fetal Circulation

Answer 25

During the fetal stage, maternal blood supplies the O2, nutrients and carries away the products.

Question 26

Umbilical Artery

Answer 26

low in O2, will carry blood to placenta

Question 27

Umbilical Vein

Answer 27

High in O2, carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

Question 28

Foramen Ovale

Answer 28

Allows blood to bypass the lungs. Blood shunted from the right atria to the left atria. Lungs of fetus are not functional. Foramen ovale will normally close after birth.

Question 29

Ductus Venosus

Answer 29

Allows blood to bypass the liver, partially. 50% blood is shunted away by this venosus to the interior vena cava.

Question 30

Ductus Arteriosis

Answer 30

Lung bypass. Conducts most the blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

Question 31

If the egg does not get fertilized

Answer 31

Endometrial lining sheds. Blood defines menstruation.

Question 32

Ovarian Cycle

Answer 32

GnRH stims the anterior pituitary gland to secrete small amounts of FSH and LH.
FSH causes the follicle containing the prospective egg to mature and proceed towards ovulation. Several grow but only one makes it to full maturation.
Estradial stims the growth of the uterus, replacing layers shed by the prev. menstrual cycle.. This lasts 10 days after the end of menstruation. Cycle midpoint, ant pit gland releases Luteal surge. LH inc in response to an inc in estradiol, + feedback mech.
Follicle matures, 24hours after the surge the ovarian wall ruptures and the secondary oocyte is released.
LH helps form the corpus luteum from the follicle. - feedback. Corpus luteum degens since there is no pregnancy.

Question 33

Menstrual cycle

Answer 33

1) Menstrual Phase (day 1-4)
2) Proliferative (Follicular) Phase (4-14)
3) Secretory (Luteal) Phase (day 15-28)

Question 34

Menstrual Phase

Answer 34

No fertilization, bleeding starts
Low levels of progesterone and estradiol, corpus luteum has degen’d, we see artieries in the endometrium constrict. O2 levels are dec and this leads to glandular shutdown, invasion by leukocytes and the uterine lining breaks down and disintegrates. 35mL is average blood loss.

Question 35

Proliferative (Follicular) Phase

Answer 35

Occurs at the same time as the development of the ovarian follicles. Enlargement of the arteries and uterine glands. Functional layers become thicker due to the proliferation of cells at the base of the glands. Day 14 endometrium has been fully restored.

Question 36

Secretory (Luteal) Phase

Answer 36

Begins after ovulation. Endometrium continues to thicken.
Progesterone levels are the highest. Uterine gland secretion is the major source of embryonic nutrition that is required before and during implantation.

Question 37

Menopause

Answer 37

Around 48, Ovarian response to LH and FSH decrease and estrogen levels plunge.

Question 38

Estrous cycle

Answer 38

Animals reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during the cycle.