Chap 11 Bio - B Diversity

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

Evolutionary history of a species of even a group of related species. In taxonomy, organisms are put into categories based on similarities and differences.

Question 2

Hierarchical classification.

Answer 2

Domain (Bactera, Eukarya, Arachae) Bac and Arch contain prokaryotes.
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species

Question 3

C. Lninaeus

Answer 3

Binomial nomenclature developed by

Question 4

Animals named by

Answer 4

Genus, Species

Question 5

Clade

Answer 5

Group of organisms that will include an ancestor and the descendants of that ancestor.

Question 6

Analogous Structure

Answer 6

Species use these biological structures for the same purpose and yet these species are from unrelated evolutionary lines (no homology).

Question 7

Homologous Structure

Answer 7

Share common ancestor, structures may resemble one another. Function varies widely, morphological divergence.

Question 8

Molecular clocks

Answer 8

Measure of evolutionary change. It is based on the idea that some genes and regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates.

Question 9

Eukaryotes

Answer 9

Nucleus, cytosol, ribosomes, typical human organelle (Golgi, E.R, Lyso,Vac,Mitcho), cytoskeleton.

Question 10

Prokaryotes

Answer 10

No nucleus, DNA floats in the cytosol, ribosomes, no cell organelle, Flagellum, rudimentary cytoskeleton, lacks membrane organelles, no nucleolus, no chloroplasts.
Single celled, bacteria and archae

Question 11

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Answer 11

Anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes were the first to inhabit the earth.

4. 5 billion years: Earth age
5. 5 billion years: Prokaryotes came about
6. 5 billiion years is when Eukaryotes came

Question 12

Early Earth atmosphere

Answer 12

Reducing atmosphere that lacked O2. Contained CH4, H20 vapor, H2, CO, and HCN.

Question 13

How did Earth gain O2?

Answer 13

Partly because of Cyanobacteria, through photosynthesis and gave off O2.

Question 14

Prokaryotes

Answer 14

Mostly unicellular.
Coccus: diplo, strept,staphylo,Bacilli: Rod shaped, Spiral.
Kingdom Monera. Divison by binary fission (asexual).

Question 15

Prokaryotes may use flagella and exhibit taxis

Answer 15

+ Chemotaxis move towards food

- Chemostaxis moves away

Question 16

No 9 +2 structure

Answer 16

is noted for prokaryotic flagella

Question 17

Prokaryotic Pilli

Answer 17

protein filaments used to attach to cell surfaces or during conjugation.

Question 18

Plasmid

Answer 18

Small, self replicating circular piece of DNA in prokaryotes. Carries accesssory genes separate from bacterial chromosomes. Think drug resistance.

Question 19

F-plasmid

Answer 19

Contain genes that allow for conjugation

Question 20

R-Plasmids

Answer 20

Genes for resistances against poisons or antibiotics

Question 21

Mutualism example with Bacteria

Answer 21

Bacteria in the human large intestine, Ecoli can help form Vitamin K.

Question 22

Bacterial Diseases

Answer 22

Anthrax, Sepsis, Salmonellosis, Leprosy, Syphilis, Gonorrhea

Question 23

Archea

Answer 23

Classified with the Prokaryotes are the Archaebacteria or Archaea. 3 Major groups:
Thermophils, Methanogens, Extreme halophiles.

Question 24

Thermophils

Answer 24

Love heat and sulfur, almost are obligate anaerobes. They die if exposed to O2, S is the electron donor or acceptor.

Question 25

Methanogens

Answer 25

Make CH4 gas, live in the stomach of ruminants (cows). Ruminants can digest cellulose (beta 1,4 linkages for gluecose). Cocci and rod shaped.
They are chemoautotrophs: Use H2 an electron source for reducing CO2 to CH4 gas.

Question 26

Extreme Halophiles

Answer 26

Love salty habitats such as the Dead Sea. Produce ATP aerobically but can use photosynthesis when O2 is low.

Question 27

How is energy produced in Archea?

Answer 27

Glycolysis (Anaerobic process) and ETC to make ATP. Anaerobic bacteria use different e- acceptors such as NO3- or SO42-.

Question 28

Methanogens and Carbon Cycle and Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 28

Produce CH4 which eventually can be oxidized to CO2. Fix atmospheric N2. Nitrogen fixation is essential for plants. Root nodules are where nitrogen fixing bacteria are found.

Question 29

Gram (-)

Answer 29

Thin peptidoglycan layer that poorly stains red or pink. Alcohol solution does not retain it. No teichoic acids. Has an outer membrane and high lipid and lipoproteins. More resistant to antibiotics due to outer membrane and can be pathogenic.

Question 30

Gram (+)

Answer 30

Thick peptidoglycan that stains purple and retains alcohol solution. Present for teichoic acids. No outer membrane and low amount of lipid and lipoprotein. Can be pathogenic.

Question 31

Viruses basics

Answer 31

No cells or organelles. Infectious agent can contain only DNA or RNA, never both.

Question 32

Viruses consists of

Answer 32

Capsid: protein coat
Nucleic Acid Core: DNA or RNA ( called a retrovirus)
Sometimes a membranous envelope.

Question 33

Virus size

Answer 33

Smaller than a ribosome

Question 34

Bacteriophages / Phages

Answer 34

Viruses that infect a bacteria

Question 35

Viruses have limited host range

Answer 35

Need a host to reproduce “obligate intracellular parasites”. Only infect specific target of the body.

Question 36

Lytic Cycle

Answer 36

If virus enters the host cell and causes it to lyse. The phage is virulent.

Question 37

Lysogenic Cycle

Answer 37

If virus becomes incorporates in the host cell and allows replication of more viral particles without killing the host.
The bacteriophage is called a prophage.

Question 38

HIV is a retrovirus

Answer 38

An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA using reverse transcriptase.

Question 39

Reverse transcriptase other name

Answer 39

RNA directed DNA polymerase

Question 40

Viroids

Answer 40

Circular RNA molecules, without protein coat. Smallest infectious pathogen known. Rarely seen in humans <1%. Hepatitis D. 99% plants.

Question 41

Prions

Answer 41

Infectious proteins involved in protein misfolding.
e.g. Mad Cow, Scrapie in sheep and goats, Kuru, and Creutzfel-Jakob Disease. Especially like to cause damage to proteins found in the brain.

Question 42

Obligate Anaerobe, Obligate Aerobe, Facultative Anaerobe.

Answer 42

Obligate Anaerobe: Killed by O2
Obligate Aerobe: Needs O2 to grow
Facultative Anaerobe: Prefers O2 if available, can perform fermentation

Question 43

Photo vs chemoautotroph

Answer 43

Photoautotroph: use light for photosynthesis. CO2 is used to make org. molecules. Cyano, plants, algae, purple non sulfer bacteria.
Chemoautotroph: Prokaryotes. CO2 is carbon source but in inorganic substance. H2S, NH3, or even Fe2+ are oxidized. No light needed.

Question 44

Photo vs Chemoheterotroph

Answer 44

Photoheterotroph: Light is needed for ATP production but gets carbon from organic sources.
Chemoheterotroph: Energy is from organic compounds. Bacteria, Fungi, most protists, animals.

Question 45

Detritivore

Answer 45

Decomposer classification. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi break down components of an organism. Eg Worms, slugs, lice.