Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Romano Review > Bio Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains all the properties of the element.
Proton, Neutron, Electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms chemically linked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has a mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Trace elements

A

Mo, Zn, Cu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main Bio elements

A

C, H, O, N P, S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mass of atoms

A

Neutron>Proton>Electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleons

A

Protons and Neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neutron # =

A

Mass # - Atomic #

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

H2O Universal Solvent

A

High boiling, melting, delta H vaporization, dipole

Bent molecule, 105 degrees, and polar molecule capable of forming 4 H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

H bond

A

F,O,N

Intra and intermolecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Molecules share electrons equally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polar bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Electrons transferred between a metal and non metal.

N+ is a sign of an ionic bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ionic compounds

A

NaCl, MgBr2, NH4Cl

Most polar molecules and ionic compounds are water soluble.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why can’t hydrocarbons dissolve in water?

A

Water molecules have extensive H bonds that would have to break to make room for hydrophobic solute. Not spontaneous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surface of proteins charges

A

Charges are hydrophilic. H20 is very polar and shields the charges from each other. Interior of the protein charges interact strongly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

H20 electrostatic interactions

A

H20 diminishes the charge by forming solvent shell which produces an electric field which opposes ion fields.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ΔG Free Energy

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Endergonic: +ΔH, +ΔG
Exergonic: -ΔH, -ΔG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Guanranteed Spontaneous ΔG

A

-ΔH and +ΔS will be spontaneous at all temperatures.
K= Products/ Reactants
No solids or pure liquids
K»1 favors products, K«1 favors reactants
ΔG= -2.303RTLogK or ΔG=-RTlnK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pH equations

A

pH= -log[H3O+]
pOH= -log[OH-]
pH= pH + pOH
Large Ka = small pKa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Henderson Hasselback Equation

A

Buffers

pH = pKa + Log [Base/Acid]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Energy Main categories

A

Kinetic and Potential

Other types: Gravitation, Electrical, Thermal, Nuclear, Mechanical, Magnetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Temperature

A

Average kinetic energy measured
F= 1.8C + 23
K= C+273

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

1st Law Thermodynamics

A

Normal conditions, energy can not be created nor destroyed. Only transferred or changed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2nd Law Thermodynamics

A

Entropy of the universe is always increasing. No heat transfer is 100% efficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3rd Law Thermodynamics

A

As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy is at a minimum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Systems of Heat

A

Open system: mass and energy can exchange
E.g. H20 in open container
Closed: allows energy to transfer, no mass
E.g. H20 in a flask
Isolated: neither energy nor mass can transfer
E.g. H20 in a flask in a vacuum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

S->L

A

Melting (+ΔH)

Heat of fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

L->S

A

Freezing (-ΔH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

L->G

A

Vaporization (boiling) (+ΔH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

G->L

A

Condensing (-ΔH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

S->G

A

Sublimation (+ΔH)

33
Q

G->S

A

Deposition (-ΔH)

34
Q

ATP and Cell metabolism

A

Phosphoandride bond, Phosphate transfer by (-ΔG) cellular work, biosynthesis to ADP. Condensation reaction through Glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidation phosphorylation, or photosynthesis back to ATP.

35
Q

ATP bottom line

A

Allows endergonic reactions to become exergonic

36
Q

ATP reaction

A

ATP + H2O ->

37
Q

ATP has a high phosphoryl group transfer potential

A

At pH 7, ATP is very negatively charged. It carries 4 negative charges which strongly repel each other. When hydrolyzed, this decreases repulsion.
ADP and Pi are resonance stabilized than ATP alone.

38
Q

ATP and strenuous exercise

A

Vertebrate muscles contain creatine phosphate which easily transfer its phosphoryl group to form a high conc. of ATP.

39
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Derive free energy from the oxidation of fuel molecules

40
Q

NADH and FADH2

A

Major electron carriers

41
Q

Biotin

A

Carrier molecule, CO2

42
Q

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)

A

Carrier molecule, CH3 groups

43
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and starches, polyhydroxy aldehydes and polyhydroxy ketones

44
Q

Glucose

A

An aldohexose, most common simple sugar

D sugars

45
Q

Sugar Chemistry

A

If OH is on the right = R configuration

If OH is on the left = S configuration.

