Chapter 27 Respiratory

Question 1

Respiratory System

Answer 1

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole tree, and lungs

Question 2

Amphibians lungs

Answer 2

are small and are not effective. They rely heavily on gas diffusion across body surfaces such as skin to carry out gas exchange.

Question 3

Most reptiles, birds, and all mammals depend on lungs for gas exchange.

Answer 3

They use a negative pressure system that allows air in by inspiration.

Question 4

Air enters through the nasal cavity which contains (which type of cells)

Answer 4

Ciliated epithelial cells and hair that will filter dust and particles from the air. Olfactory receptors that detect smell.

Question 5

Mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity functions.

Answer 5

is rich in blood vessels, it warms the air that passes over it. This mucous aids in entrapping dust and small particles from the air. As the cilia moves, the particles are pushes towards the pharynx and swallowed. Gastric juice destroys the organisms preventing respiratory infection.

Question 6

Pharynx

Answer 6

Intersection of food and air. Nasopharynx

Question 7

Path of air

Answer 7

From the pharynx air passes through the glottis (opening) to the larynx (voicebox) which sits at the top of the trachea.

Question 8

Epiglottis

Answer 8

Flap of tissue which covers the glottis. During swallowing the epi closes it off temporarily preventing food from entering the trachea.

Question 9

Larynx is composed of

Answer 9

Cartilage and muscles bound together by elastic tissue.

Question 10

inside the larynx

Answer 10

Vocal chords. Contracting or relaxing here determines the vocal sound. If mucous membrane gets inflammed the vocal cords cannot vibrate freely - laryngitis.

Question 11

Trachea

Answer 11

Cartilage to prevent collapse. Contains cilia bearing cells and goblet cells that make mucus.

Question 12

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 12

Reinforces tracheal wall. Most abundant cartilage, found at ends of long bones, layrnx, trachea, bronchi, and ventral ends of ribs.

Question 13

Trachea divides into

Answer 13

Two bronchi to the left and right lungs. Brochi branch into bronchioles which have cartilage rings, ciliated linings.

Question 14

Clara cells/ club cells

Answer 14

Dome shaped cells containing microvilli and are in small bronchioles. Help detoxify the lungs.

Question 15

Drugs and Asthma

Answer 15

Epinephrine cause the smooth muscles to relax and breathing to improve.

Question 16

Smallest bronchioles terminate in the

Answer 16

Alveolar sacs which have bulges called alveoli. They are highly vascular and very thin walled.

Question 17

First breath of a new born

Answer 17

Stim. by CO2 must be forceful bc the lungs are collapsed. Surface tension holds the moist membranes together and surfactant reduces the surface tension. After the first powerful breath, the lungs stay expanded.

Question 18

Surfactant

Answer 18

Mixture of proteins and phospholipids.

Question 19

Negative pressure breathing

Answer 19

Thoracic cavity expands, the diaphragm contracts and moves down.

Question 20

Phrenic nerve in breathing

Answer 20

Phrenic nerve carries impulses to the diaphragm. The intercostal muscles contract too, raising the ribs and increasing thoracic cavity more. Internal pressure goes down. High atmospheric pressure forces air into the respiratory tract and air passages inflate.

Question 21

Tidal volume

Answer 21

Volume of air that flows into or out of the lungs with each breath

Question 22

Vital capacity

Answer 22

Tidal volume during maximum inhalation and exhalation.

Question 23

Residual volume

Answer 23

After you exhale, some air still remains in the lungs.

Question 24

Pleura

Answer 24

Serous membrane covering the lungs.

Question 25

Right lung

Answer 25

Larger than the left (superior, middle, inferior)

Question 26

Left

Answer 26

Superior and inferior. Smaller due to the heart.

Question 27

Breathing is controlled under which areas of the brain?

Answer 27

Medulla oblongata and Pons.

Question 28

Exercise and CO2

Answer 28

Metabolic activity goes up, the CO2 in blood increase as lactic acid is produced, pH is lowered. Medulla responds by increasing the breathing rate.

Question 29

CO2 over O2

Answer 29

CO2 has the effect on breathing control centers and not the O2 concentration in the blood.
O2 sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries can signal the brain to increase the breathing rate.

Question 30

CO2 transport

Answer 30

Most CO2 is carried in the blood as HCO3-, 70%
20% is transported by hemoglobin
10% is in blood plasma

Question 31

RBC reaction

Answer 31

CO2+ H20 ->

Question 32

HCO3- goes into ____, H+ is captured by ________. Hemoglobin acts as a ____.

Answer 32

Plasma, hemoglobin, buffer.

Hemoglobin prevents the blood from getting too acidic.

Question 33

HCO3- diffuses into the plasma…

Answer 33

And carried to the lungs. In the lungs H2CO3.
HCO3- + H+ -> H2CO3.
CO2 goes into the plasma and interstitial fluid and is exhaled.

Question 34

O2 transport

Answer 34

Almost all O@ carried in the blood is done by hemoglobin, occurring in RBC (erythrocytes).
The greater the pressure of PO2, the more O2 can combine. Hb-O2. CO2 inc, temp inc the more O2 is released. Blood pH decreases increase O2.

Question 35

Emphysema

Answer 35

Alveoli are damaged and lose their elasticity and their walls break down with larger sacs.

Question 36

Pneumonia

Answer 36

Can be viral, bacterial, or fungal. Alveoli filled with fluid or pus. Pleural effusion