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Romano Review > 36 Plants > Flashcards

36 Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Plants general

A

Autotrophic organisms which are able to synthesize all required organic compounds from inorganic substances using sunlight. Multicelled and eukaryotic. Beta glucose linkage

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2
Q

Vascular plants

A

Specialized tissue : xylem and phloem

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3
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant in one direction. Support. Xylem transports UP. Xylem makes up wood, xylem rings.

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4
Q

Phloem

A

Carries sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant. Main conducting cells are called sieve tub members. Sugars that are made by photosynthetic leaves are loaded into the tube members with the help of companion cells.
Phloem can transport up or down.

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5
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy coating, hydrophobic. impermeable to CO2, stomata allow CO2 to diffuse through.

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6
Q

Transpiration

A

H2O evaporation in plants

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7
Q

In most plants, stomata stay ____ during the daylight

A

Open, when photosynthesis occurs. CO2 can enter, H2O is lost.
At night, stomata closed, CO2 accumulates and water is conserved.

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8
Q

Guard cells

A

When water builds up, they become swollen and open up to allow water vapor loss and CO2 entry in the leaf.

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9
Q

Soil suited for plant growth characteristics

A

Aeration and H2O holding capacity

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10
Q

Roots

A

All begin with a primary root then differentiates into smaller secondary roots. Root surface area is increased by root hairs. Root tip = meristem

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11
Q

Root structures

A

Epidermis: outermost layer includes root hairs
Cortex: stores starch: contains parenchymal cells
Endodermis: innermost layer of cortex, with a waxy tissue band called casparian strip. Involved in controlling the uptake of water and dissolved nutrients.
Stele/Vascular cylinder: Layer of cells inside the epidermis contain xylem and phloem. Cambium tissue lies between xylem and phloem, to thicken the root. Pericycle is the outer layer of the stele which can initiate development of secondary roots

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12
Q

On roots of legumes we see swelling called root __

A

nodules. Contain nitrogen fixing bacteria which convert atmospheric N2 to NO3- and NH4+.

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13
Q

Nitrification

A

Break down of dead organisms to release NH4+ to be oxidized into NO3-

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14
Q

Denitrification

A

Form N2 and a small amount of N2O as NO3- and NO2- are converted into these products. Nitrogen Cycle

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15
Q

3 types of ground tissue which differ in cell wall structure

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Scelrenchyma

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16
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Most abundant, thin walls in roots, stem, leaves

Storage, secretion, and photosynthesis

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17
Q

Collenchyma

A

Cell walls are thick, but flexible support for growing stem

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18
Q

Scelerenchyma Cells

A

Very thick cell walls, contain lignin (2nd most abundant natural polymer in the world) Lignin and cellulose work as a team to provide strength.

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19
Q

Stems

A

Root system usually beneath the ground, while a shoot system is above the ground.

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20
Q

Stem function

A

a) Support shoot system structure
b) Transport substances between roots and the leaves
c) Store food

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21
Q

Angiosperms (seed plants)

A

Flowering plants, pears, strawberry, cherries, raspberries, apples. 90% of plants are angiosperms, most diverse and produces seeds.

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22
Q

As seeds develop from ___ after fertilization

A

Ovules, the ovary becomes the fruit.

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23
Q

Cotyledon

A

A seed leave of a plant embryo

24
Q

Monocots

A

1 Cotyledon, leaf veins are parallel, scattered vascular bundles, cambium absent, flowers in multiples of three

25
Q

Dicots

A

2 cotyledons, leaf veins are netlike, ringlike vascular bundles, cambium present, flowers in multiples of 4,5

26
Q

Male flowering part

A

Stamen:

a) Anther: chamber where pollen grains develop
b) Filament: stalk

27
Q

Female flowering part

A

Carpel:

a) Ovary: eggs develop, fertilization occurs, and seeds mature
b) Style: a connecting stalk
c) Stigma: sticky part to catch pollen

28
Q

Sepal

A

Protection to the flower, collectively the sepals are called the calyx.

29
Q

Ovule

A

Stalked structure that develops on the ovary wall. It consists of egg and surrounding tissue. The ovule becomes the seed.

30
Q

Plant fertilization

A

Stigma catches the pollen, it travels down the pollen tube and finds a receptive ovule inside the ovary. Embryonic seed is formed.

31
Q

What is unique to angiosperms?

A

Fruits, flowers, and double fertilization.

32
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

The egg fuses with one sperm and a zygote (2N) is made. The other sperm fuses with two polar nuclei cells to make a 3N cell which gives rise to the nutritive tissue. AFter the ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit.

33
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Plants with naked seeds, came before angiosperm. Nonflowering plants, seeds are not enclosed in a chamber but exposed on modified leaves that form cones.
Conifers, Fir, Pine, Cedar, and Spruc, Cyads

34
Q

Megaspore and microspore

A

Megaspores develop in the ovule into female gametophytes.
Microspores develop in the anther into the pollen grains which develop into male gametophytes which give rise to sperm cells.

35
Q

Self pollination

A

Pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or at the ovule in the case of a non flowering plant like a gymnosperm.

36
Q

Cross pollination

A

Transfer pollen from the anther of a flower of one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant.

37
Q

Some plants can not self fertizilies

A

Mechanism to limit or prevent self fertilization

38
Q

Dioecious species

A

Plants with distinctly male or female structures.

39
Q

Plants are asexually reproduce

A

Resulting plants are clones.

40
Q

Plants and meiosis

A

Meiosis produces spores which are haploid. Spores do not undergo fertilization. Spores divide by mitosis to produce a multicellular haploid plant. Development of haploid spores into haploid bodies needs two forms: Haploid and diploid body, that alternates. Alternation of generations

41
Q

All plants display alternation of generations

A

Haploid and diploid body forms.

42
Q

Bryophytes

A

Non vascular, oldest land plant, no xylem or phloem tissue. Need water for fertilization.
Moss, liverworts, and hornworts
Waxy cuticles to control H2O loss
Rhizoids = root like absorptive structures. Life cycles are dominanted by gametophytes.

43
Q

Bryophytes male and female gamete gametangia

A

Achegonia : female gametangia

Antheridia: Male gametangia

44
Q

Ferns

A

Seedless vascular plants, largest group
Leaves are called fronds.
Sori found on the lower surface of many fern fronds. These are sporangia (containing spores) clusters that are yellow. Have a vascular tissue which allow them to grow taller than bryophtes.
Sporophyte dominates the fern life cycle. Meiosis in the sporangia, making haploid spores.
Ferns are unique, they use spores and not seeds. Ferns have no flowers.

45
Q

Plant hormones

A

Auxin, Cytokines, Gibberellins, Abscisic acid, Ethylene

46
Q

Auxins

A

Promote stem elongation, fruit development

Apical meristems and leaves show most abundance

47
Q

Cytokines in plants

A

Stim cell division, delays leaf aging, abundant in roots

48
Q

Gibberellins

A

Like auxins, promotes stem elongation, pollen development, fruit development
Works with auxins and involved in flowering process

49
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

Inhibit plant growth, seeds from germinating

Causes stomates to close during draught

50
Q

Ethylene

A

Gas that stims green fruit to ripening. Allows bananas, melons to ripen quicker.

51
Q

What is a tropism? In plants

A

Growth response to environmental factor

Gravitropism, phototropism, thigmotropism

52
Q

Gravitropism

A

Direction growth in response to gravity

53
Q

Phototropism

A

Growth in response to light

54
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Growth in response to physical contact

55
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Biological response to a change in daylight length and darkness in a 24hour day.

56
Q

Phytochrome

A

Blue green pigment that absorbs red light.

Romano Review (38 decks)

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