46
Q

Dissaccharides are made

A

By linking monosaccharides though dehydration synthesis.

47
Q

Chitin

A

Derivative of glucose. Component of cell walls of fungi and part of the exoskeleton of arthropods: crustaceans and insects.

48
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal starch. We store glucose as glycogen. Found mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles. Largely branched molecule. Stored in granules.

49
Q

Lipids functions

A

1) Used for energy
2) Components of nerve cells
3) Protection
4) Membrane components
Steroids, Prostaglandins, Triglycerides, Waxes, Terpenes

50
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Produced by most cells, involved with processes such as inflammation, blood clotting and labor.

51
Q

Triglyceride

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids, can be saturated or unsatured. Always cis

52
Q

Terpenes

A

Produced mainly by plants. Used in spices, perfumes, and medicine.

53
Q

Waxes

A

Esters of fatty acids and long chain alcohols

54
Q

Phospholipids

A

Cell membrane

3 C alkanes + 2 COOR + Phosphate group

55
Q

Phospholipid examples

A

Certain animals have been found to have more flexible and fluid like membranes in extreme temperatures.
If too hot: increase % of saturated fatty acids
If too cold increase % of unsaturated fatty acids

56
Q

Steroid structure

A

3, 6 membered rings and 1, 5 membered ring

Estrogen, Cholesterol, Progesterone, and Testosterone

57
Q

Cholesterol

A

Unsaturated steroid alcohol which makes up a significant part of membranes. Works with prostaglandins and hormones.

1) Help regulate blood flow
2) Effect nerve transmission

58
Q

Prostaglandins and Inflammation

A

Aspirin can inhibit the work of an enzyme needed in the synthesis of prostaglandins.

59
Q

Protein Main Elements

A

C,H,O,N, S

Lipids and Carbohydrates don’t have S

60
Q

Protein Function

A

Widest array of functions: Enzymes, Hormones, Protective, Storage, Receptors, Transport, Structure, and Motor Movement.

61
Q

Protein structure

A

Collagen, Keratin, and Elastin are fibrous proteins contributing to the structural integrity of the organism.

62
Q

Protein Motor Movement

A

Dynein is a motor protein, actin and myosin are also proteins

63
Q

Amino acid hydrophobicity

A

AA with Hydrophobic R group contain only C and H

AA with hydrophilic R groups contain O or N

64
Q

Amino acid peptide bond

A

40% double bond character. Rigid, not allowing free rotation. Flat sp2 structure. Steric hinderance causes the trans conformation to be more stable.

65
Q

Protein Chirality

A

Proteins use L-amino acids. All L- amino acids have the S configuration except cysteine (S containing aa)

66
Q

Primary Structure

A

Sequence of amino acids, held by covalent bonds including disulfide bonds

67
Q

Secondary structure

A

3D conformation of localized regions. (e.g. helix of beta pleated sheets held by H bonds).

68
Q

Tertiatery structure

A

3D shape of the entire molecule held by H bonds, disulfide bonds, salt bridges (electrostatic) and VDW (hydrophobic).

69
Q

Quaternary structure

A

How one polypeptide chain interacts with another. Same four interactions as 3prime.

70
Q

Protein digestion

A

Breaking of the amide (or peptide bond), losing primary structure.

71
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

Primary is not changed but all others structures are

72
Q

Denaturing agents

A

Heat/Radiation/Urea: Disrupts H bonds
Detergents, Strong acids/bases: Affects salt bridges and H bonds
Salts of heavy metals (Ag+, Hg++, Pb++): combine with SH and form precipitates and acidic aa.

73
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomers of nucleic acids. Hydrolysable into:

Sugar, phosphate, and N base.

74
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C,U,T

1 ring structurally

75
Q

Purines

A

A, G

2 rings structurally

76
Q

H bonds nucleotides

A

A=T, two H bonds

C=_G, 3 H bonds

77
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar + N base

78
Q

Structural framework of DNA/RNA

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

79
Q

Phosphodiester link

A

3’ OH sugar join with 5’ OH another sugar

Romano Review (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions